1
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Schneider J, Häring AP, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Dehydration of Dicarboxylic Acids to Their Cyclic Anhydrides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400403. [PMID: 38527230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
An intramolecular electrochemical dehydration reaction of dicarboxylic acids to their cyclic anhydrides is presented. This electrolysis allows dicarboxylic acids as naturally abundant, inexpensive, safe, and readily available starting materials to be transformed into carboxylic anhydrides under mild reaction conditions. No conventional dehydration reagent is required. The obtained cyclic anhydrides are highly valuable reagents in organic synthesis, and in this report, we use them in-situ for acylation reactions of amines to synthesize amides. This work is part of the recent progress in electrochemical dehydration, which - in contrast to electrochemical dehydrogenative reactions for example - is an underexplored field of research. The reaction mechanism was investigated by 18O isotope labeling, revealing the formation of sulfate by electrochemical oxidation and hydrolysis of the thiocyanate-supporting electrolyte. This transformation is not a classical Kolbe electrolysis, because it is non-decarboxylative, and all carbon atoms of the carboxylic acid starting material are contained in the carboxylic anhydride. In total, 20 examples are shown with NMR yields up to 71 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas P Häring
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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de A Bartolomeu A, Breitschaft FA, Schollmeyer D, Pilli RA, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Multicomponent Synthesis of Alkyl Alkenesulfonates using Styrenes, SO 2 and Alcohols. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400557. [PMID: 38335153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical approach to access alkyl alkenesulfonates via a multicomponent reaction was developed. The metal-free method features easy-to-use SO2 stock solution forming monoalkylsulfites from alcohols with an auxiliary base in-situ. These intermediates serve a dual role as starting materials and as supporting electrolyte enabling conductivity. Anodic oxidation of the substrate styrene, radical addition of these monoalkylsulfites and consecutive second oxidation and deprotonation preserve the double bond and form alkyl β-styrenesulfonates in a highly regio- and stereoselective fashion. The feasibility of this electrosynthetic method is demonstrated in 44 examples with yields up to 81 %, employing various styrenes and related substrates as well as a diverse set of alcohols. A gram-scale experiment underlines the applicability of this process, which uses inexpensive and readily available electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloisio de A Bartolomeu
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Florian A Breitschaft
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ronaldo A Pilli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Moreno-García P, de Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Prenzel T, Winter J, Gálvez-Vázquez L, Broekmann P, Waldvogel SR. Self-Standing Metal Foam Catalysts for Cathodic Electro-Organic Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307461. [PMID: 37917032 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Although electro-organic synthesis is currently receiving renewed interest because of its potential to enable sustainability in chemical processes to value-added products, challenges in process development persist: For reductive transformations performed in protic media, an inherent issue is the limited choice of metallic cathode materials that can effectively suppress the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) while maintaining a high activity toward the targeted electro-organic reaction. Current development trends are aimed at avoiding the previously used HER-suppressing elements (Cd, Hg, and Pb) because of their toxicity. Here, this work reports the rational design of highly porous foam-type binary and ternary electrocatalysts with reduced Pb content. Optimized cathodes are tested in electro-organic reductions using an oxime to nitrile transformation as a model reaction relevant for the synthesis of fine chemicals. Their electrocatalytic performance is compared with that of the model CuSn7Pb15 bronze alloy that has recently been endorsed as the best cathode replacement for bare Pb electrodes. All developed metal foam catalysts outperform both bare Pb and the CuSn7Pb15 benchmark in terms of chemical yield and energetic efficiency. Moreover, post-electrolysis analysis of the crude electrolyte mixture and the cathode's surfaces through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively, reveal the foam catalysts' elevated resistance to cathodic corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Moreno-García
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Liliana Gálvez-Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Oksanen V, Rautiainen S, Wirtanen T. Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Synthesis of Bifuran-Based Monomers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302572. [PMID: 37735957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Bifuran motifs can be accessed with nickel-bipyridine electrocatalyzed homocouplings of bromine-substituted methyl furancarboxylates, which, in turn, can be prepared from hemicellulose-derived furfural. The described protocol uses sustainable carbon-based graphite electrodes in the simplest setup - an undivided cell with constant current electrolysis. The reported method avoids using a sacrificial anode by employing triethanolamine as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Oksanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sari Rautiainen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
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5
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Stammers E, Parsons CD, Clayden J, Lennox AJJ. Electrochemical synthesis of biaryls by reductive extrusion from N,N'-diarylureas. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4561. [PMID: 37507363 PMCID: PMC10382484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of biaryl compounds by the transition-metal free coupling of arenes is an important contemporary challenge, aiming to avoid the toxicity and cost profiles associated with the metal catalysts commonly used in the synthesis of these pharmaceutically relevant motifs. In this paper, we describe an electrochemical approach to the synthesis of biaryls in which aniline derivatives are coupled through the formation and reduction of a temporary urea linkage. The conformational alignment of the arenes in the N,N'-diaryl urea intermediates promotes C-C bond formation following single-electron reduction. Our optimized conditions are suitable for the synthesis of a variety of biaryls, including sterically hindered examples carrying ortho-substituents, representing complementary reactivity to most metal catalysed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Stammers
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Chris D Parsons
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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6
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Klein J, Waldvogel SR. Selective Electrochemical Degradation of Lignosulfonate to Bio-Based Aldehydes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202300. [PMID: 36651115 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable electrochemical pathway for degradation and thermal treatment of technical lignosulfonate is presented. This approach is an opportunity to produce remarkable quantities of low molecular weight compounds, such as vanillin and acetovanillone. For the electrochemical degradation, a simple two-electrode arrangement in aqueous media is used, which is also easily scalable. The oxidation of the biopolymer occurs at the anode whereas hydrogen is evolved at the cathode. The subsequent thermal treatment supports the degradation of the robust chemical structure of lignosulfonates. With optimized electrolytic conditions, vanillin could be obtained in 9.7 wt% relative to the dry mass of lignosulfonate used. Aside from vanillin, by-products such as acetovanillone or vanillic acid were observed in lower yields. A new and reliable one-pot, two-step degradation of different technically relevant lignosulfonates is established with the advantages of using electrons as an oxidizing agent, which results in low quantities of reagent waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Wang B, Zhang X, Cao Y, Zou L, Qi X, Lu Q. Electrooxidative Activation of B-B Bond in B 2 cat 2 : Access to gem-Diborylalkanes via Paired Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218179. [PMID: 36722684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the unprecedented electrooxidation of a solvent (e.g., DMF)-ligated B2 cat2 complex, whereby a solvent-stabilized boryl radical is formed via quasi-homolytic cleavage of the B-B bond in a DMF-ligated B2 cat2 radical cation. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory provide evidence to support this novel B-B bond activation strategy. Furthermore, a strategy for the electrochemical gem-diborylation of gem-bromides via paired electrolysis is developed for the first time, affording a range of versatile gem-diborylalkanes, which are widely used in synthetic society. Notably, this reaction approach is scalable, transition-metal-free, and requires no external activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yangmin Cao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Long Zou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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8
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Zirbes M, Graßl T, Neuber R, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate as a Green Oxidizer for the Selective Degradation of Kraft Lignin into Vanillin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219217. [PMID: 36719064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the world's largest resource of renewable aromatics, with annually roughly 50 million tons of accruing technical lignin, mainly Kraft lignin, is highly underdeveloped regarding the production of monoaromatics. We demonstrate the oxidative depolymerization of Kraft lignin at 180 °C to produce vanillin 1 in yields up to 6.2 wt % and 92 % referred to the maximum yield gained from the quantification reaction utilizing nitrobenzene. Using peroxodicarbonate (C2 O6 2- ) as "green" oxidizer for the degradation, toxic and/or harmful reagents are prevented. Also, the formed waste can serve as makeup chemical in the pulping process. Na2 C2 O6 is synthesized in an ex-cell electrolysis of aqueous Na2 CO3 at BDD anodes, achieving a yield of Na2 C2 O6 with 41 %. At least, the oxidation and degradation of Kraft lignin is analysis via UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zirbes
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Graßl
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Rieke Neuber
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Winter J, Prenzel T, Wirtanen T, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Quinoline N-oxides by Cathodic Reduction of Nitro Arenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203319. [PMID: 36426660 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric current in synthetic organic chemistry offers a sustainable tool for the selective reductive synthesis of quinoline N-oxides starting from easily accessible nitro compounds. The reported method employs mild and reagent-free conditions, a simple undivided cell, and constant current electrolysis set-up which provides conversion with a high atom economy. The synthesis of 30 differently substituted quinoline N-oxides was successfully performed in up to 90 % yield. Using CV studies, the mechanism of the selective formation of the quinoline N-oxides was elucidated. The technical relevance of the described reaction could be shown in a 50-fold scale-up reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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10
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Linden M, Hofmann S, Herman A, Ehler N, Bär RM, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles via [3+2] Dipolar Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214820. [PMID: 36478106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolines and pyrazoles are common and important motifs of pharmaceutical agents and agrochemicals. Herein, the first electrochemical approach for their direct synthesis from easily accessible hydrazones and dipolarophiles up to decagram scale is presented. The application of a biphasic system (aqueous/organic) even allows for the conversion of highly sensitive alkenes, wherein inexpensive sodium iodide is employed in a dual role as supporting electrolyte and mediator. In addition, mechanistic insight into the reaction is given by the isolation of key step intermediates. The relevance of the presented reaction is underlined by the synthesis of commercial herbicide safener mefenpyr-diethyl in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Linden
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silja Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonia Herman
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Ehler
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin M Bär
- Research & Development, Crop Science, Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Karipal Padinjare Veedu D, Connal LA, Malins LR. Tunable Electrochemical Peptide Modifications: Unlocking New Levels of Orthogonality for Side-Chain Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215470. [PMID: 36336657 PMCID: PMC10107541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical transformations provide enticing opportunities for programmable, residue-specific peptide modifications. Herein, we harness the potential of amidic side-chains as underutilized handles for late-stage modification through the development of an electroauxiliary-assisted oxidation of glutamine residues within unprotected peptides. Glutamine building blocks bearing electroactive side-chain N,S-acetals are incorporated into peptides using standard Fmoc-SPPS. Anodic oxidation of the electroauxiliary in the presence of diverse alcohol nucleophiles enables the installation of high-value N,O-acetal functionalities. Proof-of-principle for an electrochemical peptide stapling protocol, as well as the functionalization of dynorphin B, an endogenous opioid peptide, demonstrates the applicability of the method to intricate peptide systems. Finally, the site-selective and tunable electrochemical modification of a peptide bearing two discretely oxidizable sites is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Karipal Padinjare Veedu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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12
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Beck AD, Haufe S, Waldvogel SR. General Concepts and Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Transformation of Chloro‐ and Hydrosilanes. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Beck
- Wacker Chemie AG Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Wacker Chemie AG Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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13
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Dong X, Klein M, Waldvogel SR, Morandi B. Controlling Selectivity in Shuttle Hetero-difunctionalization Reactions: Electrochemical Transfer Halo-thiolation of Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213630. [PMID: 36336662 PMCID: PMC10107926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shuttle hetero-difunctionalization reaction, in which two chemically distinct functional groups are transferred between two molecules, has long been an unmet goal due to the daunting challenges in controlling the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Herein, we disclose an electrochemistry enabled shuttle reaction (e-shuttle) to selectively transfer one RS- and one X- group between β-halosulfides and unsaturated hydrocarbons via a consecutive paired electrolysis mechanism. The preferential anodic oxidation of one anion over the other, which is controlled by their distinct redox potentials, plays a pivotal role in controlling the high chemoselectivity of the process. This easily scalable methodology enables the construction of a myriad of densely functionalized β-halo alkenyl sulfides in unprecedented chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity using benign surrogates, e.g., 2-bromoethyl sulfide, avoiding the handling of corrosive and oxidative RS-Br reagents. In a broader context, these results open up new strategies for selective shuttle difunctionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichang Dong
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Jang J, Kim DY. Electrochemical
N
‐Centered Radical Addition/Semipinacol Rearrangement Sequence of Alkenyl Cyclobutanols: Synthesis of β‐Amino Cyclic Ketones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of ICT Environmental Health System Soonchunhyang University Asan 31538 Chungnam Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of ICT Environmental Health System Soonchunhyang University Asan 31538 Chungnam Republic of Korea
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15
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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16
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Neubert K, Hell M, Chávez Morejón M, Harnisch F. Hetero-Coupling of Bio-Based Medium-Chain Carboxylic Acids by Kolbe Electrolysis Enables High Fuel Yield and Efficiency. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201426. [PMID: 36044593 PMCID: PMC9826165 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of n-carboxylic acids (n-CA) as derived from microbial conversion of waste biomass were converted to bio-fuel using Kolbe electrolysis. While providing full carbon and electron balances, key parameters like electrolysis time, chain length of n-CA, and pH were investigated for their influence on reaction efficiency. Electrolysis of n-hexanoic acid showed the highest coulombic efficiency (CE) of 58.9±16.4 % (n=4) for liquid fuel production among individually tested n-CA. Duration of the electrolysis was varied within a range of 0.27 to 1.02 faraday equivalents without loss of efficiency. Noteworthy, CE increased to around 70 % by hetero-coupling when electrolysing n-CA mixtures regardless of the applied pH. Thus, 1 L of fuel could be produced from 12.4 mol of n-CA mixture using 5.02 kWh (<1 € L-1 ). Thus, a coupling with microbial processes producing n-CA mixtures from different organic substrates and waste is more than promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Neubert
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyUFZ – Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental ResearchPermoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Max Hell
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyUFZ – Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental ResearchPermoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Micjel Chávez Morejón
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyUFZ – Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental ResearchPermoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyUFZ – Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental ResearchPermoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
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17
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Stangier M, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Chemo- and Site-Selective Electro-Oxidative Alkane Fluorination by C(sp 3 )-H Cleavage. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201654. [PMID: 35844078 PMCID: PMC9804291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical fluorinations of C(sp3 )-H bonds with a nucleophilic fluoride source have been accomplished in a chemo- and site-selective fashion, avoiding the use of electrophilic F+ sources and stoichiometric oxidants. The introduced metal-free strategy exhibits high functional group tolerance, setting the stage for late-stage fluorinations of biorelevant motifs. The synthetic utility of the C(sp3 )-H fluorination was reflected by subsequent one-pot arylation of the generated benzylic fluorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stangier
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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18
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Wan Z, Zhang H, Guo Y, Li H. Advances in Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyuanye Wan
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co. Ltd. Beijing 100102 China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Haiming Li
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
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19
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Zhang Q, Liang K, Guo C. Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Electrochemical Radical Allylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210632. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Kang Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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20
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Kisukuri CM, Bednarz RJ, Kampf C, Arndt S, Waldvogel SR. Robust and Self-Cleaning Electrochemical Production of Periodate. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200874. [PMID: 35670517 PMCID: PMC9546426 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Periodate, a platform oxidizer, can be electrochemically recycled in a self-cleaning process. Electrosynthesis of periodate is well established at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. However, recovered iodate and other iodo species for recycling can contain traces of organic impurities from previous applications. For the first time, it was shown that the organic impurities do not hamper the electrochemical re-oxidation of used periodate. In a hydroxyl-mediated environment, the organic compounds form CO2 and H2 O during the degradation process. This process is often referred to as "cold combustion" and provides orthogonal conditions to periodate synthesis. To demonstrate the strategy, different dyes, pharmaceutically active ingredients, and iodine compounds were added as model contaminations into the process of electrochemical periodate production. UV/Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to monitor the degradation of organic molecules, and liquid chromatography-MS was used to control the purity of periodate. As a representative example, dimethyl 5-iodoisophthalate (2 mm), was degraded in 90, 95, and 99 % while generating 0.042, 0.054, and 0.082 kilo equiv. of periodate, respectively. In addition, various organic iodo compounds could be fed into the periodate generation for upcycling such iodo-containing waste, for example, contrast media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. Kisukuri
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | | | - Christopher Kampf
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sebastian Arndt
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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21
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Beck AD, Haufe S, Waldvogel SR. Boron‐catalyzed electrochemical oxidative Si‐C bond formation. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Beck
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Wacker Group: Wacker Chemie AG Consortium für Elektrochemie GERMANY
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Institut für Organische Chemie Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz GERMANY
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22
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Zhang Q, Liang K, Guo C. Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Electrochemical Radical Allylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhang
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China HFNL CHINA
| | - Kang Liang
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China HFNL CHINA
| | - Chang Guo
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District 230026 Hefei CHINA
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23
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Seitz AK, Kohlpaintner PJ, van Lingen T, Dyga M, Sprang F, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR, Gooßen LJ. Concentrated Aqueous Peroxodicarbonate: Efficient Electrosyn- thesis and Use as Oxidizer in Epoxidations, S-, and N-Oxidations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117563. [PMID: 35384198 PMCID: PMC9324847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxodicarbonates are of substantial interest as potentially powerful and sustainable oxidizers but have so far been accessible only in low concentrations with unsatisfactory energy efficiency. Concentrated (> 0.9 mol L−1) peroxodicarbonate solutions have now been made accessible by the electrolysis of aqueous K2CO3/Na2CO3/KHCO3 solutions at high current density of 3.33 A cm−2 in an efficiently cooled circular flow reactor equipped with a boron‐doped diamond anode and a stainless‐steel cathode. Their synthetic potential as platform oxidizers was clearly demonstrated in transformations including sulfoxidation, N‐oxidation, and epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Seitz
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Philipp J Kohlpaintner
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim van Lingen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marco Dyga
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fiona Sprang
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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24
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Hilche T, Younas SL, Gansäuer A, Streuff J. A Guide to Low‐Valent Titanocene Complexes as Tunable Single‐Electron Transfer Catalysts for Applications in Organic Chemistry. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hilche
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
| | - Sara L. Younas
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Institut für Organische Chemie Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau GERMANY
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
| | - Jan Streuff
- Uppsala Universitet Department of Chemistry - BMC Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala SWEDEN
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25
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Thaveesangsakulthai I, Nhujak T, Kulsing C. Two‐Phase Electrocoagulation of Perfumes and the Analytical Approach for Investigation of the Odor‐Active Compound Changes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaya Thaveesangsakulthai
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayatai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Thumnoon Nhujak
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayatai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayatai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Flavor Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayatai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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26
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Häring AP, Pollok D, Strücker BR, Kilian V, Schneider J, Waldvogel SR. Beyond Kolbe and Hofer-Moest: Electrochemical Synthesis of Carboxylic Anhydrides from Carboxylic Acids. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200059. [PMID: 35561027 PMCID: PMC9100815 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a conceptually new non-decarboxylative electrolysis of carboxylic acids to obtain their corresponding anhydrides as highly valuable reagents in organic synthesis. All carbon atoms of the starting material are preserved in the product in an overall redox-neutral reaction. In a broad substrate scope of carboxylic acids the anhydrides are generated with high selectivity, which demonstrates the versatility of the developed method. Beneficially, no dehydrating reagents are required in comparison to conventional methods and the synthesis is based on uncritical starting materials using graphite and stainless steel as very inexpensive and eco-friendly electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P Häring
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin R Strücker
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vincent Kilian
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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27
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Wang Y, Simon H, Chen X, Lin Z, Chen S, Ackermann L. Distal Ruthenaelectro-Catalyzed meta-C-H Bromination with Aqueous HBr. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201595. [PMID: 35172030 PMCID: PMC9310730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While electrochemical ortho‐selective C−H activations are well established, distal C−H activations continue to be underdeveloped. In contrast, we herein describe the electrochemical meta‐C−H functionalization. The remote C−H bromination was accomplished in an undivided cell by RuCl3⋅3 H2O with aqueous HBr. The electrohalogenation proceeded under exogenous ligand‐ and electrolyte‐free conditions. Notably, pyrazolylarenes were meta‐selectively brominated at the benzenoid moiety, rather than on the electron‐rich pyrazole ring for the first time. Mechanistic studies were suggestive of an initial ruthenacycle formation, and a subsequent ligand‐to‐ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT) process to liberate the brominated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Wang D, Jiang T, Wan H, Chen Z, Qi J, Yang A, Huang Z, Yuan Y, Lei A. Alternating Current Electrolysis Enabled Formal C-O/O-H Cross-Metathesis of 4-Alkoxy Anilines with Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201543. [PMID: 35201639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While multiple bond metathesis reactions, for example olefin metathesis, have seen considerable recent progress, direct metathesis of traditionally inert C-O single bonds is extremely rare and particularly challenging. Undoubtedly, metathesis reaction of C-O bonds is one of the most ideal routes for the value-added upgrading of molecules involving C-O bonds. Reported here is a new protocol to achieve the formal C-O/O-H cross-metathesis via alternating current electrolysis. Featuring mild reaction conditions, the protocol allows readily available 4-alkoxy anilines and alcohols to be converted into a wide range of valuable products in highly regioselective and chemoselective manner. Moreover, the present strategy can be used in the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals as well as biologically active compounds, which demonstrated the potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoxin Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Jiang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Junchao Qi
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Yang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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29
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Seitz A, Kohlpaintner PJ, van Lingen T, Dyga M, Sprang F, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR, Gooßen LJ. Konzentriertes Wässriges Peroxodikarbonat: Effiziente Elektrosynthese und Anwendungen in Epoxidierungen,
S
‐, und
N
‐Oxidationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Katrin Seitz
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Philipp J. Kohlpaintner
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tim van Lingen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Marco Dyga
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Fiona Sprang
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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30
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Grollier K, Ghiazza C, Tlili A, Billard T, Médebielle M, Vantourout JC. Electrochemical Trifluoromethylselenolation of Activated Alkyl Halides. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Grollier
- ICBMS: Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moleculaires et Supramoleculaires Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Clément Ghiazza
- ICBMS: Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moleculaires et Supramoleculaires Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Anis Tlili
- ICBMS: Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moleculaires et Supramoleculaires Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Thierry Billard
- ICBMS: Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moleculaires et Supramoleculaires Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- ICBMS: Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moleculaires et Supramoleculaires Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Julien Christian Vantourout
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 - SMITh 1 rue Victor GrignardBâtiment LEDERER 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex FRANCE
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31
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Wang Y, Simon H, Chen X, Lin Z, Chen S, Ackermann L. Distale Ruthenaelektro‐katalysierte
meta
‐C−H‐Bromierung mit wässriger HBr. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie Zhejiang Universität Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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32
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Ranninger J, Nikolaienko P, Mayrhofer KJJ, Berkes BB. On-line Electrode Dissolution Monitoring during Organic Electrosynthesis: Direct Evidence of Electrode Dissolution during Kolbe Electrolysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102228. [PMID: 35114080 PMCID: PMC9304240 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrode dissolution was monitored in real-time during Kolbe electrolysis along with the characteristic products. The fast determination of appropriate reaction conditions in electro-organic chemistry enables the minimization of electrode degradation while keeping an eye on the optimal formation rate and distribution of products. Herein, essential parameters influencing the dissolution of the electrode material platinum in a Kolbe electrolysis were pinpointed. The formation of reaction products and soluble platinum species were monitored during potentiodynamic and potentiostatic experiments using an electroanalytical flow cell coupled to two different mass spectrometers. The approach opens new vistas in the field of electro-organic chemistry because it enables precise and quick quantification of dissolved metals during electrosynthesis, also involving electrode materials other than platinum. Furthermore, it draws attention to the vital topic of electrode stability in electro-organic synthesis, which becomes increasingly important for the implementation of green chemical processes utilizing renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ranninger
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Pavlo Nikolaienko
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Balázs B. Berkes
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
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33
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Wang D, Jiang T, Wan H, Chen Z, Qi J, Yang A, Huang Z, Yuan Y, Lei A. Alternating Current Electrolysis Enabled Formal C−O/O−H Cross‐Metathesis of 4‐Alkoxy Anilines with Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daoxin Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Jiang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Hao Wan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Junchao Qi
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Anqi Yang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yong Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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34
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Feng E, Jing Q, Moeller KD. Lessons from an Array: Using an Electrode Surface to Control the Selectivity of a Solution-Phase Chemical Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116351. [PMID: 34982848 PMCID: PMC8863644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry offers a variety of novel means by which selectivity can be introduced into synthetic organic transformations. In the work reported, it is shown how methods used to confine chemical reactions to specific sites on a microelectrode array can also be used to confine a preparative reaction to the surface of an electrode inserted into a bulk reaction solution. In so doing, the surface of a modified electrode can be used to introduce new selectivity into a preparative reaction that is not observed in the absence of either the modified electrode surface or the effort to confine the reaction to that surface. The observed selectivity can be optimized in the same way that confinement is optimized on an array and is dependent on the nature of the functionalized surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Qiwei Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130,
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35
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Zhang Y, Li W, Cao Y, Chen M, Li W, Zai J, Iqbal A, Qi R, Qian X. Selective Electrosynthesis of 2,5-Diformylfuran in a Continuous-Flow System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102596. [PMID: 34927792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The gram-scale selective oxidation of biomass-based chemicals, in particular 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), into value-added 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) has a high application potential but suffers from high cost, low selectivity, and harsh reaction conditions. Besides, the electrooxidation strategy requires the usage of expensive electrodes and struggles with low selectivity and efficiency, which restricts its further scaled-up application. In this regard, a continuous-flow system was developed through redox mediator I- /I2 for the efficient synthesis of DFF, which could accelerate the mass transfer of I- (I2 ) to aqueous (organic) phase and avoid over-oxidation to achieve high selectivity. After the solvent system, iodine concentration, and reaction time were optimized, highly efficient DFF synthesis (selectivity >99 %) could be achieved in the electrochemical flow system using inexpensive graphite felt (GF) as electrode. Moreover, selective HMF oxidation was paired with the hydrogen evolution reaction with increased efficiency after using in-situ-loaded GF-CoS2 /CoS and GF-Pt electrodes. As a result, the required energy to achieve the gram-scale synthesis of DFF was significantly reduced, demonstrating outstanding potential for large-scale production of the target product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhang
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yucai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Zai
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Asma Iqbal
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Qi
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Qian
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
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36
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Baidya M, Maiti D, Roy L, De Sarkar S. Trifluoroethanol as a Unique Additive for the Chemoselective Electrooxidation of Enamines to Access Unsymmetrically Substituted NH‐Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre Bhubaneswar 751013 India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
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37
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Feng E, Jing Q, Moeller KD. Lessons from an Array: Using an Electrode Surface to Control the Selectivity of a Solution‐Phase Chemical Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Qiwei Jing
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
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38
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Strehl J, Hilt G. Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Thiosulfonates from Disulfides through Electrochemically Induced Disulfide Bond Metathesis and Site‐Selective Oxidation. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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39
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Beck AD, Haufe S, Tillmann J, Waldvogel SR. Challenges in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Si
2
Cl
6
Starting from Tetrachlorosilane and Trichlorosilane. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Beck
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
| | - Jan Tillmann
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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40
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Abstract
The first example for the electrochemical cis‐dichlorination of alkenes is presented. The reaction can be performed with little experimental effort by using phenylselenyl chloride as catalyst and tetrabutylammoniumchloride as supporting electrolyte, which also acts as nucleophilic reagent for the SN2‐type replacement of selenium versus chloride. Cyclic voltammetric measurements and control experiments revealed a dual role of phenylselenyl chloride in the reaction. Based on these results a reaction mechanism was postulated, where the key step of the process is the activation of a phenylselenyl chloride‐alkene adduct by electrochemically generated phenylselenyl trichloride. Like this, different aliphatic and aromatic cyclic and acyclic alkenes were converted to the dichlorinated products. Thereby, throughout high diastereoselectivities were achieved for the cis‐chlorinated compounds of >95 : 5 or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Fastie
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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41
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Guschakowski M, Schröder U. Direct and Indirect Electrooxidation of Glycerol to Value-Added Products. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5216-5225. [PMID: 33945223 PMCID: PMC9290622 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different approaches for the direct and indirect electrooxidation of glycerol, a by-product of oleochemistry and biodiesel production, for the synthesis of value-added products and of intermediates for biofuel/electrofuel production, were investigated and compared. For the direct electrooxidation, metallic catalysts were used, whose surfaces were modified by promoters or second catalysts. Bi-modified Pt electrodes (Ptx Biy /C) served as model systems for promoter-supported electrocatalysis, whereas IrO2 -modified RuO2 electrodes were studied as catalyst combinations, which were compared under acidic conditions with the respective monometallic catalysts (Pt/C, RuO2 /Ti, IrO2 /Ti). Furthermore, inorganic halide mediators (chloride, bromide, iodide) and organic nitroxyl mediators (4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl and 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl) were evaluated for indirect electrooxidation. These different approaches were discussed regarding selectivity, conversion, and coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical glycerol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guschakowski
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
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42
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Baidya M, Maiti D, Roy L, De Sarkar S. Trifluoroethanol as a Unique Additive for the Chemoselective Electrooxidation of Enamines to Access Unsymmetrically Substituted NH-Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111679. [PMID: 34851544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted NH-pyrroles is described. The synthetic strategy comprises a challenging heterocoupling between two structurally diverse enamines via sequential chemoselective oxidation, addition, and cyclization processes. A series of aryl- and alkyl-substituted enamines were effectively cross-coupled from an equimolar mixture to synthesize various unsymmetrical pyrrole derivatives up to 84 % yield. The desired cross-coupling was achieved by tuning the oxidation potential of the enamines by utilizing a "magic effect" of the additive trifluoroethanol (TFE). Additionally, extensive computational studies reveal the unique role of TFE in promoting the heterocoupling process by regulating the activation energies of the reaction steps through H-bonding and C-H⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Importantly, the developed electrochemical protocol was found to be equally efficient for the homocoupling of enamines to form symmetric pyrroles up to 92 % yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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43
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Blum SP, Nickel C, Schäffer L, Karakaya T, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Nitration with Nitrite. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4936-4940. [PMID: 34583423 PMCID: PMC9298355 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic nitration has tremendous importance in organic chemistry as nitroaromatic compounds serve as versatile building blocks. This study represents the electrochemical aromatic nitration with NBu4 NO2 , which serves a dual role as supporting electrolyte and as a safe, readily available, and easy-to-handle nitro source. Stoichiometric amounts of 1,1,1-3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol (HFIP) in MeCN significantly increase the yield by solvent control. The reaction mechanism is based on electrochemical oxidation of nitrite to NO2 , which initiates the nitration reaction in a divided electrolysis cell with inexpensive graphite electrodes. Overall, the reaction is demonstrated for 20 examples with yields of up to 88 %. Scalability is demonstrated by a 13-fold scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P. Blum
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christean Nickel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tarik Karakaya
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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44
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Kuciński K, Simon H, Ackermann L. Rhoda-Electrocatalyzed C-H Methylation and Paired Electrocatalyzed C-H Ethylation and Propylation. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103837. [PMID: 34714563 PMCID: PMC9299020 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity over traditional stoichiometric oxidants is a promising strategy for sustainable molecular assembly. Herein, we describe the rhoda‐electrocatalyzed C−H activation/alkylation of several N‐heteroarenes. This catalytic approach has been successfully applied to several arenes, including biologically relevant purines, diazepam, and amino acids. The versatile C−H alkylation featured water as a co‐solvent and user‐friendly trifluoroborates as alkylating agents. Finally, the rhoda‐electrocatalysis with unsaturated organotrifluoroborates proceeded by paired electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kuciński
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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45
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Anodic Dehydrogenative Cyanamidation of Thioethers: Simple and Sustainable Synthesis of N-Cyanosulfilimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23197-23201. [PMID: 34409715 PMCID: PMC8597142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel and very simple to perform electrochemical approach for the synthesis of several N‐cyanosulfilimines in good to excellent yields was established. This method provides access to biologically relevant sulfoximines by consecutive oxidation using electro‐generated periodate. This route can be easily scaled‐up to gram quantities. The S,N coupling is carried out at an inexpensive carbon anode by direct oxidation of sulfide. Therefore, the designed process is atom economic and represents a new “green route” for the synthesis of sulfilimines and sulfoximines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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46
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Anodische dehydrierende Cyaniminierung von Thioethern: eine einfache und nachhaltige Synthese von
N
‐Cyansulfiliminen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Department für Chemie Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Department für Chemie Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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47
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Huang R, Yu C, Patureau FW. Electrochemical Dehydrogenative Acetalization Protection of Alcohols with Tetrahydrofuran. ChemElectroChem 2021; 8:3943-3946. [PMID: 34820252 PMCID: PMC8596688 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A mild, facile, and environmentally friendly electrochemical protocol for the C(sp3)-H/O-H cross dehydrogenative coupling between various alcohols and tetrahydrofuran with H2 evolution is herein reported. This synthetic strategy does not require external oxidants nor catalysts. The broad functional group compatibility includes hydroxyl, halogens, olefins as well as an alkyne. Initial mechanistic investigations were conducted. The method provides a green and efficient hydroxyl group protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raolin Huang
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074Aachen
| | - Congjun Yu
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074Aachen
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48
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Zhu C, Yue H, Jia J, Rueping M. Nickel-Catalyzed C-Heteroatom Cross-Coupling Reactions under Mild Conditions via Facilitated Reductive Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17810-17831. [PMID: 33252192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of C-heteroatom bonds represents an important type of bond-forming reaction in organic synthesis and often provides a fast and efficient access to privileged structures found in pharmaceuticals, agrochemical and materials. In contrast to conventional Pd- or Cu-catalyzed C-heteroatom cross-couplings under high-temperature conditions, recent advances in homo- and heterogeneous Ni-catalyzed C-heteroatom formations under mild conditions are particularly attractive from the standpoint of sustainability and practicability. The generation of NiIII and excited NiII intermediates facilitate the reductive elimination step to achieve mild cross-couplings. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches for mild C-heteroatom bond formations and highlights the developments in photoredox and nickel dual catalysis involving SET and energy transfer processes; photoexcited nickel catalysis; electro and nickel dual catalysis; heterogeneous photoredox and nickel dual catalysis involving graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN), metal organic frameworks (MOFs) or semiconductor quantum dots (QDs); as well as more conventional zinc and nickel dual catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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49
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Darzina M, Lielpetere A, Jirgensons A. Torii‐Type Electrosynthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters from Furfurylated Ethylene Glycols and Amino Alcohols. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madara Darzina
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 Riga LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Anna Lielpetere
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 Riga LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 Riga LV-1006 Latvia
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Di Matteo P, Bortolami M, Feroci M, Scarano V, Petrucci R. Electrochemical Transformations of Methylxanthines in Non‐Aqueous Medium. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Matteo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment Sapienza University of Rome Via Eudossiana 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Marta Feroci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Scarano
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering Sapienza University of Rome Via del Castro Laurenziano 7 00161 Rome Italy
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