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Morimoto K, Kitagawa D, Tong F, Chalek K, Mueller LJ, Bardeen CJ, Kobatake S. Correlating Reaction Dynamics and Size Change during the Photomechanical Transformation of 9‐Methylanthracene Single Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Kevin Chalek
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Leonard J. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
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2
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Morimoto K, Kitagawa D, Tong F, Chalek K, Mueller LJ, Bardeen CJ, Kobatake S. Correlating Reaction Dynamics and Size Change during the Photomechanical Transformation of 9-Methylanthracene Single Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114089. [PMID: 34761506 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals that expand under illumination could potentially be used as photon-powered actuators. In this study, we find that the use of high-quality single crystals of 9-methylanthracene (9MA) leads to more homogeneous reaction kinetics than that previously seen for polycrystalline samples, presumably due to a lower concentration of defects. Furthermore, simultaneous observation of absorbance and shape changes in single crystals revealed that the dimensional change mirrors the reaction progress, resulting in a smooth expansion of 7 % along the c-axis that is linearly correlated with reaction progress. The same expansion dynamics are highly reproducible across different single crystal samples. Organic single crystals exhibit well-defined linear expansions during 100 % photoconversion, suggesting that this class of solid-state phase change material could be used for actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kevin Chalek
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Leonard J Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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3
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Koshima H, Hasebe S, Hagiwara Y, Asahi T. Mechanically Responsive Organic Crystals by Light. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Koshima
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation Waseda University 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0041 Japan
| | - Shodai Hasebe
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Yuki Hagiwara
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation Waseda University 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0041 Japan
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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4
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Tong F, Kitagawa D, Bushnak I, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Light-Powered Autonomous Flagella-Like Motion of Molecular Crystal Microwires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2414-2423. [PMID: 33185017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to exhibit life-like oscillatory motion fueled by light represents a new capability for stimuli-responsive materials. Although this capability has been demonstrated in soft materials like polymers, it has never been observed in molecular crystals, which are not generally regarded as dynamic objects. In this work, it is shown that molecular crystalline microwires composed of (Z)-2-(3-(anthracen-9-yl)allylidene)malononitrile ((Z)-DVAM) can be continuously actuated when exposed to a combination of ultraviolet and visible light. The photo-induced motion mimics the oscillatory behavior of biological flagella and enables propagation of microwires across a surface and through liquids, with translational speeds up to 7 μm s-1 . This is the first example of molecular crystals that show complex oscillatory behavior under continuous irradiation. A model that relates the rotation of the transition dipole moment between reversible E→Z photoisomerization to the microscopic torque can qualitatively reproduce how the rotational frequency depends on light intensity and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Current Address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ibraheem Bushnak
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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5
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Tong F, Kitagawa D, Bushnak I, Al‐Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Light‐Powered Autonomous Flagella‐Like Motion of Molecular Crystal Microwires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Current Address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Ibraheem Bushnak
- College of Science and Health Professions King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine) Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine) Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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6
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Yu Q, Li M, Gao J, Xu P, Chen Q, Xing D, Yan J, Zaworotko MJ, Xu J, Chen Y, Cheng P, Zhang Z. Fabrication of Large Single Crystals for Platinum‐Based Linear Polymers with Controlled‐Release and Photoactuator Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology Jinan 250353 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Mingmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jia Gao
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peixin Xu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qizhe Chen
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong Xing
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jie Yan
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Department of Chemical SciencesBernal InstituteUniversity of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Republic of Ireland
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peng Cheng
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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7
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Yu Q, Li M, Gao J, Xu P, Chen Q, Xing D, Yan J, Zaworotko MJ, Xu J, Chen Y, Cheng P, Zhang Z. Fabrication of Large Single Crystals for Platinum‐Based Linear Polymers with Controlled‐Release and Photoactuator Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18634-18640. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology Jinan 250353 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Mingmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jia Gao
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peixin Xu
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qizhe Chen
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dong Xing
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jie Yan
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Department of Chemical SciencesBernal InstituteUniversity of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Republic of Ireland
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peng Cheng
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical biologyNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of EducationNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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8
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Tong F, Chen S, Li Z, Liu M, Al-Kaysi RO, Mohideen U, Yin Y, Bardeen CJ. Crystal-to-Gel Transformation Stimulated by a Solid-State E→Z Photoisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15429-15434. [PMID: 31397530 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecule (E)-(5-(3-anthracen-9-yl-allylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-[1,3] dioxane-4,6-dione) (E-AYAD) undergoes E→Z photoisomerization. In the solid state, this photoisomerization process can initiate a physical transformation of the crystal that is accompanied by a large volume expansion (ca. 10 times), loss of crystallinity, and growth of large pores. This physical change requires approximately 10 % conversion of the E isomer to the Z isomer and results in a gel-like solid with decreased stiffness that still retains its mechanical integrity. The induced porosity allows the expanding gel to engulf superparamagnetic nanoparticles from the surrounding liquid. The trapped superparamagnetic nanoparticles impart a magnetic susceptibility to the gel, allowing it to be moved by a magnetic field. The photoinduced phase transition, starting with a compact crystalline solid instead of a dilute solution, provides a new route for in situ production of functional porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Shaolong Chen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Mohideen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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9
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Tong F, Chen S, Li Z, Liu M, Al‐Kaysi RO, Mohideen U, Yin Y, Bardeen CJ. Crystal‐to‐Gel Transformation Stimulated by a Solid‐State E→Z Photoisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Shaolong Chen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Mohideen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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10
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Shi Y, Zhang W, Abrahams BF, Braunstein P, Lang J. Fabrication of Photoactuators: Macroscopic Photomechanical Responses of Metal–Organic Frameworks to Irradiation by UV Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Xiang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | | | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal-CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Jian‐Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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11
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Shi YX, Zhang WH, Abrahams BF, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Fabrication of Photoactuators: Macroscopic Photomechanical Responses of Metal-Organic Frameworks to Irradiation by UV Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9453-9458. [PMID: 31050843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive olefinic species are incorporated into a metal-organic framework (MOF), [Zn(bdc)(3-F-spy)] (1). Single crystals of 1 are shown to undergo three types of photomechanical macroscopic deformation upon illumination by UV light. To demonstrate the practical potential of this system, the inclusion of 1 in a PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) composite membrane, by exploiting hydrogen-bonding interactions, is presented. Using this composite membrane, the amplification of mechanical stress to achieve macroscopic actuation behavior is demonstrated. These results pave the way for the generation of MOF-based soft photoactuators that produce clearly defined mechanical responses upon irradiation with light. Such systems are anticipated to have considerable potential in photomechanical energy harvesting and conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | | | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal-CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, No.199 RenAi Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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13
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Tong F, Al-Haidar M, Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced peeling of molecular crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3709-3712. [PMID: 30775729 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Block-like microcrystals composed of cis-dimethyl-2(3-(anthracen-9-yl)allylidene)malonate are grown from aqueous surfactant solutions. A pulse of 405 nm light converts a fraction of molecules to the trans isomer, creating an amorphous mixed layer that peels off the parent crystal. This photoinduced delamination can be repeated multiple times on the same block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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