1
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Ussia M, Urso M, Kratochvilova M, Navratil J, Balvan J, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Vyskocil J, Masarik M, Pumera M. Magnetically Driven Self-Degrading Zinc-Containing Cystine Microrobots for Treatment of Prostate Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208259. [PMID: 36703532 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed tumor disease in men, and its treatment is still a big challenge in standard oncology therapy. Magnetically actuated microrobots represent the most promising technology in modern nanomedicine, offering the advantage of wireless guidance, effective cell penetration, and non-invasive actuation. Here, new biodegradable magnetically actuated zinc/cystine-based microrobots for in situ treatment of prostate cancer cells are reported. The microrobots are fabricated via metal-ion-mediated self-assembly of the amino acid cystine encapsulating superparamagnetic Fe3 O4 nanoparticles (NPs) during the synthesis, which allows their precise manipulation by a rotating magnetic field. Inside the cells, the typical enzymatic reducing environment favors the disassembly of the aminoacidic chemical structure due to the cleavage of cystine disulfide bonds and disruption of non-covalent interactions with the metal ions, as demonstrated by in vitro experiments with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In this way, the cystine microrobots served for site-specific delivery of Zn2+ ions responsible for tumor cell killing via a "Trojan horse effect". This work presents a new concept of cell internalization exploiting robotic systems' self-degradation, proposing a step forward in non-invasive cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ussia
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Urso
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kratochvilova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Navratil
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vyskocil
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Han X, Chen Z, Liu Y, Song B, Zhang H, Dong B. Light Driven ZnO/AuNP Micro/Nanomotor with Controlled Rotation and Phototaxis. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Han
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Zongchen Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bo Song
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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3
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Xu L, Gao B, Xu X, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu Z. Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic‐Helical Polymers with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204966. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Bao‐Rui Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Xun‐Hui Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Zong‐Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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4
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Xu L, Gao BR, Xu XH, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic‐Helical Polymers with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Jilin University Polymer Chemistry and Physis CHINA
| | - Bao-Rui Gao
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Xun-Hui Xu
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Li Zhou
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Na Liu
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Jilin University Polymer Chemistry and Physis Qianjin Street 2699 130012 Changchun CHINA
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5
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Wang Y, Zheng X, Zhong W, Ye Z, Wang X, Dong Z, Zhang Z. Multicomponent chiral hydrogel fibers with block configurations based on the chiral liquid crystals of cellulose nanocrystals and M13 bacteriophages. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00965j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrating the advantages unique to CNCs and the M13 virus into blockwise chiral hydrogel fibers, which have block dependent chiral fingerprints, birefringence, (de)swelling behaviors, mechanical strength and stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaonan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Weiting Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zihan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
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Zhang C, Wang Y, Chen Y, Ma X, Chen W. Droplet-Based Microfluidic Preparation of Shape-Variable Alginate Hydrogel Magnetic Micromotors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:115. [PMID: 35010065 PMCID: PMC8796028 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces a facile droplet-based microfluidic method for the preparation of Fe3O4-incorporated alginate hydrogel magnetic micromotors with variable shapes. By using droplet-based microfluidics and water diffusion, monodisperse (quasi-)spherical microparticles of sodium alginate and Fe3O4 (Na-Alg/Fe3O4) are obtained. The diameter varies from 31.9 to 102.7 µm with the initial concentration of Na-Alginate in dispersed fluid ranging from 0.09 to 9 mg/mL. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is used for gelation, immediately transforming Na-Alg/Fe3O4 microparticles into Ca-Alginate hydrogel microparticles incorporating Fe3O4 nanoparticles, i.e., Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors. Spherical, droplet-like, and worm-like shapes are yielded depending on the concentration of CaCl2, which is explained by crosslinking and anisotropic swelling during the gelation. The locomotion of Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors is activated by applying external magnetic fields. Under the rotating magnetic field (5 mT, 1-15 Hz), spherical Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors exhibit an average advancing velocity up to 158.2 ± 8.6 µm/s, whereas worm-like Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors could be rotated for potential advancing. Under the magnetic field gradient (3 T/m), droplet-like Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors are pulled forward with the average velocity of 70.7 ± 2.8 µm/s. This article provides an inspiring and timesaving approach for the preparation of shape-variable hydrogel micromotors without using complex patterns or sophisticated facilities, which holds potential for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
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7
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Liu J, Du X, Chen S. A Phase Inversion‐Based Microfluidic Fabrication of Helical Microfibers towards Versatile Artificial Abdominal Skin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, vJiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, vJiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering, vJiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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8
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Liu JD, Du XY, Chen S. A Phase Inversion-Based Microfluidic Fabrication of Helical Microfibers towards Versatile Artificial Abdominal Skin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25089-25096. [PMID: 34505753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic spinning technology (MST), incorporating microfluidics with chemical reactions, has gained considerable interest for constructing anisotropic advanced microfibers, especially helical microfibers. However, these efforts suffer from the limited material choices, restricting their applications. Here, a new phase inversion-based microfluidic spinning (PIMS) method is proposed for producing helical microfibers. This method undergoes a physicochemical phase inversion process, which is capable of efficiently manufacturing strong (tensile stress of more than 25 MPa), stretchable, flexible and biocompatible helical microfibers. The helical microfibers can be used to fabricate bi-oriented stretchable artificial abdominal skin, preventing incisional hernia formation and promoting the wound healing without conglutination. This research not only offers a universal approach to design helical microfibers but also provides a new insight into artificial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, vJiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, vJiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, vJiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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9
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Sharan P, Nsamela A, Lesher-Pérez SC, Simmchen J. Microfluidics for Microswimmers: Engineering Novel Swimmers and Constructing Swimming Lanes on the Microscale, a Tutorial Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007403. [PMID: 33949106 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an updated review of recent advances in microfluidics applied to artificial and biohybrid microswimmers. Sharing the common regime of low Reynolds number, the two fields have been brought together to take advantage of the fluid characteristics at the microscale, benefitting microswimmer research multifold. First, microfluidics offer simple and relatively low-cost devices for high-fidelity production of microswimmers made of organic and inorganic materials in a variety of shapes and sizes. Microscale confinement and the corresponding fluid properties have demonstrated differential microswimmer behaviors in microchannels or in the presence of various types of physical or chemical stimuli. Custom environments to study these behaviors have been designed in large part with the help of microfluidics. Evaluating microswimmers in increasingly complex lab environments such as microfluidic systems can ensure more effective implementation for in-field applications. The benefits of microfluidics for the fabrication and evaluation of microswimmers are balanced by the potential use of microswimmers for sample manipulation and processing in microfluidic systems, a large obstacle in diagnostic and other testing platforms. In this review various ways in which these two complementary technology fields will enhance microswimmer development and implementation in various fields are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharan
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Juliane Simmchen
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Guo Y, Yan J, Xin JH, Wang L, Yu X, Fan L, Liu P, Yu H. Microfluidic-directed biomimetic Bulbine torta-like microfibers based on inhomogeneous viscosity rope-coil effect. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2594-2604. [PMID: 34008681 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Helical structures are attracting increasing attention owing to their unique typical physical and chemical properties. However, it remains a challenge to construct atypical helical structures at the microscale. This paper proposes a continuous spinning method with a microfluidic-chip-based spinning device to engineer atypical helical microfibers. The strategy causes polymer fluid to form the biomimetic Bulbine torta (BT)-like shape with the aid of the inhomogeneous viscosity rope-coil effect. In particular, the structure parameter of the BT microfibers could be optimized through the synchronous regulation of the microfluidic flow and reaction kinetics, and the obtained microfibers exhibit ultrahigh strain sensitivity, indicating great promise as exceptional candidates for constructing ideal strain sensors. In addition, single- and double-hollow BT microfibers are also prepared by introducing the core flow channel into the microfluidic chip and demonstrate high structural similarity to irregular blood vessels (e.g. varicose veins), which is promising for the actual application of blood vessel tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshi Guo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China. and State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - John H Xin
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lihuan Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
| | - Xi Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
| | - Longfei Fan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
| | - Peifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes and Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Central Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, 200127, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
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Deng X, Ren Y, Hou L, Jiang T, Jiang H. Continuous microfluidic fabrication of anisotropic microparticles for enhanced wastewater purification. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1517-1526. [PMID: 33606871 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01298j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic microparticles containing functional nanomaterials have attracted growing interest due to their enhanced performance in diverse applications ranging from catalysts to environmental remediation. However, the preparation of anisotropic microparticles with highly controlled morphologies and dimensions usually suffers from a limited material choice. Here, we develop a facile strategy to continuously prepare anisotropic microparticles with their shapes changing from spherical to pear-like, maraca-like and rod-like for enhanced water decontamination. Anisotropic microparticles are produced by deforming oil-droplet templates within microfibers and then locking their shapes via thermo/photo-polymerization. The sizes and geometries of the oil-droplet templates are precisely controlled by varying the fluid flow conditions. In addition, porous spherical and rod-like microparticles are functionalized for photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants by incorporating functional TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Compared to spherical microparticles with equal volume, functionalized rod-like microparticles exhibit better performance in removal of contaminants due to their larger specific surface area, which facilitates the contact between the loaded catalysts and organic pollutants. Moreover, the magnetic rod-like microparticles can be easily recovered and reused without deterioration of catalytic performance. The proposed strategy in this study is useful for producing anisotropic microparticles with well-tailored shapes via different polymerization methods and extending their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Deng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001.
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001
| | - Likai Hou
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001.
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001.
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Wang J, Ahmed R, Zeng Y, Fu K, Soto F, Sinclair B, Soh HT, Demirci U. Engineering the Interaction Dynamics between Nano-Topographical Immunocyte-Templated Micromotors across Scales from Ions to Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2005185. [PMID: 33174334 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing mobile artificial micromotors with structural design factors, such as morphology nanoroughness and surface chemistry, can improve the capture efficiency through enhancing contact interactions with their surrounding targets. Understanding the interplay of such parameters targeting high locomotion performance and high capture efficiency at the same time is of paramount importance, yet, has so far been overlooked. Here, an immunocyte-templated nano-topographical micromotor is engineered and their interactions with various targets across multiple scales, from ions to cells are investigated. The macrophage templated nanorough micromotor demonstrates significantly increased surface interactions and significantly improved and highly efficient removal of targets from complex aqueous solutions, including in plasma and diluted blood, when compared to smooth synthetic material templated micromotors with the same size and surface chemistry. These results suggest that the surface nanoroughness of the micromotors for the locomotion performance and interactions with the multiscale targets should be considered simultaneously, for they are highly interconnected in design considerations impacting applications across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Yitian Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4034, USA
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4034, USA
| | - Fernando Soto
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Bob Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4034, USA
| | - Hyongsok Tom Soh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4034, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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13
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Nan L, Cao Y, Yuan S, Shum HC. Oil-mediated high-throughput generation and sorting of water-in-water droplets. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:70. [PMID: 34567680 PMCID: PMC8433215 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) droplets have demonstrated superior compatibility over conventional water-in-oil droplets for various biological assays. However, the ultralow interfacial tension hampers efficient and stable droplet generation, limiting further development and more extensive use of such approaches. Here, we present a simple strategy to employ oil as a transient medium for ATPS droplet generation. Two methods based on passive flow focusing and active pico-injection are demonstrated to generate water-water-oil double emulsions, achieving a high generation frequency of ~2.4 kHz. Through evaporation of the oil to break the double emulsions, the aqueous core can be released to form uniform-sized water-in-water droplets. Moreover, this technique can be used to fabricate aqueous microgels, and the introduction of the oil medium enables integration of droplet sorting to produce single-cell-laden hydrogels with a harvest rate of over 90%. We believe that the demonstrated high-throughput generation and sorting of ATPS droplets represent an important tool to advance droplet-based tissue engineering and single-cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Zhao X, Bian F, Sun L, Cai L, Li L, Zhao Y. Microfluidic Generation of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1901943. [PMID: 31259464 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As nanomaterials (NMs) possess attractive physicochemical properties that are strongly related to their specific sizes and morphologies, they are becoming one of the most desirable components in the fields of drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. By choosing an appropriate methodology that allows for accurate control over the reaction conditions, not only can NMs with high quality and rapid production rate be generated, but also designing composite and efficient products for therapy and diagnosis in nanomedicine can be realized. Recent evidence implies that microfluidic technology offers a promising platform for the synthesis of NMs by easy manipulation of fluids in microscale channels. In this Review, a comprehensive set of developments in the field of microfluidics for generating two main classes of NMs, including nanoparticles and nanofibers, and their various potentials in biomedical applications are summarized. Furthermore, the major challenges in this area and opinions on its future developments are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Feika Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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15
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Wu Z, Zheng Y, Lin L, Mao S, Li Z, Lin J. Controllable Synthesis of Multicompartmental Particles Using 3D Microfluidics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2225-2229. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengnan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yajing Zheng
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ling Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Sifeng Mao
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jin‐Ming Lin
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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16
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Lin X, Xu B, Zhu H, Liu J, Solovev A, Mei Y. Requirement and Development of Hydrogel Micromotors towards Biomedical Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020. [PMID: 32728669 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7659749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With controllable size, biocompatibility, porosity, injectability, responsivity, diffusion time, reaction, separation, permeation, and release of molecular species, hydrogel microparticles achieve multiple advantages over bulk hydrogels for specific biomedical procedures. Moreover, so far studies mostly concentrate on local responses of hydrogels to chemical and/or external stimuli, which significantly limit the scope of their applications. Tetherless micromotors are autonomous microdevices capable of converting local chemical energy or the energy of external fields into motive forces for self-propelled or externally powered/controlled motion. If hydrogels can be integrated with micromotors, their applicability can be significantly extended and can lead to fully controllable responsive chemomechanical biomicromachines. However, to achieve these challenging goals, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and motive mechanisms of hydrogel micromotors need to be simultaneously integrated. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of micromotors and hydrogels and proposes next steps required for the development of hydrogel micromotors, which become increasingly important for in vivo and in vitro bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alexander Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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17
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Lin X, Xu B, Zhu H, Liu J, Solovev A, Mei Y. Requirement and Development of Hydrogel Micromotors towards Biomedical Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:7659749. [PMID: 32728669 PMCID: PMC7368969 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7659749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With controllable size, biocompatibility, porosity, injectability, responsivity, diffusion time, reaction, separation, permeation, and release of molecular species, hydrogel microparticles achieve multiple advantages over bulk hydrogels for specific biomedical procedures. Moreover, so far studies mostly concentrate on local responses of hydrogels to chemical and/or external stimuli, which significantly limit the scope of their applications. Tetherless micromotors are autonomous microdevices capable of converting local chemical energy or the energy of external fields into motive forces for self-propelled or externally powered/controlled motion. If hydrogels can be integrated with micromotors, their applicability can be significantly extended and can lead to fully controllable responsive chemomechanical biomicromachines. However, to achieve these challenging goals, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and motive mechanisms of hydrogel micromotors need to be simultaneously integrated. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of micromotors and hydrogels and proposes next steps required for the development of hydrogel micromotors, which become increasingly important for in vivo and in vitro bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alexander Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Wu Z, Zheng Y, Lin L, Mao S, Li Z, Lin J. Controllable Synthesis of Multicompartmental Particles Using 3D Microfluidics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengnan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yajing Zheng
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ling Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Sifeng Mao
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jin‐Ming Lin
- Department of ChemistryBeijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and InstrumentationMOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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19
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Micromotors from Microfluidics. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2417-2430. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li J, Kong T, Yu J, Lee KH, Tang YH, Kwok KW, Kim JT, Shum HC. Electrocoiling-guided printing of multiscale architectures at single-wavelength resolution. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1953-1960. [PMID: 31044199 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00145j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rope coiling observed in liquid ink with high viscosity has been exploited in additive printing to fabricate architectures with periodically curled structures and tune their mechanical properties. However, the control over the coiling path relying on mechanical motion restricts the spatiotemporal resolution. We develop an electrically assisted high-resolution technique to manipulate coiling paths of viscous ink and structures of the deposited filament. By spatially programming the voltage applied onto the viscous ink, we show that the switching between different filament structures can be accomplished at single wavelength resolution, facilitating the rapid and accurate construction of sophisticated patterns. Furthermore, translational guiding of the electrocoiling enables rapid printing of filaments with complex structures at a line speed of 102 mm s-1. With a simplified trajectory of the printing head, large-area and multiscale patterns can be printed at an unprecedented speed; for instance, centimeter-sized architectures constructed from nanofibers with micron-sized curled structures can be completed in a few minutes. By enabling the printing of complex fiber networks with tunable shape and density, our work provides a route towards custom-design of fiber architectures with unique features such as spatially varying mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong. and HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- China Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518037, China
| | - Jiazuo Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong.
| | - Kit Hang Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong.
| | - Yuk Heng Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong. and HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ka-Wai Kwok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong.
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong.
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong. and HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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21
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Deng X, Ren Y, Hou L, Liu W, Jia Y, Jiang H. Electric Field-Induced Cutting of Hydrogel Microfibers with Precise Length Control for Micromotors and Building Blocks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40228-40237. [PMID: 30362341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfiber modules with controllable lengths emerged as novel biomimetic platforms and are significant for many tissue engineering applications. However, accurately controlling the length of microfibers on the scale of millimeter or even micrometer still remains challenging. Here, a novel and scalable strategy to generate microfiber modules with precisely tunable lengths ranging from 100 to 3500 μm via an alternating current (AC) electric field is presented. To control the microfiber length, double-emulsion droplets containing a chelating agent (sodium citrate) as a spacing node are first uniformly embedded in the microfibers in a controllable spatial arrangement. This process is precisely tuned by adjusting the flow rates, thus, tailoring the resulting multicompartmental microfiber structure. Next, an AC voltage signal is used to trigger the electric field-induced cutting process, where the time-averaged electrical force acting on the induced bipolar charge from the Maxwell-Wagner structural polarization mechanism breaks the stress balance at the interfaces, rupturing the double-emulsion droplets, and resulting in the burst release of the encapsulated chelating agents into the hydrogel cavity. The outer hydrogel shell is quickly dissolved by a chemical reaction, cutting the long fiber into a series of microfiber units of given length. Furthermore, adding magnetic nanoparticles endows magnetic functionality with these microfiber modules, which are allowed to serve as micromotors and building blocks. This electro-induced cutting method provides a facile strategy for the fabrication of microfibers with desired lengths, showing considerable promise for various chemical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering , Chang'an University , Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road , Xi'an 710064 , P. R. China
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Shi W, Didier JE, Ingber DE, Weitz DA. Collective Shape Actuation of Polymer Double Emulsions by Solvent Evaporation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31865-31869. [PMID: 30199225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the shape actuation of water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion droplets can be achieved by controlling solvent evaporation in a model system, where the oil phase consists of hydrophobic homopolymer/amphiphilic block copolymer/solvent. A gradient of interfacial tension is created in the polymer shell, which drives significant deformation of the droplets in constant volume. The deformed droplets recover to their initial shape spontaneously, and shape actuation of droplets can be further tuned by osmotic pressure. Our model system provides a new prototype for developing shape-responsive droplets in a solvent environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery , Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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