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Powell D, Whittaker-Brooks L. Concepts and principles of self-n-doping in perylene diimide chromophores for applications in biochemistry, energy harvesting, energy storage, and catalysis. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2026-2052. [PMID: 35670455 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00279e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-doping is an essential method of increasing carrier concentrations in organic electronics that eliminates the need to tailor host-dopant miscibility, a necessary step when employing molecular dopants. Self-n-doping can be accomplished using amines or ammonium counterions as an electron source, which are being incorporated into an ever-increasingly diverse range of organic materials spanning many applications. Self-n-doped materials have demonstrated exemplary and, in many cases, benchmark performances in a variety of applications. However, an in-depth review of the method is lacking. Perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores are an important mainstay in the semiconductor literature with well-known structure-function characteristics and are also one of the most widely utilized scaffolds for self-n-doping. In this review, we describe the unique properties of self-n-doped PDIs, delineate structure-function relationships, and discuss self-n-doped PDI performance in a range of applications. In particular, the impact of amine/ammonium incorporation into the PDI scaffold on doping efficiency is reviewed with regard to attachment mode, tether distance, counterion selection, and steric encumbrance. Self-n-doped PDIs are a unique set of PDI structural derivatives whose properties are amenable to a broad range of applications such as biochemistry, solar energy conversion, thermoelectric modules, batteries, and photocatalysis. Finally, we discuss challenges and the future outlook of self-n-doping principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
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A Chemistry and Microstructure Perspective on Ion‐Conducting Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Xiong P, Zhang L, Chen Y, Peng S, Yu G. A Chemistry and Microstructure Perspective on Ion-Conducting Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24770-24798. [PMID: 34165884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are among the most promising grid-scale energy storage technologies. However, the development of RFBs with high round-trip efficiency, high rate capability, and long cycle life for practical applications is highly restricted by the lack of appropriate ion-conducting membranes. Promising RFB membranes should separate positive and negative species completely and conduct balancing ions smoothly. Specific systems must meet additional requirements, such as high chemical stability in corrosive electrolytes, good resistance to organic solvents in nonaqueous systems, and excellent mechanical strength and flexibility. These rigorous requirements put high demands on the membrane design, essentially the chemistry and microstructure associated with ion transport channels. In this Review, we summarize the design rationale of recently reported RFB membranes at the molecular level, with an emphasis on new chemistry, novel microstructures, and innovative fabrication strategies. Future challenges and potential research opportunities within this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Leyuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yuyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Sangshan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Chen Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun P, Yang Z, Xu T. Designer Ferrocene Catholyte for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1295-1301. [PMID: 33200881 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous organic flow battery (AOFB) holds enormous potential as an energy storage device for fluctuating renewable electricity by exploiting the redox reactions of water-soluble organic molecules. The current development is impeded by lack of organic molecules adequate as catholyte, yet how the catholyte structure impacts the battery lifetime remains unexplored. Here, six ferrocene derivatives with deliberately tuned chemical structure were devised. They underwent reversible redox reactions in water, and the redox potentials were inversely related to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of their energized forms. The stability of the ferrocene derivatives was evaluated in full flow cells and in symmetric cells. Density function theory calculations, along with experimental results, revealed that the localized LUMO density on Fe led to fast capacity fading. BQH-Fc, which has the lowest LUMO density on Fe, showed the highest stability. No capacity loss was observed for the BQH-Fc/BTMAP-Vi cell at 0.1 m, and a high capacity retention rate of 99.993 % h-1 was recorded at 1.5 m, which could be attributed to electrolyte crossover. To facilitate explorations of robust and high capacity catholytes, a method was established to predict the water solubility of ferrocene molecules, and calculations were in good accordance with measured values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yahua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Pan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
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Zu X, Zhang L, Qian Y, Zhang C, Yu G. Molecular Engineering of Azobenzene‐Based Anolytes Towards High‐Capacity Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 P. R. China
| | - Leyuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Yumin Qian
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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Molecular Engineering of Azobenzene‐Based Anolytes Towards High‐Capacity Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22163-22170. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liedel C. Sustainable Battery Materials from Biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2110-2141. [PMID: 32212246 PMCID: PMC7318311 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable sources of energy have been identified as a possible way out of today's oil dependency and are being rapidly developed. In contrast, storage of energy to a large extent still relies on heavy metals in batteries. Especially when built from biomass-derived organics, organic batteries are promising alternatives and pave the way towards truly sustainable energy storage. First described in 2008, research on biomass-derived electrodes has been taken up by a multitude of researchers worldwide. Nowadays, in principle, electrodes in batteries could be composed of all kinds of carbonized and noncarbonized biomass: On one hand, all kinds of (waste) biomass may be carbonized and used in anodes of lithium- or sodium-ion batteries, cathodes in metal-sulfur or metal-oxygen batteries, or as conductive additives. On the other hand, a plethora of biomolecules, such as quinones, flavins, or carboxylates, contain redox-active groups that can be used as redox-active components in electrodes with very little chemical modification. Biomass-based binders can replace toxic halogenated commercial binders to enable a truly sustainable future of energy storage devices. Besides the electrodes, electrolytes and separators may also be synthesized from biomass. In this Review, recent research progress in this rapidly emerging field is summarized with a focus on potentially fully biowaste-derived batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Liedel
- Department Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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Chu F, Chu X, Lv T, Chen Z, Ren Y, Zhang S, Yuan N, Lin B, Ding J. Amphoteric Membranes Based on Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone and Imidazolium‐Functionalized Polyphenylene Oxide for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Xufeng Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Teng Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Zhouyi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Yurong Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Bencai Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Jianning Ding
- Micro/Nano Science and Technology CenterJiangsu University Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
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