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Liu J, Kang H, Song W, Bi X, Shi D, Sun Y, Cheng W, Zhang W, Zhao J, Dai H. Real-time coloration control of gallium-based strips through cold rolling. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22086-22090. [PMID: 39005247 PMCID: PMC11240215 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold rolling has been used as a real-time surface oxidation control method to create colored strips on flexible substrates. By controlling the extrusion rate in real time, a variety of colored strips have been fabricated on Ga-based liquid metal (LM) strips. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that the surfaces of the colored strips, which were obtained through extrusion rate control of LM-Al, consist primarily of metal oxide composites, including Ga2O3, Ga2O, Al2O3, SnO2, and In2O3. The colors of the strip surfaces are directly correlated with the oxide film thickness. Additionally, these cold-rolled colored thin strips demonstrate high conductivity and have significant potential for use as conductive flexible components with indicator functions in the flexible electronics realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
| | - Hao Kang
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
| | - Wencheng Song
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
- Hang Xin Material Technology Co. Ltd. Longkou 264006 China
| | - Xu Bi
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
- Hang Xin Material Technology Co. Ltd. Longkou 264006 China
| | - Youzheng Sun
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
| | | | - Weiye Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
| | - Han Dai
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University Longkou 265713 China
- Hang Xin Material Technology Co. Ltd. Longkou 264006 China
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Kim JH, Kim S, Dickey MD, So JH, Koo HJ. Interface of gallium-based liquid metals: oxide skin, wetting, and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1099-1119. [PMID: 38716614 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) are promising for a variety of applications-especially as a component material for soft devices-due to their fluidic nature, low toxicity and reactivity, and high electrical and thermal conductivity comparable to solid counterparts. Understanding the interfacial properties and behaviors of GaLMs in different environments is crucial for most applications. When exposed to air or water, GaLMs form a gallium oxide layer with nanoscale thickness. This "oxide nano-skin" passivates the metal surface and allows for the formation of stable microstructures and films despite the high-surface tension of liquid metal. The oxide skin easily adheres to most smooth surfaces. While it enables effective printing and patterning of the GaLMs, it can also make the metals challenging to handle because it adheres to most surfaces. The oxide also affects the interfacial electrical resistance of the metals. Its formation, thickness, and composition can be chemically or electrochemically controlled, altering the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the metal interface. Without the oxide, GaLMs wet metallic surfaces but do not wet non-metallic substrates such as polymers. The topography of the underlying surface further influences the wetting characteristics of the metals. This review outlines the interfacial attributes of GaLMs in air, water, and other environments and discusses relevant applications based on interfacial engineering. The effect of surface topography on the wetting behaviors of the GaLMs is also discussed. Finally, we suggest important research topics for a better understanding of the GaLMs interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Ju-Hee So
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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Okatenko V, Boulanger C, Chen AN, Kumar K, Schouwink P, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Voltage-Driven Chemical Reactions Enable the Synthesis of Tunable Liquid Ga-Metal Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25401-25410. [PMID: 37948677 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized particles of liquid metals are emerging materials that hold promise for applications spanning from microelectronics to catalysis. Yet, knowledge of their chemical reactivity is largely unknown. Here, we study the reactivity of liquid Ga and Cu nanoparticles under the application of a cathodic voltage. We discover that the applied voltage and the spatial proximity of these two particle precursors dictate the reaction outcome. In particular, we find that a gradual voltage ramp is crucial to reduce the native oxide skin of gallium and enable reactive wetting between the Ga and Cu nanoparticles; instead, a voltage step causes dewetting between the two. We determine that the use of liquid Ga/Cu nanodimer precursors, which consist of an oxide-covered Ga domain interfaced with a metallic Cu domain, provides a more uniform mixing and results in more homogeneous reaction products compared to a physical mixture of Ga and Cu NPs. Having learned this, we obtain CuGa2 alloys or solid@liquid CuGa2@Ga core@shell nanoparticles by tuning the stoichiometry of Ga and Cu in the nanodimer precursors. These products reveal an interesting complementarity of thermal and voltage-driven syntheses to expand the compositional range of bimetallic NPs. Finally, we extend the voltage-driven synthesis to the combination of Ga with other elements (Ag, Sn, Co, and W). By rationalizing the impact of the native skin reduction rate, the wetting properties, and the chemical reactivity between Ga and other metals on the results of such voltage-driven chemical manipulation, we define the criteria to predict the outcome of this reaction and set the ground for future studies targeting various applications for multielement nanomaterials based on liquid Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Coline Boulanger
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Chen
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
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Chang JJ, Du C, Pauls A, Thuo M. Tunable Hydrophobicity via Dimensionally Confined Polymerization of Organometallic Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13929-13936. [PMID: 33600027 PMCID: PMC8252771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of tunable fine textures on solid metal surfaces often demands sophisticated reaction/processing systems. By exploiting in situ polymerization and self-assembly of inorganic adducts derived from liquid metals (the so-called HetMet reaction) with concomitant solidification, solid metal films with tunable texture are readily fabricated. Serving as a natural dimensional confinement, interparticle pores and capillary-adhered thin liquid films in a pre-packed bed of undercooled liquid metal particles lead to the expeditious surface accumulation of organometallic synthons, which readily oligomerize and self-assemble into concentration-dictated morphologies/patterns. Tuning particle size, particle packing (flat or textured), and reactant concentration generates diverse, autonomously organized organometallic structures on a metal particle bed. Concomitant solidification and sintering of the underlying undercooled particle bed led to a multiscale patterned solid metal surface. The process is illustrated by creating tunable features on pre-organized metal particle beds with concomitant tunable wettability as illustrated through the so-called petal and lotus effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Chang
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Alana Pauls
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
- Micro-Electronics Research CentreAmesIA50014USA
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
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Chang JJ, Du C, Pauls A, Thuo M. Tunable Hydrophobicity via Dimensionally Confined Polymerization of Organometallic Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Chang
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Alana Pauls
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
- Micro-Electronics Research Centre Ames IA 50014 USA
- Iowa State University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
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Martin A, Chang BS, Pauls AM, Du C, Thuo M. Stabilization of Undercooled Metals via Passivating Oxide Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Boyce S. Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Alana M. Pauls
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
- Micro-Electronics Research Centre Ames IA 50014 USA
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Martin A, Chang BS, Pauls AM, Du C, Thuo M. Stabilization of Undercooled Metals via Passivating Oxide Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5928-5935. [PMID: 33381886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Undercooling metals relies on frustration of liquid-solid transition mainly by an increase in activation energy. Passivating oxide layers are a way to isolate the core from heterogenous nucleants (physical barrier) while also raising the activation energy (thermodynamic/kinetic barrier) needed for solidification. The latter is due to composition gradients (speciation) that establishes a sharp chemical potential gradient across the thin (0.7-5 nm) oxide shell, slowing homogeneous nucleation. When this speciation is properly tuned, the oxide layer presents a previously unaccounted for interfacial tension in the overall energy landscape of the relaxing material. We demonstrate that 1) the integrity of the passivation oxide is critical in stabilizing undercooled particle, a key tenet in developing heat-free solders, 2) inductive effects play a critical role in undercooling, and 3) the magnitude of the influence of the passivating oxide can be larger than size effects in undercooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Boyce S Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alana M Pauls
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Micro-Electronics Research Centre, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
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