1
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O'Hagan D. The Emergence and Properties of Selectively Fluorinated 'Janus' Cyclohexanes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300027. [PMID: 37016509 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
This account describes the evolution of a research programme that started by linking fluoromethylene (-CHF-) groups along aliphatic chains and then progressing to alicyclic rings with contiguous fluorine atoms. Different stereoisomers of aliphatic chains tend to adopt low polarity conformations. In order to force polar conformations, the programme began to address ring systems and in particular cyclohexanes, to restrain conformational freedom and co-aligned C-F bonds. The flagship molecule, all-cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane 7, emerged to be the most polar aliphatic compound recorded. The polarity arises because there are three co-aligned triaxial C-F bonds and the six fluorines occupy one face of the ring. Conversely the electropositive hydrogens occupy the other face. These have been termed Janus face cyclohexanes after the Roman god with two faces. The review outlines progress by our group and others in preparing derivatives of the parent cyclohexane 7, in order to explore properties and potential applications of these Janus cyclohexanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Hagan
- University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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2
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Kaithal A, Wagener T, Bellotti P, Daniliuc CG, Schlichter L, Glorius F. Access to Unexplored 3D Chemical Space:
cis
‐Selective Arene Hydrogenation for the Synthesis of Saturated Cyclic Boronic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206687. [PMID: 35612895 PMCID: PMC9400866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new class of saturated boron‐incorporated cyclic molecules has been synthesized employing an arene‐hydrogenation methodology. cis‐Selective hydrogenation of easily accessible, and biologically important molecules comprising benzoxaborole, benzoxaborinin, and benzoxaboripin derivatives is reported. Among the various catalysts tested, rhodium cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene [Rh‐CAAC] (1) pre‐catalyst revealed the best hydrogenation activity confirming turnover number up to 1400 with good to high diastereoselectivity. A broad range of functional groups was tolerated including sensitive substituents such as −F, −CF3, and −silyl groups. The utility of the synthesized products was demonstrated by the recognition of diols and sugars under physiological conditions. These motifs can have a substantial importance in medicinal chemistry as they possess a three‐dimensional structure, are highly stable, soluble in water, form hydrogen bonds, and interact with diols and sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kaithal
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Westfälische Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) and Organisch-Chemisches Institut Busso-Peus-Str.10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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3
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Schiwek C, Stegbauer S, Pickl T, Bach T. Rhodium(CAAC)‐Catalyzed Arene Hydrogenation of Benzo‐fused N‐Heterocycles to Saturated Building Blocks with an all‐cis Configuration. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Kaithal A, Wagener T, Bellotti P, Daniliuc CG, Schlichter L, Glorius F. Access to Unexplored 3D Chemical Space: cis‐Selective Arene Hydrogenation for the Synthesis of Saturated Cyclic Boronic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kaithal
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry Münster GERMANY
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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5
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Han B, Zhang M, Jiao H, Chen R, Ma H, Li R, Wang J, Zhang Y. Regioselective Hydrogenation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Olefins Catalyzed by Magnesium‐Activated Chromium Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Jiao
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
| | - Haojie Ma
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
| | - Ran Li
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
| | - Jijiang Wang
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Laboratory of New Energy & New Function Materials and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yan'an University Shengdi Road 580# Yan'an Shaanxi 716000 P. R. China
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6
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Clark JL, Neyyappadath RM, Yu C, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, O'Hagan D. Janus All-Cis 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorocyclohexyl Building Blocks Applied to Medicinal Chemistry and Bioactives Discovery Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:16000-16005. [PMID: 34486192 PMCID: PMC9292521 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoalkylated derivatives of the unusually polar all-cis 2,3,4,5,6- pentafluorocyclohexyl (Janus face) motif are prepared starting from an aryl hydrogenation of 2,3,4,5,6- pentafluorophenylacetate methyl ester 15. The method used Zeng's Rh(CAAC) carbene catalyst 4 in the hydrogenation following the protocol developed by Glorius. The resultant Janus pentafluorocyclohexylacetate methyl ester 16 was converted to the corresponding alcohol 18, aldehyde 13, bromide 29 and azide 14 through functional group manipulations, and some of these building blocks were used in Ugi-multicomponent and Cu-catalysed click reactions. NBoc protected pentafluoroarylphenylalanine methyl ester 35 was also subject to an aryl hydrogenation, and then deprotection to generate the Janus face β-pentafluorocyclohexyl-alanine amino acid 15, which was incorporated into representative members of an emerging class of candidate antiviral compounds. Log P measurements demonstrate that the all-cis 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorocyclohexyl ring system is more polar than a phenyl ring. In overview the paper introduces new building blocks containing this Janus ring and demonstrates their progression to molecules typically used in bioactives discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Clark
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9STUK
| | | | - Cihang Yu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9STUK
| | | | - David B. Cordes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9STUK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9STUK
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7
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Guillet SG, Pisanò G, Chakrabortty S, Müller BH, Vries JG, Kamer PCJ, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. A Simple Synthetic Route to [Rh(acac)(CO)(NHC)] Complexes: Ligand Property Diagnostic Tools and Precatalysts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien G. Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, Campus Sterre, Building S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Gianmarco Pisanò
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, Campus Sterre, Building S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Soumyadeep Chakrabortty
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock) Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Bernd H. Müller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock) Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Johannes G. Vries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock) Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock) Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, Campus Sterre, Building S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven. P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, Campus Sterre, Building S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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8
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Moock D, Wagener T, Hu T, Gallagher T, Glorius F. Enantio- and Diastereoselective, Complete Hydrogenation of Benzofurans by Cascade Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13677-13681. [PMID: 33844391 PMCID: PMC8251578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report an enantio- and diastereoselective, complete hydrogenation of multiply substituted benzofurans in a one-pot cascade catalysis. The developed protocol facilitates the controlled installation of up to six new defined stereocenters and produces architecturally complex octahydrobenzofurans, prevalent in many bioactive molecules. A unique match of a chiral homogeneous ruthenium-N-heterocyclic carbene complex and an in situ activated rhodium catalyst from a complex precursor act in sequence to enable the presented process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moock
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Tianjiao Hu
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Timothy Gallagher
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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9
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Moock D, Wagener T, Hu T, Gallagher T, Glorius F. Enantio‐ und diastereoselektive, vollständige Hydrierung von Benzofuranen mittels Kaskadenkatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moock
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Tobias Wagener
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Tianjiao Hu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Timothy Gallagher
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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10
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Mondal R, Agbaria M, Nairoukh Z. Fluorinated Rings: Conformation and Application. Chemistry 2021; 27:7193-7213. [PMID: 33512034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C-F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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11
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Wagener T, Lückemeier L, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Interrupted Pyridine Hydrogenation: Asymmetric Synthesis of δ-Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6425-6429. [PMID: 33460521 PMCID: PMC7986189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed hydrogenation is an effective method to transform readily available arenes into saturated motifs, however, current hydrogenation strategies are limited to the formation of C-H and N-H bonds. The stepwise addition of hydrogen yields reactive unsaturated intermediates that are rapidly reduced. In contrast, the interruption of complete hydrogenation by further functionalization of unsaturated intermediates offers great potential for increasing chemical complexity in a single reaction step. Overcoming the tenet of full reduction in arene hydrogenation has been seldom demonstrated. In this work we report the synthesis of sought-after, enantioenriched δ-lactams from oxazolidinone-substituted pyridines and water by an interrupted hydrogenation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagener
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Lukas Lückemeier
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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12
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Wagener T, Lückemeier L, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Unterbrochene Pyridin‐Hydrierung: asymmetrische Synthese von δ‐Lactamen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagener
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Lukas Lückemeier
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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13
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Gelis C, Heusler A, Nairoukh Z, Glorius F. Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Arenes and Heteroarenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:14090-14094. [PMID: 32519788 PMCID: PMC7702167 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transfer hydrogenation reactions are of great interest to reduce diverse molecules under mild reaction conditions. To date, this type of reaction has only been successfully applied to alkenes, alkynes and polarized unsaturated compounds such as ketones, imines, pyridines, etc. The reduction of benzene derivatives by transfer hydrogenation has never been described, which is likely due to the high energy barrier required to dearomatize these compounds. In this context, we have developed a catalytic transfer hydrogenation reaction for the reduction of benzene derivatives and heteroarenes to form complex 3-dimensional scaffolds bearing various functional groups at room temperature without needing compressed hydrogen gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Gelis
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Arne Heusler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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14
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Yu C, Kütt A, Röschenthaler G, Lebl T, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Bühl M, O'Hagan D. Janus Face All-cis 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)- and All-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(trifluoromethyl)- Cyclohexanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19905-19909. [PMID: 32691941 PMCID: PMC7693182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of all-cis 1,2,4,5-tetrakis (trifluoromethyl)- and all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (trifluoromethyl)- cyclohexanes by direct hydrogenation of precursor tetrakis- or hexakis- (trifluoromethyl)benzenes. The resultant cyclohexanes have a stereochemistry such that all the CF3 groups are on the same face of the cyclohexyl ring. All-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexane is the most sterically demanding of the all-cis hexakis substituted cyclohexanes prepared to date, with a barrier (ΔG) to ring inversion calculated at 27 kcal mol-1 . The X-ray structure of all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexane displays a flattened chair conformation and the electrostatic profile of this compound reveals a large diffuse negative density on the fluorine face and a focused positive density on the hydrogen face. The electropositive hydrogen face can co-ordinate chloride (K≈103 ) and to a lesser extent fluoride and iodide ions. Dehydrofluorination promoted decomposition occurs with fluoride ion acting as a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihang Yu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Agnes Kütt
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen, gGmbHP.O. Box 750 56128725BremenGermany
- University of TartuInstitute of ChemistryRavila 14a50411TartuEstonia
| | - Gerd‐Volker Röschenthaler
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen, gGmbHP.O. Box 750 56128725BremenGermany
| | - Tomas Lebl
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - David B. Cordes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | | | - Michael Bühl
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
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15
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Yu C, Kütt A, Röschenthaler G, Lebl T, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Bühl M, O'Hagan D. Janus Face All‐
cis
1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)‐ and All‐
cis
1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexakis(trifluoromethyl)‐ Cyclohexanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cihang Yu
- School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Agnes Kütt
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen, gGmbH P.O. Box 750 561 28725 Bremen Germany
- University of Tartu Institute of Chemistry Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Gerd‐Volker Röschenthaler
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen, gGmbH P.O. Box 750 561 28725 Bremen Germany
| | - Tomas Lebl
- School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - David B. Cordes
- School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | | | - Michael Bühl
- School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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16
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O'Hagan D. Polar Organofluorine Substituents: Multivicinal Fluorines on Alkyl Chains and Alicyclic Rings. Chemistry 2020; 26:7981-7997. [PMID: 32083392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Review outlines the progression, primarily of our own work, but with important contributions from other labs, on the synthesis and properties of multiple vicinally fluorinated alkyl chains and rings. Chain conformations of individual diastereoisomers with -CHF- at adjacent carbons are influenced by stereoelectronic factors associated with the polar C-F bond and the polarised geminal hydrogens. Generally, the chain will prefer a conformation which acts to minimise overall molecular polarity, and where the C-F bonds orient away from each other. However, when vicinal fluorine atoms are positioned on a ring then conformations are more constrained. The ring will adopt optimal conformations such as a chair in cyclohexane and then C-F bonds can be introduced with a stereochemistry that forces parallel (axial) orientations. In the case of cyclohexane, 1,3-diaxial arrangements of C-F bonds impart considerable polarity to the ring, resulting in an electronegative 'fluorine face' and an electropositive 'hydrogen face'. For all-syn 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane, this arrangement generates an unusually polar aliphatic ring system. Most recently the concept has been extended to the preparation of all-syn 1,2,3-trifluorocyclopropanes, a rigid ring system with fluorine atoms on one face and hydrogens on the other. Lipophilicity Log P values of such compounds indicate that they are significantly more polar than their parent alicyclic hydrocarbons and give some positive indication for a future role of such substituents in medicinal chemistry. Expanding to such a role will require access to improved synthesis methods to these motifs and consequently access to a broader a range of building blocks, however some exciting new methods have emerged recently and these are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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17
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Gómez-Torres A, Aguilar-Calderón JR, Encerrado-Manriquez AM, Pink M, Metta-Magaña AJ, Lee WY, Fortier S. Titanium-Mediated Catalytic Hydrogenation of Monocyclic and Polycyclic Arenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:2803-2807. [PMID: 31846166 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two electron-reduction of the TiIV guanidinate complex (ImDipp N)(Xyket guan)TiCl2 gives (η6 -ImDipp N)(xyket guan)Ti (1intra ) and (ImDipp N)(Xyket guan)Ti(η6 -C6 H6 ) (1inter ) (Xyket guan=[(tBuC=N)C(NXylyl)2 ]- , Xylyl=2,5-dimethylphenyl) in the absence or presence of benzene, respectively. These complexes have been found to hydrogenate monocyclic and polycyclic arenes under relatively mild conditions (150 psi, 80 °C)-the first example of catalytic, homogeneous arene hydrogenation with TON >1 by a Group IV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gómez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | | | | | - Maren Pink
- Indiana University Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Alejandro J Metta-Magaña
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Wen-Yee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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18
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Zhang X, Ling L, Luo M, Zeng X. Accessing Difluoromethylated and Trifluoromethylated
cis
‐Cycloalkanes and Saturated Heterocycles: Preferential Hydrogen Addition to the Substitution Sites for Dearomatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Liang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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19
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Zhang X, Ling L, Luo M, Zeng X. Accessing Difluoromethylated and Trifluoromethylated cis-Cycloalkanes and Saturated Heterocycles: Preferential Hydrogen Addition to the Substitution Sites for Dearomatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16785-16789. [PMID: 31518488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is a straightforward process in which a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene/Rh catalyst system facilitates the preferential addition of hydrogen to the substitution sites of difluoromethylated and trifluoromethylated arenes and heteroarenes, leading to dearomative reduction. This strategy enables the diastereoselective synthesis of cis-difluoromethylated and cis-trifluoromethylated cycloalkanes and saturated heterocycles, and even allows formation of all-cis multi-trifluoromethylated cyclic products with a defined equatorial orientation of the di- and trifluoromethyl groups. Deuterium-labeling studies indicate that hydrogen preferentially attacks the substitution sites of planar arenes, resulting in dearomatization, possibly with heterogeneous Rh as the reactive species, followed by either reversible or irreversible hydrogen addition to the nonsubstitution sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Liang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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20
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Wiesenfeldt MP, Nairoukh Z, Dalton T, Glorius F. Selective Arene Hydrogenation for Direct Access to Saturated Carbo- and Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10460-10476. [PMID: 30701650 PMCID: PMC6697539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arene hydrogenation provides direct access to saturated carbo- and heterocycles and thus its strategic application may be used to shorten synthetic routes. This powerful transformation is widely applied in industry and is expected to facilitate major breakthroughs in the applied sciences. The ability to overcome aromaticity while controlling diastereo-, enantio-, and chemoselectivity is central to the use of hydrogenation in the preparation of complex molecules. In general, the hydrogenation of multisubstituted arenes yields predominantly the cis isomer. Enantiocontrol is imparted by chiral auxiliaries, Brønsted acids, or transition-metal catalysts. Recent studies have demonstrated that highly chemoselective transformations are possible. Such methods and the underlying strategies are reviewed herein, with an emphasis on synthetically useful examples that employ readily available catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario P. Wiesenfeldt
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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21
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Wollenburg M, Moock D, Glorius F. Hydrogenation of Borylated Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6549-6553. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Wollenburg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Daniel Moock
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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22
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Wiesenfeldt MP, Nairoukh Z, Dalton T, Glorius F. Die selektive Arenhydrierung bietet einen direkten Zugang zu gesättigten Carbo‐ und Heterocyclen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario P. Wiesenfeldt
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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23
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Ling L, He Y, Zhang X, Luo M, Zeng X. Hydrogenation of (Hetero)aryl Boronate Esters with a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene-Rhodium Complex: Direct Access to cis-Substituted Borylated Cycloalkanes and Saturated Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6554-6558. [PMID: 30916369 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the hydrogenation of substituted aryl- and heteroaryl boronate esters for the selective synthesis of cis-substituted borylated cycloalkanes and saturated heterocycles. A cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene-ligated rhodium complex with two dimethyl groups at the ortho-alkyl scaffold of the carbene showed high reactivity in promoting the hydrogenation, thereby enabling the hydrogenation of (hetero)arenes with retention of the synthetically valuable boronate group. This process constitutes a clean, atom-economic, as well as chemo- and stereoselective route for the generation of cis-configured, diversely substituted borylated cycloalkanes and saturated heterocycles that are usually elusive and difficult to prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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24
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Ling L, He Y, Zhang X, Luo M, Zeng X. Hydrogenation of (Hetero)aryl Boronate Esters with a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene–Rhodium Complex: Direct Access to
cis
‐Substituted Borylated Cycloalkanes and Saturated Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Wollenburg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Daniel Moock
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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26
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Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards: E. P. Balskus, N. Chatani, W. F. DeGrado, F. Glorius, R. R. Knowles, D. Ma, H. D. Maynard, J. P. Morken, G. K. S. Prakash, K. A. Woerpel / Priestley-Medaille: K. B. Sharpless. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards: E. P. Balskus, N. Chatani, W. F. DeGrado, F. Glorius, R. R. Knowles, D. Ma, H. D. Maynard, J. P. Morken, G. K. S. Prakash, K. A. Woerpel / Priestley Medal: K. B. Sharpless. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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