1
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Sommer-Kamann C, Breiltgens J, Zou Z, Gerhardt S, Saleem-Batcha R, Kemper F, Einsle O, Andexer JN, Müller M. Structures and Protein Engineering of the α-Keto Acid C-Methyltransferases SgvM and MrsA for Rational Substrate Transfer. Chembiochem 2024:e202400258. [PMID: 38887142 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferases (MTs) are involved in the C-methylation of a variety of natural products. The MTs SgvM from Streptomyces griseoviridis and MrsA from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae catalyze the methylation of the β-carbon atom of α-keto acids in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic natural products viridogrisein and 3-methylarginine, respectively. MrsA shows high substrate selectivity for 5-guanidino-2-oxovalerate, while other α-keto acids, such as the SgvM substrates 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate, 2-oxovalerate, and phenylpyruvate, are not accepted. Here we report the crystal structures of SgvM and MrsA in the apo form and bound with substrate or S-adenosyl-l-methionine. By investigating key residues for substrate recognition in the active sites of both enzymes and engineering MrsA by site-directed mutagenesis, the substrate range of MrsA was extended to accept α-keto acid substrates of SgvM with uncharged and lipophilic β-residues. Our results showcase the transfer of the substrate scope of α-keto acid MTs from different biosynthetic pathways by rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sommer-Kamann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Breiltgens
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ziruo Zou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gerhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kemper
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer N Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Ju S, Kuzelka KP, Guo R, Krohn-Hansen B, Wu J, Nair SK, Yang Y. A biocatalytic platform for asymmetric alkylation of α-keto acids by mining and engineering of methyltransferases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5704. [PMID: 37709735 PMCID: PMC10502145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40980-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric α-alkylation of carbonyl compounds represents a long-standing challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we advance a dual biocatalytic platform for the efficient asymmetric alkylation of α-keto acids. First, guided by our recently obtained crystal structures, we develop SgvMVAV as a general biocatalyst for the enantioselective methylation, ethylation, allylation and propargylation of a range of α-keto acids with total turnover numbers (TTNs) up to 4,600. Second, we mine a family of bacterial HMTs from Pseudomonas species sharing less than 50% sequence identities with known HMTs and evaluated their activities in SAM regeneration. Our best performing HMT from P. aeruginosa, PaHMT, displays the highest SAM regeneration efficiencies (TTN up to 7,700) among HMTs characterized to date. Together, the synergistic use of SgvMVAV and PaHMT affords a fully biocatalytic protocol for asymmetric methylation featuring a record turnover efficiency, providing a solution to the notorious problem of asymmetric alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Ju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kaylee P Kuzelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Krohn-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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3
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Ospina F, Schülke KH, Soler J, Klein A, Prosenc B, Garcia‐Borràs M, Hammer SC. Selective Biocatalytic N-Methylation of Unsaturated Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213056. [PMID: 36202763 PMCID: PMC9827881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methods for regioselective N-methylation and -alkylation of unsaturated heterocycles with "off the shelf" reagents are highly sought-after. This reaction could drastically simplify synthesis of privileged bioactive molecules. Here we report engineered and natural methyltransferases for challenging N-(m)ethylation of heterocycles, including benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, imidazoles and indazoles. The reactions are performed through a cyclic enzyme cascade that consists of two methyltransferases using only iodoalkanes or methyl tosylate as simple reagents. This method enables the selective synthesis of important molecules that are otherwise difficult to access, proceeds with high regioselectivity (r.r. up to >99 %), yield (up to 99 %), on a preparative scale, and with nearly equimolar concentrations of simple starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ospina
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Kai H. Schülke
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Jordi Soler
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaCarrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003CataloniaSpain
| | - Alina Klein
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Benjamin Prosenc
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Marc Garcia‐Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaCarrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003CataloniaSpain
| | - Stephan C. Hammer
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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4
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Wen X, Leisinger F, Leopold V, Seebeck FP. Synthetic Reagents for Enzyme‐Catalyzed Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208746. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Wen
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian Leisinger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Viviane Leopold
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
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5
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Abdelraheem E, Thair B, Varela RF, Jockmann E, Popadić D, Hailes HC, Ward JM, Iribarren AM, Lewkowicz ES, Andexer JN, Hagedoorn P, Hanefeld U. Methyltransferases: Functions and Applications. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200212. [PMID: 35691829 PMCID: PMC9539859 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review the current state-of-the-art of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases and SAM are evaluated. Their structural classification and diversity is introduced and key mechanistic aspects presented which are then detailed further. Then, catalytic SAM as a target for drugs, and approaches to utilise SAM as a cofactor in synthesis are introduced with different supply and regeneration approaches evaluated. The use of SAM analogues are also described. Finally O-, N-, C- and S-MTs, their synthetic applications and potential for compound diversification is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdelraheem
- BiocatalysisDepartment of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Benjamin Thair
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Romina Fernández Varela
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos NucleicosUniversidad Nacional de QuilmesRoque S. Peña 352B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Emely Jockmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Désirée Popadić
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringBernard Katz BuildingUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Adolfo M. Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos NucleicosUniversidad Nacional de QuilmesRoque S. Peña 352B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Elizabeth S. Lewkowicz
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos NucleicosUniversidad Nacional de QuilmesRoque S. Peña 352B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Peter‐Leon Hagedoorn
- BiocatalysisDepartment of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- BiocatalysisDepartment of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelft (TheNetherlands
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6
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Wen X, Leisinger F, Leopold V, Seebeck FP. Synthetic reagents for enzyme‐catalyzed methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Wen
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Department of Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Florian Leisinger
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Department of Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Viviane Leopold
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Department of Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel SWITZERLAND
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7
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Martins NS, Ángel AYB, Anghinoni JM, Lenardão EJ, Barcellos T, Alberto EE. From Stoichiometric Reagents to Catalytic Partners: Selenonium Salts as Alkylating Agents for Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions in Water. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Silva Martins
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica – GSCO Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Alix Y. Bastidas Ángel
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica – GSCO Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - João M. Anghinoni
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa – LASOL CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel P.O. box 354 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa – LASOL CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel P.O. box 354 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Thiago Barcellos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetic Products Universidade de Caxias do Sul 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Eduardo E. Alberto
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica – GSCO Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
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8
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Schülke KH, Ospina F, Hörnschemeyer K, Gergel S, Hammer SC. Substrate profiling of anion methyltransferases for promiscuous synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine analogs from haloalkanes. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100632. [PMID: 34927779 PMCID: PMC9303522 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic alkylation reactions can be performed with high chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity using S -adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTs) and SAM analogs. Currently, however, this methodology is limited in application due to the rather laborious protocols to access SAM analogs. It has recently been shown that halide methyltransferases (HMTs) enable synthesis and recycling of SAM analogs with readily available haloalkanes as starting material. Here we expand this work by using substrate profiling of the anion MT enzyme family to explore promiscuous SAM analog synthesis. Our study shows that anion MTs are in general very promiscuous with respect to the alkyl chain as well as the halide leaving group. Substrate profiling further suggests that promiscuous anion MTs cluster in sequence space. Next to iodoalkanes, cheaper, less toxic and more available bromoalkanes have been converted and several haloalkanes bearing short alkyl groups, alkyl rings, and functional groups such as alkene, alkyne and aromatic moieties are accepted as substrates. Further, we applied the SAM analogs as electrophiles in enzyme-catalyzed regioselective pyrazole allylation with 3-bromopropene as starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai H Schülke
- Universität Bielefeld: Universitat Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Felipe Ospina
- Universität Bielefeld: Universitat Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, GERMANY
| | | | - Sebastian Gergel
- Universität Bielefeld: Universitat Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, GERMANY
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9
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Peng J, Liao C, Bauer C, Seebeck FP. Fluorinated
S
‐Adenosylmethionine as a Reagent for Enzyme‐Catalyzed Fluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Peng
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Carsten Bauer
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
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10
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Schneider P, Henßen B, Paschold B, Chapple BP, Schatton M, Seebeck FP, Classen T, Pietruszka J. Biocatalytic C3-Indole Methylation-A Useful Tool for the Natural-Product-Inspired Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrroloindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23412-23418. [PMID: 34399441 PMCID: PMC8596708 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective synthesis of bioactive compounds bearing a pyrroloindole framework is often laborious. In contrast, there are several S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent methyl transferases known for stereo- and regioselective methylation at the C3 position of various indoles, directly leading to the formation of the desired pyrroloindole moiety. Herein, the SAM-dependent methyl transferase PsmD from Streptomyces griseofuscus, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of physostigmine, is characterized in detail. The biochemical properties of PsmD and its substrate scope were demonstrated. Preparative scale enzymatic methylation including SAM regeneration was achieved for three selected substrates after a design-of-experiment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schneider
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Birgit Henßen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
| | - Beatrix Paschold
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Benjamin P. Chapple
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Marcel Schatton
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 24aCH-4058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.852426JülichGermany
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
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11
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Peng J, Liao C, Bauer C, Seebeck FP. Fluorinated S-Adenosylmethionine as a Reagent for Enzyme-Catalyzed Fluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27178-27183. [PMID: 34597444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Strategic replacement of protons with fluorine atoms or functional groups with fluorine-containing fragments has proven a powerful strategy to optimize the activity of therapeutic compounds. For this reason, the synthetic chemistry of organofluorides has been the subject of intense development and innovation for many years. By comparison, the literature on fluorine biocatalysis still makes for a slim chapter. Herein we introduce S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methyltransferases as a new tool for the production of fluorinated compounds. We demonstrate the ability of halide methyltransferases to form fluorinated SAM (S-adenosyl-S-(fluoromethyl)-L-homocysteine) from S-adenosylhomocysteine and fluoromethyliodide. Fluorinated SAM (F-SAM) is too unstable for isolation, but is accepted as a substrate by C-, N- and O-specific methyltransferases for enzyme-catalyzed fluoromethylation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Schneider P, Henßen B, Paschold B, Chapple BP, Schatton M, Seebeck FP, Classen T, Pietruszka J. Biokatalytische C3‐Indol‐Methylierung – ein nützliches Werkzeug für die naturstoffinspirierte stereoselektive Synthese von Pyrroloindolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schneider
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Birgit Henßen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52428 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Beatrix Paschold
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Benjamin P. Chapple
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Marcel Schatton
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4058 Basel Schweiz
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52428 Jülich Deutschland
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich und Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Deutschland
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften: Biotechnologie (IBG-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52428 Jülich Deutschland
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13
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:88-119. [PMID: 32558088 PMCID: PMC7818486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.126 E. Lincoln AveRahwayNJ07065USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech ConsultingHafenstr. 3168159MannheimGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
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14
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Pompei S, Grimm C, Farnberger JE, Schober L, Kroutil W. Regioselectivity of Cobalamin-Dependent Methyltransferase Can Be Tuned by Reaction Conditions and Substrate. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:5977-5983. [PMID: 33442427 PMCID: PMC7783988 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective reactions represent a significant challenge for organic chemistry. Here the regioselective methylation of a single hydroxy group of 4-substituted catechols was investigated employing the cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense. Catechols substituted in position four were methylated either in meta- or para-position to the substituent depending whether the substituent was polar or apolar. While the biocatalytic cobalamin dependent methylation was meta-selective with 4-substituted catechols bearing hydrophilic groups, it was para-selective for hydrophobic substituents. Furthermore, the presence of water miscible co-solvents had a clear improving influence, whereby THF turned out to enable the formation of a single regioisomer in selected cases. Finally, it was found that also the pH led to an enhancement of regioselectivity for the cases investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pompei
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Judith E. Farnberger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Lukas Schober
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealthUniversity of Graz8010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed Graz8010GrazAustria
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15
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Wang Z, Jian Y, Han Y, Fu Z, Lu D, Wu J, Liu Z. Recent progress in enzymatic functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds for the green synthesis of chemicals. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Herbert AJ, Shepherd SA, Cronin VA, Bennett MR, Sung R, Micklefield J. Engineering Orthogonal Methyltransferases to Create Alternative Bioalkylation Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14950-14956. [PMID: 32402113 PMCID: PMC7496830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTs) catalyse the methylation of a vast array of small metabolites and biomacromolecules. Recently, rare carboxymethylation pathways have been discovered, including carboxymethyltransferase enzymes that utilise a carboxy-SAM (cxSAM) cofactor generated from SAM by a cxSAM synthase (CmoA). We show how MT enzymes can utilise cxSAM to catalyse carboxymethylation of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) and catechol substrates. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to create orthogonal MTs possessing improved catalytic activity and selectivity for cxSAM, with subsequent coupling to CmoA resulting in more efficient and selective carboxymethylation. An enzymatic approach was also developed to generate a previously undescribed co-factor, carboxy-S-adenosyl-l-ethionine (cxSAE), thereby enabling the stereoselective transfer of a chiral 1-carboxyethyl group to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Sarah A. Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Victoria A. Cronin
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Matthew R. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Rehana Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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17
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biokatalyse: Enzymatische Synthese für industrielle Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Global Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and Development Merck & Co., Inc. 126 E. Lincoln Ave Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech Consulting Hafenstraße 31 68159 Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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18
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Herbert AJ, Shepherd SA, Cronin VA, Bennett MR, Sung R, Micklefield J. Engineering Orthogonal Methyltransferases to Create Alternative Bioalkylation Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Sarah A. Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Victoria A. Cronin
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Matthew R. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Rehana Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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19
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McKean IJW, Hoskisson PA, Burley GA. Biocatalytic Alkylation Cascades: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities for Late‐Stage Functionalization. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2890-2897. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain J. W. McKean
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde 161 Cathedral Street Glasgow G4 0RE United Kingdom
| | - Glenn A. Burley
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
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20
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Liao C, Seebeck FP. Asymmetric β‐Methylation of
l
‐ and
d
‐α‐Amino Acids by a Self‐Contained Enzyme Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cangsong Liao
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002 4056 Basel Switzerland
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21
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Liao C, Seebeck FP. Asymmetric β‐Methylation of
l
‐ and
d
‐α‐Amino Acids by a Self‐Contained Enzyme Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7184-7187. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cangsong Liao
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1002 4056 Basel Switzerland
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22
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Richter N, Farnberger JE, Pompei S, Grimm C, Skibar W, Zepeck F, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Methyl Ether Cleavage: Characterization of the Corrinoid‐Dependent Methyl Transfer System from Desulfitobacterium hafniense. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Richter
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyACIB GmbHc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Judith E. Farnberger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyACIB GmbHc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Simona Pompei
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazBioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazBioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Skibar
- Sandoz GmbHBiocatalysis Lab Biochemiestrasse 10 6250 Kundl Austria
| | - Ferdinand Zepeck
- Sandoz GmbHBiocatalysis Lab Biochemiestrasse 10 6250 Kundl Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazBioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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23
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Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Prize: J. N. Andexer / New Members of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina: C. Felser, B. List, M. Scheer, and D. Trauner. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7563. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Neue Mitglieder der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina: C. Felser, B. List, M. Scheer und D. Trauner / Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis: J. N. Andexer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Cano R, Zakarian A, McGlacken GP. Direct Asymmetric Alkylation of Ketones: Still Unconquered. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9278-9290. [PMID: 28497890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The alkylation of ketones is taught at basic undergraduate level. In many cases this transformation leads to the formation of a new stereogenic center. However, the apparent simplicity of the transformation is belied by a number of problems. So much so, that a general method for the direct asymmetric alkylation of ketones remains an unmet target. Despite the advancement of organocatalysis and transition-metal catalysis, neither field has provided an adequate solution. Indeed, even use of an efficient and general stoichiometric chiral reagent has yet to be reported. Herein we describe the state-of-the-art in terms of direct alkylation reactions of some carbonyl groups. We outline the limited progress that has been made with ketones, and potential routes towards ultimately achieving a widely applicable methodology for the asymmetric alkylation of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cano
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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26
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Cano R, Zakarian A, McGlacken GP. Direkte asymmetrische Alkylierung von Ketonen: noch immer ein unerreichtes Ziel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cano
- Department of Chemistry; University College Cork; Cork Irland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility; University College Cork; Cork Irland
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Gerard P. McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry; University College Cork; Cork Irland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility; University College Cork; Cork Irland
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27
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de Souza ROMA, Miranda LSM, Bornscheuer UT. A Retrosynthesis Approach for Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2017; 23:12040-12063. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute; 21941909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute; 21941909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; Institute of Biochemistry; Greifswald University; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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28
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Schmidt NG, Pavkov‐Keller T, Richter N, Wiltschi B, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Fries Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7615-7619. [PMID: 28544673 PMCID: PMC5488191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Friedel-Crafts acylation is commonly used for the synthesis of aryl ketones, and a biocatalytic version, which may benefit from the chemo- and regioselectivity of enzymes, has not yet been introduced. Described here is a bacterial acyltransferase which can catalyze Friedel-Crafts C-acylation of phenolic substrates in buffer without the need of CoA-activated reagents. Conversions reach up to >99 %, and various C- or O-acyl donors, such as DAPG or isopropenyl acetate, are accepted by this enzyme. Furthermore the enzyme enables a Fries rearrangement-like reaction of resorcinol derivatives. These findings open an avenue for the development of alternative and selective C-C bond formation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Schmidt
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
| | - Tea Pavkov‐Keller
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 50/38010GrazAustria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 50/38010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
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29
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Schmidt NG, Pavkov-Keller T, Richter N, Wiltschi B, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Fries Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Schmidt
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Humboldtstraße 50/3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Humboldtstraße 50/3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
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