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Kong D, Thompson IAP, Maganzini N, Eisenstein M, Soh HT. Aptamer-Antibody Chimera Sensors for Sensitive, Rapid, and Reversible Molecular Detection in Complex Samples. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1168-1177. [PMID: 38407035 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of receptors suitable for the continuous detection of analytes in complex, interferent-rich samples remains challenging. Antibodies are highly sensitive but difficult to engineer in order to introduce signaling functionality, while aptamer switches are easy to construct but often yield only a modest target sensitivity. We present here a programmable antibody and DNA aptamer switch (PANDAS), which combines the desirable properties of both receptors by using a nucleic acid tether to link an analyte-specific antibody to an internal strand-displacement (ISD)-based aptamer switch that recognizes the same target through different epitopes. The antibody increases PANDAS analyte binding due to its high affinity, and the effective concentration between the two receptors further enhances two-epitope binding and fluorescent aptamer signaling. We developed a PANDAS sensor for the clotting protein thrombin and show that a tuned design achieves a greater than 300-fold enhanced sensitivity compared to that of using an aptamer alone. This design also exhibits reversible binding, enabling repeated measurements with a temporal resolution of ∼10 min, and retains excellent sensitivity even in interferent-rich samples. With future development, this PANDAS approach could enable the adaptation of existing protein-binding aptamers with modest affinity to sensors that deliver excellent sensitivity and minute-scale resolution in minimally prepared biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Kong
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ian A P Thompson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicolo Maganzini
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Eisenstein
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hyongsok Tom Soh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Ishaqat A, Herrmann A. Polymers Strive for Accuracy: From Sequence-Defined Polymers to mRNA Vaccines against COVID-19 and Polymers in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20529-20545. [PMID: 34841867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Unquestionably, polymers have influenced the world over the past 100 years. They are now more crucial than ever since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The pandemic paved the way for certain polymers to be in the spotlight, namely sequence-defined polymers such as messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which was the first type of vaccine to be authorized in the U.S. and Europe to protect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This rise of mRNA will probably influence scientific research concerning nucleic acids in general and RNA therapeutics in specific. In this Perspective, we highlight the recent trends in sequence-controlled and sequence-defined polymers. Then we discuss mRNA vaccines as an example to illustrate the need of ultimate sequence control to achieve complex functions such as specific activation of the immune system. We briefly present how mRNA vaccines are produced, the importance of modified nucleotides, the characteristic features, and the advantages and challenges associated with this class of vaccines. Finally, we discuss the chances and opportunities for polymer chemistry to provide solutions and contribute to the future progress of RNA-based therapeutics. We highlight two particular roles of polymers in this context. One represents conjugation of polymers to nucleic acids to form biohybrids. The other is concerned with advanced polymer-based carrier systems for nucleic acids. We believe that polymers can help to address present problems of RNA-based therapeutic technologies and impact the field beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ishaqat
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Guo C, Mahdavi-Amiri Y, Hili R. Influence of Linker Length on Ligase-Catalyzed Oligonucleotide Polymerization. Chembiochem 2019; 20:793-799. [PMID: 30458067 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligase-catalyzed oligonucleotide polymerization (LOOPER) that enables the sequence-defined generation of DNA with up to 16 different modifications has recently been developed. This approach was used to develop new classes of diversely modified DNA aptamers for molecular recognition through in vitro evolution. The modifications in LOOPER are appended by use of a long hexane-1,6-diamine linker, which could negatively impact binding thermodynamics. Here we explore the incorporation of modifications with the aid of shorter linkers and the use of commercially available phosphoramidites and assess their efficiency and fidelity of incorporation. We observed that shorter linkers are less tolerated during LOOPER, with very short linkers providing high levels of error and sequence bias. An ethane-1,2-diamine linker was found to be optimal in terms of yield, efficiency, and bias; however, codon adjustment was necessary. This shorter-linker anticodon set for LOOPER should prove valuable in exploring the impact of diverse chemical modifications on the molecular function of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yasaman Mahdavi-Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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König NF, Al Ouahabi A, Poyer S, Charles L, Lutz JF. A Simple Post-Polymerization Modification Method for Controlling Side-Chain Information in Digital Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7297-7301. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Felix König
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron UPR22; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron UPR22; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; ICR UMR7273; 13397 Marseille France
| | | | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron UPR22; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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Tang L, Navarro LA, Chilkoti A, Zauscher S. High-Molecular-Weight Polynucleotides by Transferase-Catalyzed Living Chain-Growth Polycondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6778-6782. [PMID: 28504414 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization (TcEP) for the template-free synthesis of high-molecular-weight, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and demonstrate that it proceeds by a living chain-growth polycondensation mechanism. We show that the molecular weight of the reaction products is nearly monodisperse, and can be manipulated by the feed ratio of nucleotide (monomer) to oligonucleotide (initiator), as typically observed for living polymerization reactions. Understanding the synthesis mechanism and the reaction kinetics enables the rational, template-free synthesis of ssDNA that can be used for a range of biomedical and nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 144 Hudson Hall Box 90300, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Luis A Navarro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 144 Hudson Hall Box 90300, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 144 Hudson Hall Box 90300, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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König NF, Al Ouahabi A, Poyer S, Charles L, Lutz JF. Eine einfache Methode der nachträglichen Modifizierung zur Kontrolle der Seitenketteninformation digitaler Polymere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Felix König
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron UPR22; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 Frankreich
| | - Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron UPR22; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 Frankreich
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; ICR UMR7273; 13397 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; ICR UMR7273; 13397 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; Institut Charles Sadron UPR22; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 Frankreich
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Tang L, Navarro LA, Chilkoti A, Zauscher S. High‐Molecular‐Weight Polynucleotides by Transferase‐Catalyzed Living Chain‐Growth Polycondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke University 144 Hudson Hall Box 90300 Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Luis A. Navarro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke University 144 Hudson Hall Box 90300 Durham NC 27708 USA
| | | | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke University 144 Hudson Hall Box 90300 Durham NC 27708 USA
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Tauraitė D, Jakubovska J, Dabužinskaitė J, Bratchikov M, Meškys R. Modified Nucleotides as Substrates of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040672. [PMID: 28441732 PMCID: PMC6154577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel modified nucleotides and their incorporation into DNA sequences opens many possibilities to change the chemical properties of oligonucleotides (ONs), and, therefore, broaden the field of practical applications of modified DNA. The chemical synthesis of nucleotide derivatives, including ones bearing thio-, hydrazino-, cyano- and carboxy groups as well as 2-pyridone nucleobase-containing nucleotides was carried out. The prepared compounds were tested as substrates of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). The nucleotides containing N4-aminocytosine, 4-thiouracil as well as 2-pyridone, 4-chloro- and 4-bromo-2-pyridone as a nucleobase were accepted by TdT, thus allowing enzymatic synthesis of 3’-terminally modified ONs. The successful UV-induced cross-linking of 4-thiouracil-containing ONs to TdT was carried out. Enzymatic post-synthetic 3’-modification of ONs with various photo- and chemically-reactive groups opens novel possibilities for future applications, especially in analysis of the mechanisms of polymerases and the development of photo-labels, sensors, and self-assembling structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiva Tauraitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| | - Jevgenija Jakubovska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| | - Julija Dabužinskaitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| | - Maksim Bratchikov
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, Vilnius LT-03101, Lithuania.
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
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