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Sun W, Wang C, Tian C, Li X, Hu X, Liu S. Nanotechnology for brain tumor imaging and therapy based on π-conjugated materials: state-of-the-art advances and prospects. Front Chem 2023; 11:1301496. [PMID: 38025074 PMCID: PMC10663370 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In contemporary biomedical research, the development of nanotechnology has brought forth numerous possibilities for brain tumor imaging and therapy. Among these, π-conjugated materials have garnered significant attention as a special class of nanomaterials in brain tumor-related studies. With their excellent optical and electronic properties, π-conjugated materials can be tailored in structure and nature to facilitate applications in multimodal imaging, nano-drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and other related fields. This review focuses on presenting the cutting-edge advances and application prospects of π-conjugated materials in brain tumor imaging and therapeutic nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshe Sun
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Congxiao Wang
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xueda Li
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shifeng Liu
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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2
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Jiang Y, Li KF, Gao K, Lin H, Tam HL, Liu YY, Shu Y, Wong KL, Lai WY, Cheah KW, Huang W. Frequency-Upconverted Stimulated Emission by Up to Six-Photon Excitation from Highly Extended Spiro-Fused Ladder-Type Oligo(p-phenylene)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10007-10015. [PMID: 33476095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Frequency-upconverted fluorescence and stimulated emission induced by multiphoton absorption (MPA) have attracted much interest. As compared with low-order MPA processes, the construction of high-order MPA processes is highly desirable and rather attractive, yet remains a formidable challenge due to its inherent low transition probability. We report the observation of the first experimental frequency-upconverted fluorescence and stimulated emission by simultaneous six-photon excitation in an organic molecular system. The well-designed organic conjugated system based on cross-shaped spiro-fused ladder-type oligo(p-phenylene)s (SpL-z, z=1-3) manifests reasonably high MPA cross-sections and brilliant luminescence emission simultaneously. The six-photon absorption cross-section of SpL-3 with an extended π-conjugation was evaluated as 8.67×10-169 cm12 s5 photon-5 . Exceptionally efficient 2- to 6-photon excited stimulated emission was achieved under near-infrared laser excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King Fai Li
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - He Lin
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hoi Lam Tam
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Shu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kok Wai Cheah
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Jiang Y, Li KF, Gao K, Lin H, Tam HL, Liu Y, Shu Y, Wong K, Lai W, Cheah KW, Huang W. Frequency‐Upconverted Stimulated Emission by Up to Six‐Photon Excitation from Highly Extended Spiro‐Fused Ladder‐Type Oligo(
p
‐phenylene)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - King Fai Li
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Kun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - He Lin
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hoi Lam Tam
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yu Shu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ka‐Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wen‐Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Kok Wai Cheah
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 Shaanxi China
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4
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Lee J, Li H, Kalin AJ, Yuan T, Wang C, Olson T, Li H, Fang L. Extended Ladder‐Type Benzo[
k
]tetraphene‐Derived Oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Lee
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Huanbin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Rd Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Alexander J. Kalin
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Tianyu Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843-3003 USA
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843-3003 USA
| | - Troy Olson
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Rd Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843-3003 USA
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5
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Lee J, Li H, Kalin AJ, Yuan T, Wang C, Olson T, Li H, Fang L. Extended Ladder-Type Benzo[k]tetraphene-Derived Oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13727-13731. [PMID: 28887849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined, fused-ring aromatic oligomers represent promising candidates for the fundamental understanding and application of advanced carbon-rich materials, though bottom-up synthesis and structure-property correlation of these compounds remain challenging. In this work, an efficient synthetic route was employed to construct extended benzo[k]tetraphene-derived oligomers with up to 13 fused rings. The molecular and electronic structures of these compounds were clearly elucidated. Precise correlation of molecular sizes and crystallization dynamics was established, thus demonstrating the pivotal balance between intermolecular interaction and molecular mobility for optimized processing of highly ordered solids of these extended conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Huanbin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Alexander J Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Tianyu Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
| | - Troy Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
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Jiang Y, Fang M, Chang SJ, Huang JJ, Chu SQ, Hu SM, Liu CF, Lai WY, Huang W. Towards Monodisperse Star-Shaped Ladder-Type Conjugated Systems: Design, Synthesis, Stabilized Blue Electroluminescence, and Amplified Spontaneous Emission. Chemistry 2017; 23:5448-5458. [PMID: 28195668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of monodisperse star-shaped ladder-type oligo(p-phenylene)s, named as TrL-n (n=1-3), have been explored. Their thermal and electrochemical properties, fluorescence transients, photoluminescence quantum yields, density functional theory calculations, electroluminescence (EL) and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) properties have been systematically investigated to unravel the molecular design on optoelectronic properties. The resulting materials showed excellent structural perfection, free of chemical defects, and exhibited great thermal stability (Td : 404-418 °C and Tg : 147-184 °C) and amorphous glassy morphologies. Compared with their corresponding linear counterparts FL-m (m=1-3), TrL-n showed only little bathochromic shifts (5-12 nm) for the absorption maxima λmax in both solution and films. The star-shaped ladder-type compounds exhibited enhanced optical stability and suppressed low-energy emission. Their EL spectra exhibited excellent stability with increasing the driving voltage from 6 to 12 V. Moreover, superior low ASE thresholds were recorded for TrL-n compared with FL-m. Rather low ASE threshold (29 nJ per pulse or 1.60 μJ cm-2 ) was recorded for TrL-3, demonstrating their promising potential as excellent gain media. This study provides a novel design concept to develop monodisperse star-shaped ladder-type materials with excellent structural perfection, which are vital for shedding light on exploring robust organic emitters for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mei Fang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Si-Ju Chang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Chu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shan-Ming Hu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced, Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced, Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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