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Ghate PP, Hanson KM, Lam K, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Generating Stable Nitrogen Bubble Layers on Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films by Photolysis of 2-Azidoanthracene. Langmuir 2024; 40:4054-4062. [PMID: 38353460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
2-Azidoanthracene (2N3-AN) can act as a photochemical source of N2 gas when dissolved in an optically transparent polymer such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Irradiation at 365 or 405 nm of a 150 μm-thick polymer film submerged in water causes the rapid appearance of a surface layer of bubbles. The rapid appearance of surface bubbles cannot be explained by normal diffusion of N2 through the polymer and likely results from internal gas pressure buildup during the reaction. For an azide concentration of 0.1 M and a light intensity of 140 mW/cm2, the yield of gas bubbles is calculated to be approximately 40%. The dynamics of bubble growth depend on the surface morphology, light intensity, and 2N3-AN concentration. A combination of nanoscale surface roughness, high azide concentration, and high light intensity is required to attain the threshold N2 gas density necessary for rapid, high-yield bubble formation. The N2 bubbles adhered to the PMMA surface and survived for days under water. The ability to generate stable gas bubbles "on demand" using light permits the demonstration of photoinduced flotation and patterned bubble arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranaya P Ghate
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kerry M Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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2
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Awad WM, Davies DW, Kitagawa D, Mahmoud Halabi J, Al-Handawi MB, Tahir I, Tong F, Campillo-Alvarado G, Shtukenberg AG, Alkhidir T, Hagiwara Y, Almehairbi M, Lan L, Hasebe S, Karothu DP, Mohamed S, Koshima H, Kobatake S, Diao Y, Chandrasekar R, Zhang H, Sun CC, Bardeen C, Al-Kaysi RO, Kahr B, Naumov P. Mechanical properties and peculiarities of molecular crystals. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3098-3169. [PMID: 37070570 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00481j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last century, molecular crystals functioned predominantly as a means for determining the molecular structures via X-ray diffraction, albeit as the century came to a close the response of molecular crystals to electric, magnetic, and light fields revealed that the physical properties of molecular crystals were as rich as the diversity of molecules themselves. In this century, the mechanical properties of molecular crystals have continued to enhance our understanding of the colligative responses of weakly bound molecules to internal frustration and applied forces. Here, the authors review the main themes of research that have developed in recent decades, prefaced by an overview of the particular considerations that distinguish molecular crystals from traditional materials such as metals and ceramics. Many molecular crystals will deform themselves as they grow under some conditions. Whether they respond to intrinsic stress or external forces or interactions among the fields of growing crystals remains an open question. Photoreactivity in single crystals has been a leading theme in organic solid-state chemistry; however, the focus of research has been traditionally on reaction stereo- and regio-specificity. However, as light-induced chemistry builds stress in crystals anisotropically, all types of motions can be actuated. The correlation between photochemistry and the responses of single crystals-jumping, twisting, fracturing, delaminating, rocking, and rolling-has become a well-defined field of research in its own right: photomechanics. The advancement of our understanding requires theoretical and high-performance computations. Computational crystallography not only supports interpretations of mechanical responses, but predicts the responses itself. This requires the engagement of classical force-field based molecular dynamics simulations, density functional theory-based approaches, and the use of machine learning to divine patterns to which algorithms can be better suited than people. The integration of mechanics with the transport of electrons and photons is considered for practical applications in flexible organic electronics and photonics. Dynamic crystals that respond rapidly and reversibly to heat and light can function as switches and actuators. Progress in identifying efficient shape-shifting crystals is also discussed. Finally, the importance of mechanical properties to milling and tableting of pharmaceuticals in an industry still dominated by active ingredients composed of small molecule crystals is reviewed. A dearth of data on the strength, hardness, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness of molecular crystals underscores the need for refinement of measurement techniques and conceptual tools. The need for benchmark data is emphasized throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegood M Awad
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Daniel W Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Jad Mahmoud Halabi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Marieh B Al-Handawi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ibrahim Tahir
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Gonzalo Campillo-Alvarado
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Tamador Alkhidir
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Materials Modelling Laboratory, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yuki Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mubarak Almehairbi
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Materials Modelling Laboratory, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Linfeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shodai Hasebe
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Durga Prasad Karothu
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sharmarke Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Materials Modelling Laboratory, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hideko Koshima
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rajadurai Chandrasekar
- Advanced Organic Photonic Materials and Technology Laboratory at School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS) & King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry/Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Chemistry/Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, USA
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, MK-1000 Skopje, Macedonia
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Cook CJ, Li W, Lui BF, Gately TJ, Al-Kaysi RO, Mueller LJ, Bardeen CJ, Beran GJO. A theoretical framework for the design of molecular crystal engines. Chem Sci 2023; 14:937-949. [PMID: 36755715 PMCID: PMC9890974 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals have garnered attention for their ability to transform light into mechanical work, but difficulties in characterizing the structural changes and mechanical responses experimentally have hindered the development of practical organic crystal engines. This study proposes a new computational framework for predicting the solid-state crystal-to-crystal photochemical transformations entirely from first principles, and it establishes a photomechanical engine cycle that quantifies the anisotropic mechanical performance resulting from the transformation. The approach relies on crystal structure prediction, solid-state topochemical principles, and high-quality electronic structure methods. After validating the framework on the well-studied [4 + 4] cycloadditions in 9-methyl anthracene and 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester, the experimentally-unknown solid-state transformation of 9-carboxylic acid anthracene is predicted for the first time. The results illustrate how the mechanical work is done by relaxation of the crystal lattice to accommodate the photoproduct, rather than by the photochemistry itself. The large ∼107 J m-3 work densities computed for all three systems highlight the promise of photomechanical crystal engines. This study demonstrates the importance of crystal packing in determining molecular crystal engine performance and provides tools and insights to design improved materials in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Wangxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Brandon F. Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Thomas J. Gately
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health AffairsRiyadh 11426Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonard J. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | | | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
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4
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Tong F, Kitagawa D, Bushnak I, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Light-Powered Autonomous Flagella-Like Motion of Molecular Crystal Microwires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2414-2423. [PMID: 33185017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to exhibit life-like oscillatory motion fueled by light represents a new capability for stimuli-responsive materials. Although this capability has been demonstrated in soft materials like polymers, it has never been observed in molecular crystals, which are not generally regarded as dynamic objects. In this work, it is shown that molecular crystalline microwires composed of (Z)-2-(3-(anthracen-9-yl)allylidene)malononitrile ((Z)-DVAM) can be continuously actuated when exposed to a combination of ultraviolet and visible light. The photo-induced motion mimics the oscillatory behavior of biological flagella and enables propagation of microwires across a surface and through liquids, with translational speeds up to 7 μm s-1 . This is the first example of molecular crystals that show complex oscillatory behavior under continuous irradiation. A model that relates the rotation of the transition dipole moment between reversible E→Z photoisomerization to the microscopic torque can qualitatively reproduce how the rotational frequency depends on light intensity and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Current Address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ibraheem Bushnak
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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5
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Gately TJ, Sontising W, Easley CJ, Islam I, Al-Kaysi RO, Beran GJO, Bardeen CJ. Effect of halogen substitution on energies and dynamics of reversible photomechanical crystals based on 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental/computational analysis of photomechanical anthracene derivatives reveals their kinetic behavior is not simply related to the monomer-photodimer energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Gately
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Watit Sontising
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Connor J. Easley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Imadul Islam
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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6
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Tong F, Li W, Li Z, Islam I, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Molecular Crystal Microcapsules: Formation of Sealed Hollow Chambers via Surfactant-Mediated Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23035-23039. [PMID: 32846044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hollow organic molecular cocrystals comprised of 9-methylanthracene-1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (9MA-TCNB) and naphthalene-1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (NAPH-TCNB) were fabricated using a surfactant-mediated co-reprecipitation method. The crystals exhibit a narrow size distribution that can be easily tuned by varying the concentration of surfactant and incubation temperature. The rectangular crystals possess symmetrical twinned cavities with an estimated storage volume on the order of 10-10 L. An aqueous dye solution can be incorporated into the cavities during crystal growth and stored inside for up to several hours, confirming the sealed nature of the hollow chambers. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to harness non-classical crystal growth to fabricate organic molecular crystals with novel topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Wangxiang Li
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Imadul Islam
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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7
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Chalek KR, Dong X, Tong F, Kudla RA, Zhu L, Gill AD, Xu W, Yang C, Hartman JD, Magalhães A, Al-Kaysi RO, Hayward RC, Hooley RJ, Beran GJO, Bardeen CJ, Mueller LJ. Bridging photochemistry and photomechanics with NMR crystallography: the molecular basis for the macroscopic expansion of an anthracene ester nanorod. Chem Sci 2020; 12:453-463. [PMID: 34163608 PMCID: PMC8178812 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals composed of photoreactive molecules represent a new class of photomechanical materials with the potential to generate large forces on fast timescales. An example is the photodimerization of 9-tert-butyl-anthracene ester (9TBAE) in molecular crystal nanorods that leads to an average elongation of 8%. Previous work showed that this expansion results from the formation of a metastable crystalline product. In this article, it is shown how a novel combination of ensemble oriented-crystal solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, and first principles computational modeling can be used to establish the absolute unit cell orientations relative to the shape change, revealing the atomic-resolution mechanism for the photomechanical response and enabling the construction of a model that predicts an elongation of 7.4%, in good agreement with the experimental value. According to this model, the nanorod expansion does not result from an overall change in the volume of the unit cell, but rather from an anisotropic rearrangement of the molecular contents. The ability to understand quantitatively how molecular-level photochemistry generates mechanical displacements allows us to predict that the expansion could be tuned from +9% to -9.5% by controlling the initial orientation of the unit cell with respect to the nanorod axis. This application of NMR-assisted crystallography provides a new tool capable of tying the atomic-level structural rearrangement of the reacting molecular species to the mechanical response of a nanostructured sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Chalek
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Xinning Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Ryan A Kudla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Adam D Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder 3415 Colorado Ave. Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Joshua D Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Alviclér Magalhães
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder 3415 Colorado Ave. Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Richard J Hooley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | | | - Leonard J Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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8
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Easley CJ, Tong F, Dong X, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Using light intensity to control reaction kinetics and reversibility in photomechanical crystals. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9852-9862. [PMID: 34094245 PMCID: PMC8162182 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Fluoro-9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (4F-9AC) is a thermally reversible (T-type) photomechanical molecular crystal. The photomechanical response is driven by a [4 + 4] photodimerization reaction, while the photodimer dissociation determines the reset time. In this paper, both the chemical kinetics of dimer dissociation (using a microscopic fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching experiment) and mechanical reset dynamics (by imaging bending microneedles) for single 4F-9AC crystals are measured. The dissociation kinetics depend strongly on the initial concentration of photodimer, slowing down and becoming nonexponential at high dimer concentrations. This dose-dependent behavior is also observed in the mechanical response of bending microneedles. A new feature in the photomechanical behavior is identified: the ability of a very weak control beam to suppress dimer dissociation after large initial dimer conversions. This phenomenon provides a way to optically control the mechanical response of this photomechanical crystal. To gain physical insight into the origin of the nonexponential recovery curves, the experimental results are analyzed in terms of a standard first-order kinetic model and a nonlinear Finke-Watzky (FW) model. The FW model can qualitatively reproduce the transition from exponential to sigmoidal recovery with larger initial conversions, but neither model can reproduce the suppression of the recovery in the presence of a weak holding beam. These results highlight the need for more sophisticated theories to describe cooperative phenomena in solid-state crystalline reactions, as well as demonstrating how this behavior could lead to new properties and/or improved performance in photomechanical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Easley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Xinning Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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9
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Tong F, Chen S, Li Z, Liu M, Al-Kaysi RO, Mohideen U, Yin Y, Bardeen CJ. Crystal-to-Gel Transformation Stimulated by a Solid-State E→Z Photoisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15429-15434. [PMID: 31397530 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecule (E)-(5-(3-anthracen-9-yl-allylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-[1,3] dioxane-4,6-dione) (E-AYAD) undergoes E→Z photoisomerization. In the solid state, this photoisomerization process can initiate a physical transformation of the crystal that is accompanied by a large volume expansion (ca. 10 times), loss of crystallinity, and growth of large pores. This physical change requires approximately 10 % conversion of the E isomer to the Z isomer and results in a gel-like solid with decreased stiffness that still retains its mechanical integrity. The induced porosity allows the expanding gel to engulf superparamagnetic nanoparticles from the surrounding liquid. The trapped superparamagnetic nanoparticles impart a magnetic susceptibility to the gel, allowing it to be moved by a magnetic field. The photoinduced phase transition, starting with a compact crystalline solid instead of a dilute solution, provides a new route for in situ production of functional porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Shaolong Chen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Mohideen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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10
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Abstract
Block-like microcrystals composed of cis-dimethyl-2(3-(anthracen-9-yl)allylidene)malonate are grown from aqueous surfactant solutions. A pulse of 405 nm light converts a fraction of molecules to the trans isomer, creating an amorphous mixed layer that peels off the parent crystal. This photoinduced delamination can be repeated multiple times on the same block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Tong F, Xu W, Al-Haidar M, Kitagawa D, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanically Induced Magnetic Field Response by Controlling Molecular Orientation in 9-Methylanthracene Microcrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7080-7084. [PMID: 29660217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant-assisted seeded-growth method is used to form single-crystal platelets composed of 9-methylanthracene with two different internal molecular orientations. The more stable form exhibits a photoinduced twisting, as observed previously for 9-methylanthracene microribbons grown by the floating drop method. However, the newly discovered elongated hexagonal platelets undergo a photoinduced rolling-up and unrolling. The ability of the rolled-up cylindrical shape to trap superparamagnetic nanoparticles enables it to be carried along in a magnetic field gradient. The new photoinduced shape change, made possible by a novel surfactant-assisted crystal growth method, opens up the possibility of using light to modulate the crystal translational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Maram Al-Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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12
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Abstract
When a suspension of the tert-butyl ester of 4-fluoroanthracene-9-carboxylic acid (4F9AC) was slowly hydrolyzed, highly branched photomechanical microcrystals of 4F9AC were grown. Exposure to UV light caused the branches to undergo a reversible sweeping motion that could be used to move and concentrate silica microspheres on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Maram Al-Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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13
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Tong F, Liu M, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Surfactant-Enhanced Photoisomerization and Photomechanical Response in Molecular Crystal Nanowires. Langmuir 2018; 34:1627-1634. [PMID: 29272580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl-2(3-anthracen-9-yl)allylidene)malonate (DMAAM) is a divinylanthracene derivative that photoisomerizes between its (E) and (Z) conformations. Crystalline nanowires composed of this molecule undergo a rapid coiling motion when exposed to visible light. In this paper, a variety of experimental techniques are used to investigate the mechanism of this transformation, including powder X-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, 1H NMR, and absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the presence of a surfactant like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) accelerates the photochemical reaction rate by at least a factor of 10 within the nanowire and is required to observe the photoinduced coiling. The accelerated reaction facilitates the transition to an amorphous phase composed of reactant and photoproduct, which leads to the rapid, large-scale shape changes that the nanowires undergo. Disruption of the highly packed crystal structure by photoisomerization also enhances the dissolution rate by a factor of about 30. The fact that the nanowires have a nominal diameter of 200 nm suggests that the presence of surface species can influence the reaction dynamics deep inside the crystal. These results show that the reaction dynamics and photomechanical motions of nanoscale molecular crystals can be extremely sensitive to surface species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside , 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs , Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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14
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Benet M, Villabona M, Llavina C, Mena S, Hernando J, Al-Kaysi RO, Guirado G. Fluorescent "Turn-Off" Detection of Fluoride and Cyanide Ions Using Zwitterionic Spirocyclic Meisenheimer Compounds. Molecules 2017; 22:E1842. [PMID: 29077037 PMCID: PMC6150180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable zwitterionic spirocyclic Meisenheimer compounds were synthesized using a one-step reaction between picric acid and diisopropyl (ZW1) or dicyclohexyl (ZW3) carbodiimide. A solution of these compounds displays intense orange fluorescence upon UV or visible light excitation, which can be quenched or "turned-off" by adding a mole equivalent amount of F- or CN- ions in acetonitrile. Fluorescence is not quenched in the presence of other ions such as Cl-, Br-, I-, NO₂-, NO₃-, or H₂PO₄-. These compounds can therefore be utilized as practical colorimetric and fluorescent probes for monitoring the presence of F- or CN- anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Benet
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc Villabona
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Llavina
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Mena
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences/King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, 11426 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gonzalo Guirado
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals can undergo a variety of light-induced motions, including expansion, bending, twisting, and jumping. The use of more complex crystal shapes may provide ways to turn these motions into useful work. To generate such shapes, pH-driven reprecipitation has been used to grow branched microcrystals of the anthracene derivative 4-fluoroanthracenecarboxylic acid. When these microcrystals are illuminated with light of λ=405 nm, an intermolecular [4+4] photodimerization reaction drives twisting and bending of the individual branches. These deformations drive a rotation of the overall crystal that can be repeated over multiple exposures to light. The magnitude and direction of this rotation vary because of differences in the crystal shape, but a typical branched crystal undergoes a 50° net rotation after 25 consecutive irradiations for 1 s. The ability of these crystals to undergo ratchet-like rotation is attributed to their chiral shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Yang C, Zhu L, Kudla RA, Hartman JD, Al-Kaysi RO, Monaco S, Schatschneider B, Magalhães A, Beran GJO, Bardeen CJ, Mueller LJ. Crystal structure of the meta-stable intermediate in the photomechanical, crystal-to-crystal reaction of 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00742b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Al-Kaysi RO. Photomechanical actuation in organic crystals: expansion, bending, coiling, twisting and peeling. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273315098198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Al-Kaysi RO, Zhu L, Al-Haidar M, Al-Muhannah MK, El-Boubbou K, Hamdan TM, Bardeen CJ. Chemical reaction method for growing photomechanical organic microcrystals. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce02387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Tong F, Cruz CD, Jezowski SR, Zhou X, Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Chronister EL, Bardeen CJ. Pressure dependence of the forward and backward rates of 9-tert-butylanthracene Dewar isomerization. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5349-54. [PMID: 24978589 DOI: 10.1021/jp504771b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
9-tert-Butylanthracene undergoes a photochemical reaction to form its strained Dewar isomer, which thermally back-reacts to reform the original molecule. When 9-tert-butylanthracene is dissolved in a polymer host, we find that both the forward and reverse isomerization rates are pressure-dependent. The forward photoreaction rate, which reflects the sum of contributions from photoperoxidation and Dewar isomerization, decreases by a factor of 1000 at high pressure (1.5 GPa). The back-reaction rate, on the other hand, increases by a factor of ∼3 at high pressure. Despite being highly strained and higher volume, the back-reaction reaction rate of the Dewar isomer is at least 100× less sensitive to pressure than that of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer studied previously by our group. These results suggest that the high pressure sensitivity of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer reaction is not just due to the presence of strained four-membered rings but instead relies on the unique molecular geometry of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Kim T, Al-Muhanna MK, Al-Suwaidan SD, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Curling of Organic Molecular Crystal Nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Kim T, Al-Muhanna MK, Al-Suwaidan SD, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Curling of Organic Molecular Crystal Nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6889-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Al-Ghoul M, Ammar M, Al-Kaysi RO. Band Propagation, Scaling Laws and Phase Transition in a Precipitate System. I: Experimental Study. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4427-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- College of Basic Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National
Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid, a molecule that undergoes a reversible [4 + 4] photodimerization, is prepared in the form of oriented crystalline microribbons. When exposed to spatially uniform light irradiation, these photoreactive ribbons rapidly twist. After the light is turned off, they relax back to their original shape over the course of minutes. This photoinduced motion can be repeated for multiple cycles. The final twist period and cross-sectional dimensions of individual microribbons are measured using a combination of atomic force and optical microscopies. Analysis of this data suggests that the reversible twisting involves the generation of interfacial strain within the ribbons between unreacted monomer and photoreacted dimer regions, with an interaction energy on the order of 3.4 kJ/mol. The demonstration of reversible twisting without the need for specialized irradiation conditions represents a new type of photoinduced motion in molecular crystals and may provide new modes of operation for photomechanical actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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25
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Abumaree MH, Zhu L, Bardeen CJ, Al-Suwaidan SD, Al-Kaysi RO. Fabrication of biologically active surface-modified Taxol nanowires using anodic aluminum oxide templates. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00424g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Zhu L, Agarwal A, Lai J, Al-Kaysi RO, Tham FS, Ghaddar T, Mueller L, Bardeen CJ. Solid-state photochemical and photomechanical properties of molecular crystal nanorods composed of anthracene ester derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Al-Kaysi RO. Heterogeneous Inorganic Acid/Organic Acid-salt Reaction inside Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Al-Kaysi RO, Dillon RJ, Zhu L, Bardeen CJ. Template assisted synthesis of silica-coated molecular crystal nanorods: From hydrophobic to hydrophilic nanorods. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 327:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ahn TS, Müller AM, Al-Kaysi RO, Spano FC, Norton JE, Beljonne D, Brédas JL, Bardeen CJ. Experimental and theoretical study of temperature dependent exciton delocalization and relaxation in anthracene thin films. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:054505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2822310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University Autonoma of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert J. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University Autonoma of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Michael Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University Autonoma of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonard J. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University Autonoma of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Guirado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University Autonoma of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Department of Chemistry, University Autonoma of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Owen TW, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ, Cheng Q. Microgravimetric immunosensor for direct detection of aerosolized influenza A virus particles. Sens Actuators B Chem 2007; 126:691-699. [PMID: 32288239 PMCID: PMC7127275 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development and characterization of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor for the direct detection of aerosolized influenza A virions is reported. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) are formed on QCM gold electrodes to provide a surface amenable for the immobilization of anti-influenza A antibodies using NHS/EDC coupling chemistry. The surface-bound antibody provides a selective and specific sensing interface for the capture of influenza virions. A nebulizer is used to create aerosolized samples and is directly connected to a chamber housing the antibody-modified crystal ("immunochip"). Upon exposure to the aerosolized virus, the interaction between the antibody and virus leads to a dampening of the oscillation frequency of the quartz crystal. The magnitude of frequency change is directly related to virus concentration. Control experiments using aerosols from chicken egg allantoic fluid and an anti-murine antibody based immunosensor confirm that the observed signal originates from specific viral binding on the chip surface. Step-by-step surface modification of MUA assembly, antibody attachment, and antibody-virus interaction are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging analysis. Using the S/N = 3 principle, the limit of detection is estimated to be 4 virus particles/mL. The high sensitivity and real-time sensing scheme presented here can play an important role in the public health arena by offering a new analytical tool for identifying bio-contaminated areas and assisting in timely patient diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Quan Cheng
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 951 827 2702; fax: +1 951 827 4713.
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Al-Kaysi RO, Bourdelande JL, Gallardo I, Guirado G, Hernando J. Investigation of an Acid–Base and Redox Molecular Switch: From Bulk to the Single-Molecule Level. Chemistry 2007; 13:7066-74. [PMID: 17583903 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work we investigate a new fluorescent molecular switch based on the interconversion between the fluorescent zwitterionic form (ZW1) and the non-fluorescent anionic state (MC2) of a spirocyclic Meisenheimer complex of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. Density functional theory molecular orbital calculations reveal that photo-induced electron transfer from a guanidine group to the trinitrocyclohexadiene fluorophore of the complex quenches the emission from MC2. Protonation, as well as coordination of other Lewis acids to the guanidine group, suppress the quenching mechanism and allow the complex to fluoresce. In agreement with the calculations, reversible on-off fluorescence switching of the ZW1-MC2 bulk system occurs by protonation-deprotonation of the guanidine moiety upon acid-base addition. Interestingly, spectroelectrochemical ensemble measurements show that switching of the ZW1-MC2 pair can also be attained electrochemically, thus unraveling the versatile functioning of this system. The ultimate limit of monitoring the reversible on-off operation of individual switch molecules is reached by means of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, which demonstrates the potential of the ZW1-MC2 system to be used as a true single-molecule switch on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Ahn TS, Al-Kaysi RO, Müller AM, Wentz KM, Bardeen CJ. Self-absorption correction for solid-state photoluminescence quantum yields obtained from integrating sphere measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:086105. [PMID: 17764365 DOI: 10.1063/1.2768926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A new method is presented for analyzing the effects of self-absorption on photoluminescence integrating sphere quantum yield measurements. Both the observed quantum yield and luminescence spectrum are used to determine the self-absorption probability, taking into account both the initial emission and subsequent absorption and reemission processes. The analysis is experimentally validated using the model system of the laser dye perylene red dispersed in a polymer film. This approach represents an improvement over previous methods that tend to overestimate the true quantum yield, especially in cases with high sample absorbance or quantum yield values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Sang Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Abstract
Nanorods composed of 9-tert-butylanthroate (9-TBAE) are synthesized using an Al2O3 template and solvent annealing. The rods consist of micron-scale crystalline domains, and UV light induces a [4 + 4] photodimerization that results in a uniform 15% expansion along the rod axis. This is in contrast to random 9-TBAE crystals, which disintegrate under the same conditions. Transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and comparison of the X-ray crystal structures of the monomer and photodimer all provide evidence for a mechanism based on a crystal-to-crystal photoreaction leading to an increase in molecular volume. It is likely that the high surface-to-volume ratio in the nanorods provides a strain relief pathway that is absent in larger crystals. Preliminary attempts to reverse the reaction using shorter wavelength light to photodissociate the dimers were only partly successful. These results suggest that crystalline organic nanostructures may provide an efficient way to transform photochemical energy into mechanical motion on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Ahn TS, Nantalaksakul A, Dasari RR, Al-Kaysi RO, Müller AM, Thayumanavan S, Bardeen CJ. Energy and Charge Transfer Dynamics in Fully Decorated Benzyl Ether Dendrimers and Their Disubstituted Analogues. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:24331-9. [PMID: 17134184 DOI: 10.1021/jp0649706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examine the photophysics of a series of molecules consisting of a benzthiadiazole core surrounded by a network of benzyl ether arms terminated by aminopyrene chromophores, which function as both energy and electron donors. Three classes of molecules are studied: dendrimers whose peripheries are fully decorated with aminopyrene donors (F), disubstituted dendrimers whose peripheries contain only two donors (D), and linear analogues in which a pair of benzyl ether arms link two donors to the central core (L). The electronic energy transfer (EET) and charge transfer (CT) rates are determined by fluorescence lifetime measurements on the energy donors and electron acceptors, respectively. In all three types of molecules, the EET time scales as the square root of the generation number G, consistent with the flexible nature of the benzyl ether framework. Transient anisotropy measurements confirm that donor-donor energy hopping does not play a major role in determining the EET times. The CT dynamics occur on the nanosecond time scale and lead to stretched exponential decays, probably due to conformational disorder. Measurements at 100 degrees C confirm that conformational fluctuations play a role in the CT dynamics. The average CT time increases with G in the L and D molecules but decreases for the F dendrimers. This divergent behavior as G increases is attributed to the competing effects of larger donor-acceptor distances (which lengthen the CT time) versus a larger number of donors (which shorten the average CT time). This work illustrates two important points about light-harvesting and charge-separation dendrimers. First, the use of a flexible dendrimer framework can lead to a more favorable scaling of the EET time (and thus the light-harvesting efficiency) with dendrimer size, relative to what would be expected for a fully extended dendrimer. Second, fully decorated dendrimers can compensate for the distance-dependent slowdown in CT rate as G increases by providing additional pathways for the CT reaction to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Sang Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Phillips KS, Wilkop T, Wu JJ, Al-Kaysi RO, Cheng Q. Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Analysis of Protein-Receptor Binding in Supported Membrane Arrays on Gold Substrates with Calcinated Silicate Films. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9590-1. [PMID: 16866487 DOI: 10.1021/ja0628102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method to fabricate supported bilayer membrane (SBM) arrays for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging analysis is demonstrated in this work. Thin silicate films are produced on gold SPR substrates using layer-by-layer assembly, followed by calcination. Etching into the glassified substrates using photolithographic techniques generates nanowells of desirable size and depth. Atomic force microscopy and SPR imaging analysis show that the features are well-defined, and the etching process appears to have a surface smoothing effect. After the wells are oxidized with strong acid, vesicles spontaneously fuse onto them to form supported membranes with a high degree of lateral mobility. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements yielded a diffusion coefficient of 1.1 mum2/s. To demonstrate the feasibility for high-throughput receptor-ligand interaction analysis, binding of cholera toxin (CT) to SBM arrays containing 5 mol % ganglioside GM1 receptor was carried out with SPR imaging. The results showed excellent well-to-well reproducibility (8% RSD at 60 nM CT) and marked detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scott Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Abstract
Nanorods composed of a variety of conjugated organic molecules were synthesized using an anodized alumina template and solvent annealing; detailed study of 200 nm thick 2,7-di-t-butylpyrene rods showed they are crystalline, with single domains extending over several microns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Al-Kaysi RO, Sang Ahn T, Müller AM, Bardeen CJ. The photophysical properties of chromophores at high (100 mM and above) concentrations in polymers and as neat solids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:3453-9. [PMID: 16855725 DOI: 10.1039/b605925b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption, fluorescence, and photostability of five conjugated chromophores: perylene, 2,5,8,11-tetra-t-butyl perylene (TTBP), perylene orange (PO), perylene red (PR), and a zwitterionic Meisenheimer complex (MHC), are studied as a function of concentration in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). At 1 mM concentrations, all five molecules exhibit properties consistent with unaggregated chromophores. At higher concentrations, perylene and PO both exhibit excimer formation, while TTBP, PR, and the MHC retain their monomeric fluorescent lineshapes. In these three molecules, however, the fluorescence decay times decrease by 10% (TTBP) to 50% (MHC) at concentrations of 100 mM in PMMA. The fluorescence properties of these highly concentrated samples are sensitive to the sample preparation conditions. In the neat solid where the effective concentration is on the order of 1 M, all three molecules exhibit very fast fluorescence decays, on the order of 150 ps or less, despite the fact that they retain their basic monomeric fluorescence lineshape. In addition to the enhanced nonradiative decay at high concentrations, these three molecules also undergo a concentration-dependent photobleaching. The combined effects of intermolecular nonradiative decay channels and photobleaching appear to be a general obstacle to achieving highly concentrated dye-doped solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Al-Kaysi RO, Müller AM, Ahn TS, Lee S, Bardeen CJ. Effects of sonication on the size and crystallinity of stable zwitterionic organic nanoparticles formed by reprecipitation in water. Langmuir 2005; 21:7990-4. [PMID: 16089411 DOI: 10.1021/la051183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of a novel organic zwitterionic Meisenheimer complex, N',N' ',N' ''-tri(isopropyl)-4-oxo-6-(isopropyliminio)-2-s-(2H)triazinespiro-1'-2',4',6'-trinitrocyclohexadienylide, were synthesized by reprecipitation in water under different conditions. While reprecipitation alone resulted in a suspension of amorphous particles that fell out of solution within hours, sonication for different periods of time resulted in the formation of crystalline particles that were stable in solution over the course of weeks. The disk-shaped particles had an average diameter of 140 nm and a thickness of 70 nm. Comparison of the optical spectroscopy of these particles with the monomer indicates that they possess delocalized excitonic states and enhanced radiative decay rates. The use of zwitterionic molecules in conjunction with sonication provides a way to exert some level of control over particle size and morphology, as well as increased colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Abstract
Photooxidation of 1,1,2,2-tetra-tert-butyl-1,2-diphenyldisilane, 1, by triplet sensitizers in CHCl3/CCl4 solutions yields chlorosilane, 2, in high chemical yield. The quantum yield for formation of 2 depends on the energy of the ion radical pair formed following initial electron transfer. Dissociative return electron transfer (DRET) is proposed as the mechanism for the highly efficient Si-Si bond cleavage in 1. DRET may be a useful strategy for the fragmentation of other such bonds in di-, oligo-, and polysilanes as well as other group 4A compounds using a variety of sensitizers with different spectral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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