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Luo Y, Cao B, Zhong M, Liu M, Xiong X, Zou T. Organogold(III) Complexes Display Conditional Photoactivities: Evolving From Photodynamic into Photoactivated Chemotherapy in Response to O 2 Consumption for Robust Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212689. [PMID: 36109339 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a spatiotemporally controllable, powerful approach in combating cancers but suffers from low activity under hypoxia, whereas photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) operates in an O2 -independent manner but compromises the ability to harness O2 for potent photosensitization. Herein we report that cyclometalated gold(III)-alkyne complexes display a PDT-to-PACT evolving photoactivity for efficient cancer treatment. On the one hand, the gold(III) complexes can act as dual photosensitizers and substrates, leading to conditional PDT activity in oxygenated condition that progresses to highly efficient PACT (ϕ up to 0.63) when O2 is depleted in solution and under cellular environment. On the other hand, the conditional PDT-to-PACT reactivity can be triggered by external photosensitizers in a similar manner in vitro and in vivo, giving additional tumor-selectivity and/or deep tissue penetration by red-light irradiation that leads to robust anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, and General Education Division, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Moyi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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2
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Huang Z, Chen Y, Zhang J, Li W, Shi M, Qiao M, Zhao X, Hu H, Chen D. Laser/GSH-Activatable Oxaliplatin/Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles Combining Chemophotodynamic Therapy to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39934-39948. [PMID: 34396771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are two severe obstacles in cancer immunotherapy. The first is that the low response rate challenges the immune response owing to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) and poor immunogenicity of the tumor. The second obstacle is that the dense and intricate pathophysiology barrier seriously restricts deep drug delivery in solid tumors. A laser/glutathione (GSH)-activatable nanosystem with tumor penetration for achieving highly efficient immunotherapy is reported. The core of the nanosystem was synthesized by coordinating zinc ions with GSH-activatable oxaliplatin (OXA) prodrugs and carboxylated phthalocyanine. Such an OXA/phthalocyanine-based coordination polymer nanoparticle (OPCPN) was wrapped by a phospholipid bilayer and NTKPEG. NTKPEG is a PEGylated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor prodrug containing a thioketal (TK) linker, which was modified on the OPCPN (OPCPN@NTKPEG). Upon the laser irradiation tumor site, ROS production of the OPCPN@NTKPEG triggers cleavage of NTKPEG by degradation of TK for promoted tumor penetration and uptake. OXA, phthalocyanine, and IDO1 inhibitor were released by the intracellular high-level GSH. OXA inhibits cell growth and is combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). The IDO1 inhibitor reversed the ITM by suppressing IDO1-mediated Trp degradation and exhaustion of cytotoxic T cells. Laser/GSH-activatable drug delivery was more conducive to enhancing ICD and reversing ITM in deep tumors. Chemo-PDT with OPCPN@NTKPEG significantly regressed tumor growth and reduced metastasis by improved cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiulong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wenpan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Menghao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
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3
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Long Y, Cao B, Xiong X, Chan ASC, Sun RW, Zou T. Bioorthogonal Activation of Dual Catalytic and Anti‐Cancer Activities of Organogold(I) Complexes in Living Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology General Education Division The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | | | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
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4
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Long Y, Cao B, Xiong X, Chan ASC, Sun RW, Zou T. Bioorthogonal Activation of Dual Catalytic and Anti‐Cancer Activities of Organogold(I) Complexes in Living Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:4133-4141. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology General Education Division The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | | | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
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Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Metzler-Nolte N. Intracellular Catalysis with Selected Metal Complexes and Metallic Nanoparticles: Advances toward the Development of Catalytic Metallodrugs. Chem Rev 2019; 119:829-869. [PMID: 30618246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-containing drugs (e.g., cisplatin) are among the most frequently used chemotherapeutic agents. Their tremendous success has spurred research and development of other metal-based drugs, with notable achievements. Generally, the vast majority of metal-based drug candidates in clinical and developmental stages are stoichiometric agents, i.e., each metal complex reacts only once with their biological target. Additionally, many of these metal complexes are involved in side reactions, which not only reduce the effective amount of the drug but may also cause toxicity. On a separate note, transition metal complexes and nanoparticles have a well-established history of being potent catalysts for selective molecular transformations, with examples such as the Mo- and Ru-based catalysts for metathesis reactions (Nobel Prize in 2005) or palladium catalysts for C-C bond forming reactions such as Heck, Negishi, or Suzuki reactions (Nobel Prize in 2010). Also, notably, no direct biological equivalent of these transformations exists in a biological environment such as bacteria or mammalian cells. It is, therefore, only logical that recent interest has focused on developing transition-metal based catalytic systems that are capable of performing transformations inside cells, with the aim of inducing medicinally relevant cellular changes. Because unlike in stoichiometric reactions, a catalytically active compound may turn over many substrate molecules, only very small amounts of such a catalytic metallodrug are required to achieve a desired pharmacologic effect, and therefore, toxicity and side reactions are reduced. Furthermore, performing catalytic reactions in biological systems also opens the door for new methodologies to study the behavior of biomolecules in their natural state, e.g., via in situ labeling or by increasing/depleting their concentration at will. There is, of course, an art to the choice of catalysts and reactions which have to be compatible with biological conditions, namely an aqueous, oxygen-containing environment. In this review, we aim to describe new developments that bring together the far-distant worlds of transition-metal based catalysis and metal-based drugs, in what is termed "catalytic metallodrugs". Here we will focus on transformations that have been performed on small biomolecules (such as shifting equilibria like in the NAD+/NADH or GSH/GSSG couples), on non-natural molecules such as dyes for imaging purposes, or on biomacromolecules such as proteins. Neither reactions involving release (e.g., CO) or transformation of small molecules (e.g., 1O2 production), degradation of biomolecules such as proteins, RNA or DNA nor light-induced medicinal chemistry (e.g., photodynamic therapy) are covered, even if metal complexes are centrally involved in those. In each section, we describe the (inorganic) chemistry involved, as well as selected examples of biological applications in the hope that this snapshot of a new but quickly developing field will indeed inspire novel research and unprecedented interactions across disciplinary boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Josep Soldevila-Barreda
- Inorganic Chemistry I-Bioinorganic Chemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150 , 44780-D Bochum , Germany
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I-Bioinorganic Chemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150 , 44780-D Bochum , Germany
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Gaikwad S, Chakraborty A, Salwe S, Patel V, Kulkarni S, Banerjee S. Juglone-ascorbic acid synergy inhibits metastasis and induces apoptotic cell death in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma by perturbing SOD and catalase activities. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22176. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Gaikwad
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
| | - Avik Chakraborty
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
| | - Sukeshani Salwe
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health; Mumbai India
| | - Vainav Patel
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health; Mumbai India
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
| | - Sharmila Banerjee
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
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Ma L, Wang N, Ma R, Li C, Xu Z, Tse MK, Zhu G. Monochalcoplatin: An Actively Transported, Quickly Reducible, and Highly Potent PtIV
Anticancer Prodrug. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Zoufeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Man-Kit Tse
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Ave. Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute; Shenzhen P. R. China
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8
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Ma L, Wang N, Ma R, Li C, Xu Z, Tse MK, Zhu G. Monochalcoplatin: An Actively Transported, Quickly Reducible, and Highly Potent Pt IV Anticancer Prodrug. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9098-9102. [PMID: 29806087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, PtIV prodrugs have attracted much attention as the next generation of platinum-based antineoplastic drug candidates. Here we report the discovery and evaluation of monochalcoplatin, a monocarboxylated PtIV prodrug that is among the most cytotoxic PtIV prodrugs to date. Compared with its dicarboxylated counterpart chalcoplatin, monochalcoplatin accumulates astonishingly effectively and rapidly in cancer cells, which is not ascribed to its lipophilicity. The prodrug is quickly reduced, causes DNA damage, and induces apoptosis, resulting in superior cytotoxicity with IC50 values in the nanomolar range in both cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant cells; these IC50 values are up to 422-fold higher than that of cisplatin. A detailed mechanistic study reveals that monochalcoplatin actively enters cells through a transporter-mediated process. Moreover, monochalcoplatin shows significant antitumor activity in an in vivo colorectal tumor model. Our study implies a practical strategy for the design of more effective PtIV prodrugs to conquer drug resistance by tuning both cellular uptake pathways and activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Zoufeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Man-Kit Tse
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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9
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Chen H, Chen F, Hu W, Gou S. Effective platinum(IV) prodrugs conjugated with lonidamine as a functional group working on the mitochondria. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 180:119-128. [PMID: 29253663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs are one of the most widely used anticancer chemotherapeutics in oncology. Lonidamine (LND) could increase the response of human tumor cells to platinum(II) drugs in preclinical studies by working on the mitochondria. Herein, five platinum(IV) prodrugs conjugated with their potentiator LND are prepared, and most of the target complexes achieve improved anticancer activities compared with their platinum(II) precursors. Notably, Pt(NH3)2(LND)Cl3 (complex 1) derived from cisplatin achieve significantly improved anticancer activities against LNCaP cells and could trigger cancer cell death via an apoptotic pathway and the cell cycle arrest mainly at S phases. And the induction of apoptosis by complex 1 in LNCaP cells is closely associated with mitochondrial function disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Moreover, it is possessed of the ability to overcome cisplatin-resistance. Further research revealed that complex 1 could be easily reduced to release its platinum(II) precursor and axial ligand by ascorbic acid. All the results provid evidence to support the design strategy of conjugating platinum complexes with its potentiator to improve their anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; JiangsuProvince Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; JiangsuProvince Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; JiangsuProvince Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; JiangsuProvince Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing 211189, China.
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Reshetnikov V, Daum S, Mokhir A. Cancer-Specific, Intracellular, Reductive Activation of Anticancer PtIV
Prodrugs. Chemistry 2017; 23:5678-5681. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Reshetnikov
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II; Henkestrasse 42 91301 Erlangen Germany
| | - Steffen Daum
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II; Henkestrasse 42 91301 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II; Henkestrasse 42 91301 Erlangen Germany
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Dasari S, Singh S, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Dual-Sensitized Luminescent Europium(ΙΙΙ) and Terbium(ΙΙΙ) Complexes as Bioimaging and Light-Responsive Therapeutic Agents. Chemistry 2016; 22:17387-17396. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Dasari
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Swati Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ashis K. Patra
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh India
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