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Wang S, Chang Q, Zhang G, Li F, Wang X, Yang S, Troyanov SI. Structural Studies of Giant Empty and Endohedral Fullerenes. Front Chem 2020; 8:607712. [PMID: 33344423 PMCID: PMC7744686 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.607712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure elucidations of giant fullerenes composed of 100 or more carbon atoms are severely hampered by their extremely low yield, poor solubility and huge numbers of possible cage isomers. High-temperature exohedral chlorination followed by X-ray single crystal diffraction studies of the chloro derivatives offers a practical solution for structure elucidations of giant fullerenes. Various isomers of giant fullerenes have been determined by this method, specially, non-classical giant fullerenes containing heptagons generated by the skeletal transformations of carbon cages. Alternatively, giant fullerenes can be also stabilized by encapsulating metal atoms or clusters through intramolecular electron transfer from the encapsulated species to the outer fullerene cage. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on synthesis, separation and structural elucidation of giant fullerenes. The isomer structures, chlorination patterns of a series of giant fullerenes C2n (2n = 100-108) and heptagon-containing non-classical fullerenes derived from giant fullerenes are summarized. On the other hand, giant endohedral fullerenes bearing different endohedral species are also discussed. At the end, we propose an outlook on the future development of giant fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fukun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Freisetzung der Spannung kondensierter Fünfringe des Fullerenkäfigs durch chemische Funktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Guan R, Chen M, Jin F, Yang S. Strain Release of Fused Pentagons in Fullerene Cages by Chemical Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1048-1073. [PMID: 30884036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
According to the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), for stable fullerenes, the 12 pentagons should be isolated from one another by hexagons, otherwise the fused pentagons will result in an increase in the local steric strain of the fullerene cage. However, the successful isolation of more than 100 endohedral and exohedral fullerenes containing fused pentagons over the past 20 years has shown that strain release of fused pentagons in fullerene cages is feasible. Herein, we present a general overview on fused-pentagon-containing (i.e. non-IPR) fullerenes through an exhaustive review of all the types of fused-pentagon-containing fullerenes reported to date. We clarify how the strain of fused pentagons can be released in different manners, and provide an in-depth understanding of the role of fused pentagons in the stability, electronic properties, and chemical reactivity of fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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Tamm NB, Guan R, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Cage Transformation of IPR C 92 Discovered via Trifluoromethylation under Formation of Non-classical C 92 (NC)(CF 3 ) 22. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2108-2111. [PMID: 31091007 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature trifluoromethylation of isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) fullerene C92 chlorination products followed by HPLC separation of C92 (CF3 )n derivatives resulted in the isolation and X-ray structural characterization of IPR C92 (38)(CF3 )18 and non-classical C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 . The formation of C92 (38)(CF3 )18 as the highest CF3 derivative of the known isomer C92 (38) can be expected. The formation of C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 was interpreted as chlorination-promoted cage transformation of C92 (38) followed by trifluoromethylation of non-classical C92 (NC) chloride. Noticeably, C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 shows the highest degree of trifluoromethylation among all known CF3 derivatives of fullerenes. The addition patterns of C92 (38)(CF3 )18 and C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 are discussed and compared to the chlorination patterns of C92 (38)Cln compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Yamada M, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Gewinnung reaktiver Fullerene aus Ruß durch exohedrale Derivatisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-0821 Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Dye and Mold Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
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Yamada M, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Salvaging Reactive Fullerenes from Soot by Exohedral Derivatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13394-13405. [PMID: 29665229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The awesome allotropy of carbon yields innumerable topologically possible cage structures of molecular carbon. This field is also related to endohedral metallofullerenes constructed by metal-atom encapsulation. Stable and soluble empty fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes are available in pure form in macroscopic amounts from carbon arc production or other physical processes followed by extraction and subsequent chromatographic separation. However, many other unidentified fullerene species, which must be reactive and insoluble in their pristine forms, remain in soot. These "missing" species must have extremely small HOMO-LUMO gaps and may have unconventional cage structures. Recent progress in this field has demonstrated that reactive fullerenes can be salvaged by exohedral derivatization, which can stabilize the reactive carbon cages. This concept provides a means of preparing macroscopic amounts of unconventional fullerenes as their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.,Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Dye and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
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Brotsman VA, Ignat'eva DV, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-promoted Transformation of Isolated Pentagon Rule C78
into Fused-pentagons- and Heptagons-containing Fullerenes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2379-2382. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Brotsman
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Daria V. Ignat'eva
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
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Jin F, Yang S, Fritz MA, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chloro Derivatives of Isomers of a Giant Fullerene C 104 : C 104 (234)Cl 16/18 , C 104 (812)Cl 12/24 , and C 104 (811)Cl 28. Chemistry 2017; 23:4761-4764. [PMID: 28252251 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of a giant fullerene, C104 , has been extended by the synthesis and structural study of several chloro derivatives of three isolated pentagon rule (IPR) isomers of C104 nos. 234, 812, and 811. In the structure of C104 (234)Cl16/18 , two molecules with 16 and 18 attached Cl atoms occupy the same crystallographic site with an occupancy ratio of 61/39. The structures of C104 (812)Cl12 and C104 (812)Cl24 demonstrate substructure relationships of their chlorination patterns with single and double Cl attachments to 12 cage pentagons. The structure of C104 (811)Cl28 is compared with the known C104 (811)Cl24 thus revealing dramatic changes in the chlorination pattern, which occur with relatively small increases in the degree of chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Maria A Fritz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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Markov VY, Troyanov SI. Chloro Derivatives of Azafullerenes C59NCl5and Non-Classical C97NCl21. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:298-301. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Yu. Markov
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory Russia
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