1
|
Mason M, Belvisi L, Pignataro L, Dal Corso A. A Tight Contact: The Expanding Application of Salicylaldehydes in Lysine-Targeting Covalent Drugs. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300743. [PMID: 37986243 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The installation of aldehydes into synthetic protein ligands is an efficient strategy to engage protein lysine residues in remarkably stable imine bonds and augment the compound affinity and selectivity for their biological targets. The high frequency of lysine residues in proteins and the reversibility of the covalent ligand-protein bond support the application of aldehyde-bearing ligands, holding promises for their future use as drugs. This review highlights the increasing exploitation of salicylaldehyde modules in various classes of protein binders, aimed at the reversible-covalent engagement of lysine residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mason
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maus H, Müller P, Meta M, Hoba SN, Hammerschmidt SJ, Zimmermann RA, Zimmer C, Fuchs N, Schirmeister T, Barthels F. Next Generation of Fluorometric Protease Assays: 7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amides (NBD-Amides) as Class-Spanning Protease Substrates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301855. [PMID: 37313627 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorometric assays are one of the most frequently used methods in medicinal chemistry. Over the last 50 years, the reporter molecules for the detection of protease activity have evolved from first-generation colorimetric p-nitroanilides, through FRET substrates, and 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (AMC)-based substrates. The aim of further substrate development is to increase sensitivity and reduce vulnerability to assay interferences. Herein, we describe a new generation of substrates for protease assays based on 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amides (NBD-amides). In this study, we synthesized and tested substrates for 10 different proteases from the serine-, cysteine-, and metalloprotease classes. Enzyme- and substrate-specific parameters as well as the inhibitory activity of literature-known inhibitors confirmed their suitability for application in fluorometric assays. Hence, we were able to present NBD-based alternatives for common protease substrates. In conclusion, these NBD substrates are not only less susceptible to common assay interference, but they are also able to replace FRET-based substrates with the requirement of a prime site amino acid residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Maus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mergim Meta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabrina N Hoba
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert A Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Collin Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalie Fuchs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Barthels
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sacco G, Arosio D, Paolillo M, Gloger A, Scheuermann J, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Dal Corso A, Gennari C. RGD Cyclopeptide Equipped with a Lysine-Engaging Salicylaldehyde Showing Enhanced Integrin Affinity and Cell Detachment Potency. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203768. [PMID: 36594507 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylaldehyde (SA) derivatives are emerging as useful fragments to obtain reversible-covalent inhibitors interacting with the lysine residues of the target protein. Here the SA installation at the C terminus of an integrin-binding cyclopeptide, leading to enhanced ligand affinity for the receptor as well as stronger biological activity in cultured glioblastoma cells is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC) "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andreas Gloger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen P, Sun J, Zhu C, Tang G, Wang W, Xu M, Xiang M, Zhang CJ, Zhang ZM, Gao L, Yao SQ. Cell-Active, Reversible, and Irreversible Covalent Inhibitors That Selectively Target the Catalytic Lysine of BCR-ABL Kinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203878. [PMID: 35438229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent interests in developing lysine-targeting covalent inhibitors, no general approach is available to create such compounds. We report herein a general approach to develop cell-active covalent inhibitors of protein kinases by targeting the conserved catalytic lysine residue using key SuFEx and salicylaldehyde-based imine chemistries. We validated the strategy by successfully developing (irreversible and reversible) covalent inhibitors against BCR-ABL kinase. Our lead compounds showed high levels of selectivity in biochemical assays, exhibited nanomolar potency against endogenous ABL kinase in cellular assays, and were active against most drug-resistant ABL mutations. Among them, the salicylaldehyde-containing A5 is the first-ever reversible covalent ABL inhibitor that possessed time-dependent ABL inhibition with prolonged residence time and few cellular off-targets in K562 cells. Bioinformatics further suggested the generality of our strategy against the human kinome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chengjun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Manyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and, Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Menghua Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chong-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and, Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen P, Sun J, Zhu C, Tang G, Wang W, Xu M, Xiang M, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Gao L, Yao SQ. Cell‐Active, Reversible, and Irreversible Covalent Inhibitors That Selectively Target the Catalytic Lysine of BCR‐ABL Kinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 China
| | - Chengjun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy Jinan University 601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing Foshan Guangdong 528200 China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 China
| | - Manyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing 100050 China
| | - Menghua Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 China
| | - Chong‐Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing 100050 China
| | - Zhi‐Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Jinan University 601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510632 China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing Foshan Guangdong 528200 China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 China
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang Y, Li X. Recent Advances on the Selection Methods of DNA-Encoded Libraries. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2384-2397. [PMID: 33891355 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries (DEL) have come of age and become a major technology platform for ligand discovery in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Technological maturation in the past two decades and the recent explosive developments of DEL-compatible chemistries have greatly improved the chemical diversity of DELs and fueled its applications in drug discovery. A relatively less-covered aspect of DELs is the selection method. Typically, DEL selection is considered as a binding assay and the selection is conducted with purified protein targets immobilized on a matrix, and the binders are separated from the non-binding background via physical washes. However, the recent innovations in DEL selection methods have not only expanded the target scope of DELs, but also revealed the potential of the DEL technology as a powerful tool in exploring fundamental biology. In this Review, we first cover the "classic" DEL selection methods with purified proteins on solid phase, and then we discuss the strategies to realize DEL selections in solution phase. Finally, we focus on the emerging approaches for DELs to interrogate complex biological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Health@InnoHK, Innovation and Technology Commission, Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adakkattil R, Thakur K, Rai V. Reactivity and Selectivity Principles in Native Protein Bioconjugation. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1941-1956. [PMID: 34184826 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Are chemical methods capable of precisely engineering the native proteins? Is it possible to develop platforms that can empower the regulation of chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, protein-specificity, and site-specificity? This account delineates our research journey in the last ten years on the developments revolving around these questions. It will range from the realization of chemoselective and site-selective labeling of reactivity hotspots to modular linchpin directed modification (LDM®) platform and site-specific Gly-tag® technology. Also, we outline a few biotechnology tools, including Maspecter®, that accelerated the detailed analysis of the bioconjugates and rendered a powerful toolbox for homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Adakkattil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, 462 066, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyani Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, 462 066, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, 462 066, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sacco G, Stammwitz S, Belvisi L, Pignataro L, Dal Corso A, Gennari C. Functionalized 2‐Hydroxybenzaldehyde‐PEG Modules as Portable Tags for the Engagement of Protein Lysine ϵ‐Amino Groups. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simon Stammwitz
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Märcher A, Palmfeldt J, Nisavic M, Gothelf KV. A Reagent for Amine‐Directed Conjugation to IgG1 Antibodies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Märcher
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Brendstrupgårdsvej 21A 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Marija Nisavic
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Brendstrupgårdsvej 21A 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Märcher A, Palmfeldt J, Nisavic M, Gothelf KV. A Reagent for Amine‐Directed Conjugation to IgG1 Antibodies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6539-6544. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Märcher
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Brendstrupgårdsvej 21A 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Marija Nisavic
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University Brendstrupgårdsvej 21A 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dal Corso A. Targeted Small‐Molecule Conjugates: The Future is Now. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3321-3322. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mortensen MR, Skovsgaard MB, Gothelf KV. Considerations on Probe Design for Affinity‐Guided Protein Conjugation. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2711-2728. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Mortensen
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug DesignInterdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterAarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of ChemistryAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Skovsgaard
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug DesignInterdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterAarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of ChemistryAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Gothelf
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug DesignInterdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterAarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of ChemistryAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sannino A, Gabriele E, Bigatti M, Mulatto S, Piazzi J, Scheuermann J, Neri D, Donckele EJ, Samain F. Quantitative Assessment of Affinity Selection Performance by Using DNA‐Encoded Chemical Libraries. Chembiochem 2019; 20:955-962. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Gabriele
- Philochem AG Libernstrasse 3 8112 Otelfingen Switzerland
| | | | - Sara Mulatto
- Philochem AG Libernstrasse 3 8112 Otelfingen Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Piazzi
- Philochem AG Libernstrasse 3 8112 Otelfingen Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Florent Samain
- Philochem AG Libernstrasse 3 8112 Otelfingen Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|