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Rai V, Gerhard L, Balzer N, Valášek M, Holzer C, Yang L, Wegener M, Rockstuhl C, Mayor M, Wulfhekel W. Activating Electroluminescence of Charged Naphthalene Diimide Complexes Directly Adsorbed on a Metal Substrate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:036201. [PMID: 36763403 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.036201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence from single molecules adsorbed on a conducting surface imposes conflicting demands for the molecule-electrode coupling. To conduct electrons, the molecular orbitals need to be hybridized with the electrodes. To emit light, they need to be decoupled from the electrodes to prevent fluorescence quenching. Here, we show that fully quenched 2,6-core-substituted naphthalene diimide derivative in a self-assembled monolayer directly deposited on a Au(111) surface can be activated with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope to decouple the relevant frontier orbitals from the metallic substrate. In this way, individual molecules can be driven from a strongly hybridized state with quenched luminescence to a light-emitting state. The emission performance compares in terms of quantum efficiency, stability, and reproducibility to that of single molecules deposited on thin insulating layers. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the emitted light originates from the singly charged cationic pair of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Rai
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nico Balzer
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang West Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Balzer N, Lukášek J, Valášek M, Rai V, Sun Q, Gerhard L, Wulfhekel W, Mayor M. Synthesis and Surface Behaviour of NDI Chromophores Mounted on a Tripodal Scaffold: Towards Self-Decoupled Chromophores for Single-Molecule Electroluminescence. Chemistry 2021; 27:12144-12155. [PMID: 34152041 PMCID: PMC8457086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the efficient synthesis, absorption and emission spectra, and the electrochemical properties of a series of 2,6-disubstituted naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxdiimide (NDI) tripodal molecules with thioacetate anchors for their surface investigations. Our studies showed that, in particular, the pyrrolidinyl group with its strong electron-donating properties enhanced the fluorescence of such core-substituted NDI chromophores and caused a significant bathochromic shift in the absorption spectrum with a correspondingly narrowed bandgap of 1.94 eV. Cyclic voltammetry showed the redox properties of NDIs to be influenced by core substituents. The strong electron-donating character of pyrrolidine substituents results in rather high HOMO and LUMO levels of -5.31 and -3.37 eV when compared with the parental unsubstituted NDI. UHV-STM measurements of a sub-monolayer of the rigid tripodal NDI chromophores spray deposited on Au(111) show that these molecules mainly tend to adsorb flat in a pairwise fashion on the surface and form unordered films. However, the STML experiments also revealed a few molecular clusters, which might consist of upright oriented molecules protruding from the molecular island and show electroluminescence photon spectra with high electroluminescence yields of up to 6×10-3 . These results demonstrate the promising potential of the NDI tripodal chromophores for the fabrication of molecular devices profiting from optical features of the molecular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Balzer
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jan Lukášek
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Vibhuti Rai
- Institute of Quantum Materials and TechnologiesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Qing Sun
- Institute of Quantum Materials and TechnologiesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute of Quantum Materials and TechnologiesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute of Quantum Materials and TechnologiesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76021KarlsruheGermany
- Physikalisches InstitutKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyWolfgang-Gaede-Straße 176131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional MaterialsSchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong510275P. R. China
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Jasper-Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage-Controlled Superstructures of C 3 -Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7008-7017. [PMID: 32106353 PMCID: PMC7216838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The competition between honeycomb and hexagonal tiling of molecular units can lead to large honeycomb superstructures on surfaces. Such superstructures exhibit pores that may be used as 2D templates for functional guest molecules. Honeycomb superstructures of molecules that comprise a C3 symmetric platform on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces are presented. The superstructures cover nearly mesoscopic areas with unit cells containing up to 3000 molecules, more than an order of magnitude larger than previously reported. The unit cell size may be controlled by the coverage. A fairly general model was developed to describe the energetics of honeycomb superstructures built from C3 symmetric units. Based on three parameters that characterize two competing bonding arrangements, the model is consistent with the present experimental data and also reproduces various published results. The model identifies the relevant driving force, mostly related to geometric aspects, of the pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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Jasper‐Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage‐Controlled Superstructures of
C
3
‐Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper‐Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
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Delarue Bizzini L, Zwick P, Mayor M. Preparation of Unsymmetrical Disulfides from Thioacetates and Thiosulfonates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM); School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; 510275 Guangzhou China
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Liu X, Ma Y, Zhang W, Song B, Ding L, Fung M, Fan J. A Novel Linking Strategy of Using 9,10‐Dihydroacridine to Construct Efficient Host Materials for Red Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes. Chemistry 2018; 24:11755-11762. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang‐Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yu‐Yang Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bo Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Lei Ding
- College of Electrical and Information EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi 710021 China
| | - Man‐Keung Fung
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Jian Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesInstitute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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Valášek M, Mayor M. Spatial and Lateral Control of Functionality by Rigid Molecular Platforms. Chemistry 2017; 23:13538-13548. [PMID: 28766790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface mounted molecular devices have received significant attention in the scientific community because of their unique ability to construct functional materials. The key involves the platform on which the molecular device works on solid substrates, such as in solid-liquid or solid-vacuum interfaces. Here, we outline the concept of rigid molecular platforms to immobilize active functionality atop flat surfaces in a controllable manner. Most of these (multipodal) platforms have at least three anchoring groups to control the spatial arrangement of the protruding functional moieties and form mechanically stable and electronically tuned contacts to the underlying substrate. Another approach is based on employing of flat aromatic scaffolds bearing perpendicular functionalities that form stable lateral assemblies on various surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the need for controllable assembly and separation of these tailor-made molecules that expose functionalities at the molecular scale. The discussions are focused on the different molecular designs realizing functional 3D architectures on surfaces, the role of various anchoring strategies to control the spatial arrangement, and structural considerations controlling physical features like the coupling to the surface or the available space for sterically demanding molecular operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang Rd. W., Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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