1
|
Wentrup C. Kekulé’s Oscillating
D
3
h
Cyclohexatriene Structure of Benzene. European J Org Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang T, Li Z, Wang XB, Hou GL. Quantitative Descriptions of Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson Bonding Model: A Case Study of Zeise and Its Family Ions. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200835. [PMID: 36622739 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Historically, Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) model is a heuristic device to advance the development of organometallic chemistry and deepen our understanding of the metal-ligand bonding nature. Zeise's ion, the first man-made organometallic compound and a quintessential transition metal-olefin complex, was qualitatively explained using the DCD bonding scheme in 1950s. In this work, we quantified the explicit contributions of the σ donation and π back-donation to the metal-ligand bonding in Zeise and its family ions, [PtX3 L]- (X=F, Cl, Br, I, and At; L=C2 H4 , CO, and N2 ), using state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations and energy decomposition analysis. The relative importance of the σ donation and π back-donation depends on both X and L, with [PtCl3 (C2 H4 )]- being a critical case in which the σ donation is marginally weaker than the π back-donation. The changes along this series are controlled by the energy levels of the correlated molecular orbitals of PtX3 - and ligand L. This study deepens our understanding of the bonding properties for transition metal complexes beyond the qualitative description of the DCD model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wentrup C. Origins of Organic Chemistry and Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thum K, Friedrich A, Pahl J, Elsen H, Langer J, Harder S. Unsupported Mg-Alkene Bonding. Chemistry 2021; 27:2513-2522. [PMID: 33197075 PMCID: PMC7898539 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first intermolecular early main group metal-alkene complexes were isolated. This was enabled by using highly Lewis acidic Mg centers in the Lewis base-free cations (Me BDI)Mg+ and (tBu BDI)Mg+ with B(C6 F5 )4 - counterions (Me BDI=CH[C(CH3 )N(DIPP)]2 , tBu BDI=CH[C(tBu)N(DIPP)]2 , DIPP=2,6-diisopropylphenyl). Coordination complexes with various mono- and bis-alkene ligands, typically used in transition metal chemistry, were structurally characterized for 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, cyclooctene, 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene, and 2-ethyl-1-butene. In all cases, asymmetric Mg-alkene bonding with a short and a long Mg-C bond is observed. This asymmetry is most extreme for Mg-(H2 C=CEt2 ) bonding. In bromobenzene solution, the Mg-alkene complexes are either dissociated or in a dissociation equilibrium. A DFT study and AIM analysis showed that the C=C bonds hardly change on coordination and there is very little alkene→Mg electron transfer. The Mg-alkene bonds are mainly electrostatic and should be described as Mg2+ ion-induced dipole interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Thum
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Alexander Friedrich
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jürgen Pahl
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wentrup C. Bunsen the Geochemist: Icelandic Volcanism, Geyser Theory, and Gas, Rock and Mineral Analyses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1066-1081. [PMID: 33124104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Following the eruption of Hekla in 1845-1846 Bunsen was invited by King Christian VIII of Denmark and Iceland to participate in a geochemical expedition to Iceland together with the geologist Sartorius von Waltershausen and the physiologist Carl Bergmann from Göttingen. The French mineralogist Des Cloizeaux went to Iceland separately and joined the expedition. The eudiometer invented by Bunsen was crucial for his accurate characterization of volcanic gases and determination of the composition of mixtures. His analyses of the chemical compositions of numerous rocks and minerals led him to the classification of two fundamental rock types, the more silica rich (nowadays called felsic) and the less silica rich, more basic (mafic) in agreement with Des Cloizeaux and the Danish scientist J. C. Schythe. Bunsen also formulated the correct mechanism of geyser action and helped disband the theory of connections between geysers, volcanoes and the sea. He disagreed vehemently with Waltershausen over the mechanisms of formation of sal ammoniac and of volcanic rocks and their chemical compositions. He revealed himself as an ardent experimentalist vigorously opposed to hypotheses of any kind, which also made him dismiss the new chemical theories, for example, those of Dumas and Kekulé.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nagano T, Einaru S, Shitamichi K, Asano K, Matsubara S. trans
‐Cyclooctenes as Chiral Ligands in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Additions. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tagui Nagano
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyotodaigaku‐katsura, Nishikyo 615‐8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Shunsuke Einaru
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyotodaigaku‐katsura, Nishikyo 615‐8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenta Shitamichi
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyotodaigaku‐katsura, Nishikyo 615‐8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Keisuke Asano
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyotodaigaku‐katsura, Nishikyo 615‐8510 Kyoto Japan
| | - Seijiro Matsubara
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyotodaigaku‐katsura, Nishikyo 615‐8510 Kyoto Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wentrup C. Bunsen, der Geochemiker: isländische Vulkane, Geysirtheorie sowie Gas‐, Gesteins‐ und Mineralienanalysen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wentrup C. Ørsted und Bunsen: Voltaische Batterien, Elektrische Lichtbögen, Elektromagnetismus und Elektrolyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australien
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wentrup C. Ørsted and Bunsen: Voltaic Batteries, Electric Arcs, Electromagnetism, and Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18850-18857. [PMID: 32496634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
200 years ago Ørsted laid the foundation of electromagnetism in his famous experiment in which a magnetic needle is deflected in the electrical field of a platinum wire. For this he used his own Cu-Zn trough battery, which was among the best then available, but 21 years later it was surpassed by the coal-zinc battery invented by Bunsen, which became highly successful and acclaimed. That year, 1841, Bunsen made his first direct contact with Scandinavia when he visited Berzelius in Stockholm, Palmstedt in Gothenburg, and Ørsted, Scharling, and Zeise in Copenhagen. Like almost everybody in continental Europe, they adopted Bunsen's battery, and Ørsted used it for his experiments with a very large electromagnet. The paths of Ørsted's and Bunsen's research crossed again much later through the synthesis of elemental aluminum, which was first achieved by Ørsted in 1825 (although it was probably not obtained as the pure metal) and performed quite differently by Bunsen, by electrolysis using his coal-zinc battery, in 1854.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomas GT, Donnecke S, Paci I, McIndoe JS. Trichloro(Dinitrogen)Platinate(II). Chemistry 2020; 26:12359-12362. [PMID: 32598504 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Zeise's salt, [PtCl3 (H2 C=CH2 )]- , is the oldest known organometallic complex, featuring ethylene strongly bound to a platinum salt. Many derivatives are known, but none involving dinitrogen, and indeed dinitrogen complexes are unknown for both platinum and palladium. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of K2 [PtCl4 ] solutions generate strong ions corresponding to [PtCl3 (N2 )]- , the identity of which was confirmed through ion-mobility spectrometry and MS/MS experiments that proved it to be distinct from its isobaric counterparts [PtCl3 (C2 H4 )]- and [PtCl3 (CO)]- . Computational analysis established a gas-phase platinum-dinitrogen bond strength of 116 kJ mol-1 , substantially weaker than the ethylene and carbon monoxide analogues but stronger than for polar solvents such as water, methanol and dimethylformamide, and strong enough that the calculated N-N bond length of 1.119 Å represents weakening to a degree typical of isolated dinitrogen complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilian T Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British, Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Sofia Donnecke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British, Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Irina Paci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British, Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British, Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Today, we universally understand radicals to be chemical species with an unpaired electron. It was not always so, and this article traces the evolution of the term radical and in this journey, monitors the development of some of the great theories of organic chemistry.
Collapse
|