1
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Mondal B, Dinda S, Karjule N, Mondal S, Raja Kottaichamy A, Volokh M, Shalom M. The Implications of Coupling an Electron Transfer Mediated Oxidation with a Proton Coupled Electron Transfer Reduction in Hybrid Water Electrolysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202271. [PMID: 36576299 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrolysis of water is a sustainable route to produce clean hydrogen. Full water-splitting requires a high applied potential, in part because of the pH-dependency of the H2 and O2 evolution reactions (HER and OER), which are proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions. Therefore, the minimum required potential will not change at different pHs. TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidin-1-yl)oxyl], a stable free-radical that undergoes fast electro-oxidation by a single-electron transfer (ET) process, is pH-independent. Here, we show that the combination of PCET and ET processes enables hydrogen production from water at low cell potentials below the theoretical value for full water-splitting by simple pH adjustment. As a case study, we combined the HER with the oxidation of benzylamine by anodically oxidized TEMPO. The pH-independent electrocatalytic oxidation of TEMPO permits the operation of a hybrid water-splitting cell that shows promise to perform at a low cell potential (≈1 V) and neutral pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Discipline of Chemistry, IIT Gandhinagar Palaj, Gandhinagr, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Soumitra Dinda
- Discipline of Chemistry, IIT Gandhinagar Palaj, Gandhinagr, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Neeta Karjule
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Sanjit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Alagar Raja Kottaichamy
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Michael Volokh
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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2
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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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3
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Lodh J, Paul S, Sun H, Song L, Schöfberger W, Roy S. Electrochemical organic reactions: A tutorial review. Front Chem 2023; 10:956502. [PMID: 36704620 PMCID: PMC9871948 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.956502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the core of electrochemistry involves simple oxidation and reduction reactions, it can be complicated in real electrochemical organic reactions. The principles used in electrochemical reactions have been derived using physical organic chemistry, which drives other organic/inorganic reactions. This review mainly comprises two themes: the first discusses the factors that help optimize an electrochemical reaction, including electrodes, supporting electrolytes, and electrochemical cell design, and the second outlines studies conducted in the field over a period of 10 years. Electrochemical reactions can be used as a versatile tool for synthetically important reactions by modifying the constant electrolysis current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Lodh
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shounik Paul
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - He Sun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria
| | - Luyang Song
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Schöfberger, ; Soumyajit Roy,
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Schöfberger, ; Soumyajit Roy,
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4
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Enders P, Májek M, Lam CM, Little D, Francke R. How to Harness Electrochemical Mediators for Photocatalysis – A Systematic Approach Using the Phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole Framework as a Test Case. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Enders
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis: Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Electrochemistry & Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Michal Májek
- Comenius University in Bratislava: Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave Institute of Chemistry SLOVAKIA
| | - Chiu Marco Lam
- University of California Santa Barbara Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Daniel Little
- University of California Santa Barbara Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Robert Francke
- Rostock University Institute of Chemistry Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock GERMANY
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5
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Shee M, Singh NDP. Photogenerated Azido Radical Mediated Oxidation: Access to Carbonyl Functionality from Alcohols, Alkylarenes, and Olefins via Organophotoredox. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maniklal Shee
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - N. D. Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 Kharagpur West Bengal India
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6
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Prakash N, Rajeev R, John A, Vijayan A, George L, Varghese A. 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) Radical Mediated Electro‐Oxidation Reactions: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishitha Prakash
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Rijo Rajeev
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Anjali John
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Ajesh Vijayan
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Louis George
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560029 India
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7
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Patrinoiu G, Calderon-Moreno JM, Somacescu S, Musuc AM, Spataru T, Ionita P, Carp O. Rational Functionalization Towards Redox-Active TEMPO Stable Free-Radical-Hydrochar Composites. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2042-2049. [PMID: 33734591 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although both stable free organic radicals and biomass-derived hydrochars have emerged as appealing, green, multifunctional materials, their association has not been explored. In this study, strength is found to lie in their union, which primarily leads to stable redox-active free-radical-hydrochar composites that can generate unexpected opportunities for the development of advanced metal-free sustainable materials. The composites are obtained by a straightforward green one-pot hydrothermal procedure. The loading of stable free radicals of nitroxide type and their localization is engineered by the nature of the carbohydrate and the reaction status; vigorous reaction parameters promote faster nucleation and growth kinetics of the hydrochar products, leading to a covalent immobilization of redox species on the surface of the carbonaceous microspherical aggregates. The nitroxide free-radical-hydrochar materials demonstrate enhancements in terms of both electrocatalytic activity and capacitive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Patrinoiu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 060021, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Simona Somacescu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 060021, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina M Musuc
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 060021, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tanta Spataru
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 060021, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petre Ionita
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, 90 Panduri, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Carp
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 060021, Bucharest, Romania
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8
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Zhong X, Hoque MA, Graaf MD, Harper KC, Wang F, Genders JD, Stahl SS. Scalable Flow Electrochemical Alcohol Oxidation: Maintaining High Stereochemical Fidelity in the Synthesis of Levetiracetam. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:2601-2607. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew D. Graaf
- Process R&D, AbbVie, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Process R&D, AbbVie, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J. David Genders
- Electrosynthesis Company, Inc., Lancaster, New York 14086-9779, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Heard DM, Lennox AJJ. Electrode Materials in Modern Organic Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18866-18884. [PMID: 32633073 PMCID: PMC7589451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of electrode material is critical for achieving optimal yields and selectivity in synthetic organic electrochemistry. The material imparts significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of electron transfer, and frequently defines the success or failure of a transformation. Electrode processes are complex and so the choice of a material is often empirical and the underlying mechanisms and rationale for success are unknown. In this review, we aim to highlight recent instances of electrode choice where rationale is offered, which should aid future reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of BristolSchool of ChemistryCantocks CloseBristol, AvonBS8 1TSUK
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10
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Bajada MA, Roy S, Warnan J, Abdiaziz K, Wagner A, Roessler MM, Reisner E. A Precious-Metal-Free Hybrid Electrolyzer for Alcohol Oxidation Coupled to CO 2 -to-Syngas Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15633-15641. [PMID: 32250531 PMCID: PMC7496929 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyzers combining CO2 reduction (CO2 R) with organic substrate oxidation can produce fuel and chemical feedstocks with a relatively low energy requirement when compared to systems that source electrons from water oxidation. Here, we report an anodic hybrid assembly based on a (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) electrocatalyst modified with a silatrane-anchor (STEMPO), which is covalently immobilized on a mesoporous indium tin oxide (mesoITO) scaffold for efficient alcohol oxidation (AlcOx). This molecular anode was subsequently combined with a cathode consisting of a polymeric cobalt phthalocyanine on carbon nanotubes to construct a hybrid, precious-metal-free coupled AlcOx-CO2 R electrolyzer. After three-hour electrolysis, glycerol is selectively oxidized to glyceraldehyde with a turnover number (TON) of ≈1000 and Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 83 %. The cathode generated a stoichiometric amount of syngas with a CO:H2 ratio of 1.25±0.25 and an overall cobalt-based TON of 894 with a FE of 82 %. This prototype device inspires the design and implementation of nonconventional strategies for coupling CO2 R to less energy demanding, and value-added, oxidative chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Bajada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Julien Warnan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Kaltum Abdiaziz
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and Materials Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Maxie M. Roessler
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of Bristol School of Chemistry Cantocks Close Bristol, Avon BS8 1TS UK
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12
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Yu T, Jiao J, Song P, Nie W, Yi C, Zhang Q, Li P. Recent Progress in Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2876-2893. [PMID: 32301233 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To achieve a safe, efficient, and sustainable (even fully automated) production for the continuous-flow hydrogenation reactions, which is among the most often used reactions in chemical synthesis, new catalyst types and immobilization methods as well as flow reactors and technologies have been developed over the last years; in addition, these approaches have been combined with new and transformational technologies in other fields such as artificial intelligence. Thus, attention from academic and industry practitioners has increasingly focused on improving the performance of hydrogenation in flow mode by reducing the reaction times, increasing selectivities, and achieve safe operation. This Minireview aims to summarize the most recent research results on this topic with focus on the advantages, current limitations, and future directions of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Departement of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Peidong Song
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Wenzheng Nie
- Departement of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Chunhai Yi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
- Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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13
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Bajada MA, Roy S, Warnan J, Abdiaziz K, Wagner A, Roessler MM, Reisner E. A Precious‐Metal‐Free Hybrid Electrolyzer for Alcohol Oxidation Coupled to CO
2
‐to‐Syngas Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Bajada
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Julien Warnan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Kaltum Abdiaziz
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and Materials Research Institute Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Maxie M. Roessler
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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14
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Hu Y, Peglow S, Longwitz L, Frank M, Epping JD, Brüser V, Werner T. Plasma-Assisted Immobilization of a Phosphonium Salt and Its Use as a Catalyst in the Valorization of CO 2. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1825-1833. [PMID: 31999074 PMCID: PMC7186948 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first plasma-assisted immobilization of an organocatalyst, namely a bifunctional phosphonium salt in an amorphous hydrogenated carbon coating, is reported. This method makes the requirement for prefunctionalized supports redundant. The immobilized catalyst was characterized by solid-state 13 C and 31 P NMR spectroscopy, SEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The immobilized catalyst (1 mol %) was employed in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 . Notably, the efficiency of the plasma-treated catalyst on SiO2 was higher than those of the SiO2 support impregnated with the catalyst and even the homogeneous counterpart. After optimization of the reaction conditions, 13 terminal and four internal epoxides were converted with CO2 to the respective cyclic carbonates in yields of up to 99 %. Furthermore, the possibility to recycle the immobilized catalyst was evaluated. Even though the catalyst could be reused, the yields gradually decreased from the third run. However, this is the first example of the recycling of a plasma-immobilized catalyst, which opens new possibilities in the recovery and reuse of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hu
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Sandra Peglow
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Lars Longwitz
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy CenterUniversity Medicine RostockStremelstrasse 1418057RostockGermany
- Department Life, Light & MatterUniversity of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 2518059RostockGermany
| | - Jan Dirk Epping
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University of BerlinStrasse des 17 Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Volker Brüser
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Werner
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
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15
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Metal-free photocatalysts for the oxidation of non-activated alcohols and the oxygenation of tertiary amines performed in air or oxygen. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:822-839. [PMID: 32051614 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes the use of 9-fluorenone as a cheap and non-toxic photocatalyst for the oxidation of non-activated alcohols performed under the irradiation of a blue light-emitting diode. It also describes the use of the similarly cheap and non-toxic photocatalyst rose bengal for the selective α-oxygenation of tertiary amines to produce the corresponding amides in a selective way using the same light source. We have provided detailed instructions on how to assemble the light-emitting diode equipment and set up the photocatalytic reaction, where an oxygen atmosphere is created with an O2-filled balloon. Further details are provided using four example reactions that illustrate how this system works: alcohol oxidation to prepare terephthlalaldehyde and androstanedione, and amine oxidation to make 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one and (4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)m-tolyl)methanone. The times needed to perform these photocatalytic reactions are 18, 76, 22 and 54 h, respectively. We believe that this protocol represents a robust methodology for the late-stage modification of amines and the selective oxidation of steroids.
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16
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Patel J, Cai R, Milton R, Chen H, Minteer SD. Pyrene‐Based Noncovalent Immobilization of Nitrogenase on Carbon Surfaces. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1729-1732. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janki Patel
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Ross Milton
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Geneva, Sciences II Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
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17
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Zhang W, Carpenter KL, Lin S. Electrochemistry Broadens the Scope of Flavin Photocatalysis: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Unactivated Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:409-417. [PMID: 31617271 PMCID: PMC6923568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin-derived photocatalysts have been extensively studied in the context of alcohol oxidation. However, to date, the scope of this catalytic methodology has been limited to benzyl alcohols. In this work, mechanistic understanding of flavin-catalyzed oxidation reactions, in either the absence or presence of thiourea as a cocatalyst, was obtained. The mechanistic insights enabled development of an electrochemically driven photochemical oxidation of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols using a pair of flavin and dialkylthiourea catalysts. Electrochemistry makes it possible to avoid using O2 and an oxidant and generating H2 O2 as a byproduct, both of which oxidatively degrade thiourea under the reaction conditions. This modification unlocks a new mechanistic pathway in which the oxidation of unactivated alcohols is achieved by thiyl radical mediated hydrogen-atom abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Keith L Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Zhang W, Carpenter KL, Lin S. Electrochemistry Broadens the Scope of Flavin Photocatalysis: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Unactivated Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Keith L. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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19
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Guo WW, Zhang C, Ye JJ, Liu ZK, Chen K, Wu CD. Suspending Ion Electrocatalysts in Charged Metal-Organic Frameworks to Improve the Conductivity and Selectivity in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3627-3634. [PMID: 31190444 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electroorganic synthesis is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional synthetic methods; however, the application of this strategy is heavily hindered by low product selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit high selectivity in numerous catalytic reactions; however, poor conductivity heavily limits the application of MOFs in electroorganic synthesis. To realize the electrocatalytic application of MOFs in selective electroorganic synthesis, a practically applicable strategy by suspending ion electrocatalysts in charged MOFs is herein reported. This approach could markedly improve the product selectivity in electroorganic synthesis. In the electrocatalytic oxidative self-coupling of benzylamine experiments, the imine product selectivity is markedly improved from 61.3 to 94.9 %, when the MOF-based electrocatalyst is used instead of the corresponding homogeneous electrocatalyst under the identical conditions. Therefore, this work opens a new route to improve the product selectivity in electroorganic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Jie Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-De Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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20
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Zha G, Fang W, Leng J, Qin H. A Simple, Mild and General Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes or Ketones by SO
2
F
2
/K
2
CO
3
Using DMSO as Solvent and Oxidant. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao‐Feng Zha
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life ScienceWuhan University of Technology 205 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Wan‐Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life ScienceWuhan University of Technology 205 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Leng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life ScienceWuhan University of Technology 205 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua‐Li Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life ScienceWuhan University of Technology 205 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
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21
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Bae S, Jang JE, Lee HW, Ryu J. Tailored Assembly of Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts on Photoelectrodes for Artificial Photosynthesis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Bae
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jang
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungki Ryu
- Department of Energy Engineering; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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22
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Liu G, Zhao C, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Efficiently electrocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol for energy- saved zinc-air battery using a multifunctional nickel–cobalt alloy electrocatalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 532:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Zhao H, Xu P, Song J, Xu H. Cathode Material Determines Product Selectivity for Electrochemical C−H Functionalization of Biaryl Ketoximes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15153-15156. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai‐Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesInnovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Pin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesInnovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesInnovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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24
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Zhao H, Xu P, Song J, Xu H. Cathode Material Determines Product Selectivity for Electrochemical C−H Functionalization of Biaryl Ketoximes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai‐Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesInnovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Pin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesInnovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesInnovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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25
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An J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Wang F. The Synthesis of Quinazolinones from Olefins, CO, and Amines over a Heterogeneous Ru-clusters/Ceria Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua An
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yehong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
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26
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An J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Wang F. The Synthesis of Quinazolinones from Olefins, CO, and Amines over a Heterogeneous Ru-clusters/Ceria Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12308-12312. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua An
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yehong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC); Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL); Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
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27
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Spectro-Electrochemical Microfluidic Platform for Monitoring Multi-Step Cascade Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Wang F, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Functional-Group-Tolerant Shono-type Oxidation of Cyclic Carbamates Enabled by Aminoxyl Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6686-6690. [PMID: 29659129 PMCID: PMC6201259 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method has been developed for α-oxygenations of cyclic carbamates by using a bicyclic aminoxyl as a mediator and water as the nucleophile. The mediated electrochemical process enables substrate oxygenation to proceed at a potential that is approximately 1 V lower than the redox potential of the carbamate substrate. This feature allows for functional-group compatibility that is inaccessible with conventional Shono oxidations, which proceed by direct electrochemical substrate oxidation. This reaction also represents the first α-functionalization of non-activated cyclic carbamates with oxoammonium oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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29
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Wang F, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Functional‐Group‐Tolerant Shono‐type Oxidation of Cyclic Carbamates Enabled by Aminoxyl Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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30
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Mogharabi-Manzari M, Amini M, Abdollahi M, Khoobi M, Bagherzadeh G, Faramarzi MA. Co-immobilization of Laccase and TEMPO in the Compartments of Mesoporous Silica for a Green and One-Pot Cascade Synthesis of Coumarins by Knoevenagel Condensation. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mogharabi-Manzari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box; 14155-6451 Tehran 1417614411 Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417614411 Iran
| | - Ghodsieh Bagherzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Birjand; Birjand 9717853577 Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box; 14155-6451 Tehran 1417614411 Iran
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