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Mardhekar S, Subramani B, Samudra P, Srikanth P, Mahida V, Bhoge PR, Toraskar S, Abraham NM, Kikkeri R. Sulfation of Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Ligands Enables Cell-Specific Homing of Nanoprobes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202622. [PMID: 36325647 PMCID: PMC7616003 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Demystifying the sulfation code of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to induce precise homing of nanoparticles in tumor cells or neurons influences the development of a potential drug- or gene-delivery system. However, GAGs, particularly heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), are structurally highly heterogeneous, and synthesizing well-defined HS/CS composed nanoparticles is challenging. Here, we decipher how specific sulfation patterns on HS and CS regulate receptor-mediated homing of nanoprobes in primary and secondary cells. We discovered that aggressive cancer cells such as MDA-MB-231 displayed a strong uptake of GAG-nanoprobes compared to mild or moderately aggressive cancer cells. However, there was no selectivity towards the GAG sequences, thus indicating the presence of more than one form of receptor-mediated uptake. However, U87 cells, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal primary neurons showed selective or preferential uptake of CS-E-coated nanoprobes compared to other GAG-nanoprobes. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that the 4,6-O-disulfated-CS nanoprobe used the CD44 and caveolin-dependent endocytosis pathway for uptake. These results could lead to new opportunities to use GAG nanoprobes in nanomedicine.
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Grants
- SERB/F/9228/2019-2020 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- BT/PR34475/MED/15/210/2020 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- SR/WOS-A/CS-72/2019 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- DST/CSRI/2017/271 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- IA/I/14/1/501306 DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance
- Wellcome Trust
- IA/I/14/1/501306 The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance
- BT/PR21934/NNT/28/1242/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mardhekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Balamurugan Subramani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Prasanna Samudra
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Priyadharshini Srikanth
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Virendrasinh Mahida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Preeti Ravindra Bhoge
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Suraj Toraskar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Nixon M. Abraham
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
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2
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Sun L, Chopra P, Boons G. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides having a Domain Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211112. [PMID: 36148891 PMCID: PMC9828060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has a domain structure in which regions that are modified by epimerization and sulfonation (NS domains) are interspersed by unmodified fragments (NA domains). There is data to support that domain organization of HS can regulate binding of proteins, however, such model has been difficult to probe. Here, we report a chemoenzymatic methodology that can provide HS oligosaccharides composed of two or more NS domains separated by NA domains of different length. It is based on the chemical synthesis of a HS oligosaccharide that enzymatically was extended by various GlcA-GlcNAc units and terminated in GlcNAc having an azido moiety at C-6 position. HS oligosaccharides having an azide and alkyne moiety could be assembled by copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition to give compounds having various NS domains separated by unsulfonated regions. Competition binding studies showed that the length of an NA domain modulates the binding of the chemokines CCL5 and CXCL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrecht (TheNetherlands,Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrecht (TheNetherlands,Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA-30602USA
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Shitrit A, Mardhekar S, Alshanski I, Jain P, Raigawali R, Shanthamurthy CD, Kikkeri R, Yitzchaik S, Hurevich M. Profiling Heparan Sulfate-Heavy Metal Ions Interaction Using Electrochemical Techniques. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202193. [PMID: 35904207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans provides extracellular matrix defense against heavy metals cytotoxicity. Identifying the precise glycan sequences that bind a particular heavy metal ion is a key for understanding those interactions. Here, electrochemical and surface characterization techniques were used to elucidate the relation between the glycans structural motifs, uronic acid stereochemistry, and sulfation regiochemistry to heavy metal ions binding. A divergent strategy was employed to access a small library of structurally well-defined tetrasaccharides analogs with different sulfation patterns and uronic acid compositions. These tetrasaccharides were electrochemically grafted onto glassy carbon electrodes and their response to heavy metal ions was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Key differences in the binding of Hg(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) were associated with a combination of the uronic acid type and the sulfation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shitrit
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Sandhya Mardhekar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Israel Alshanski
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Prashant Jain
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Rakesh Raigawali
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | | | | | - Shlomo Yitzchaik
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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Pongener I, O'Shea C, Wootton H, Watkinson M, Miller GJ. Developments in the Chemical Synthesis of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3238-3255. [PMID: 34523797 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate represent key members of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates and underpin considerable repertoires of biological importance. As such, their efficiency of synthesis represents a key requirement, to further understand and exploit the H/HS structure-to-biological function axis. In this review we focus on chemical approaches to and methodology improvements for the synthesis of these essential sugars (from 2015 onwards). We first consider advances in accessing the heparin-derived pentasaccharide anticoagulant fondaparinux. This is followed by heparan sulfate targets, including key building block synthesis, oligosaccharide construction and chemical sulfation techniques. We end with a consideration of technological improvements to traditional, solution-phase synthesis approaches that are increasingly being utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imlirenla Pongener
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Conor O'Shea
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Hannah Wootton
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Michael Watkinson
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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Pepi LE, Sanderson P, Stickney M, Amster IJ. Developments in Mass Spectrometry for Glycosaminoglycan Analysis: A Review. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100025. [PMID: 32938749 PMCID: PMC8724624 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis via mass spectrometry (MS). GAGs participate in a variety of biological functions, including cellular communication, wound healing, and anticoagulation, and are important targets for structural characterization. GAGs exhibit a diverse range of structural features due to the variety of O- and N-sulfation modifications and uronic acid C-5 epimerization that can occur, making their analysis a challenging target. Mass spectrometry approaches to the structure assignment of GAGs have been widely investigated, and new methodologies remain the subject of development. Advances in sample preparation, tandem MS techniques (MS/MS), online separations, and automated analysis software have advanced the field of GAG analysis. These recent developments have led to remarkable improvements in the precision and time efficiency for the structural characterization of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Budhadev D, Saxby K, Walton J, Davies G, Tyler PC, Schwörer R, Fascione MA. Using automated glycan assembly (AGA) for the practical synthesis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharide precursors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1817-1821. [PMID: 30543331 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02756k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report synthesis of complex heparan sulfate oligosaccharide precursors by automated glycan assembly using disaccharide donor building blocks. Rapid access to a hexasaccharide was achieved through iterative solid phase glycosylations on a photolabile resin using Glyconeer™, an automated oligosaccharide synthesiser, followed by photochemical cleavage and glycan purification using simple flash column chromatography.
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Zhang X, Liu H, Lin L, Yao W, Zhao J, Wu M, Li Z. Synthesis of Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Nonasaccharide as a Novel Anticoagulant Targeting Intrinsic Factor Xase Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Huiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Wang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Mingyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
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Zhang X, Liu H, Lin L, Yao W, Zhao J, Wu M, Li Z. Synthesis of Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Nonasaccharide as a Novel Anticoagulant Targeting Intrinsic Factor Xase Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12880-12885. [PMID: 30067300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Huiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Wang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Mingyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; Department of Chemical Biology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
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