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Ho WGD, Zhang P, Haule K, Jackson JM, Dobrosavljević V, Dobrosavljevic VV. Quantum critical phase of FeO spans conditions of Earth's lower mantle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3461. [PMID: 38658590 PMCID: PMC11043421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47489-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Seismic and mineralogical studies have suggested regions at Earth's core-mantle boundary may be highly enriched in FeO, reported to exhibit metallic behavior at extreme pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions. However, underlying electronic processes in FeO remain poorly understood. Here we explore the electronic structure of B1-FeO at extreme conditions with large-scale theoretical modeling using state-of-the-art embedded dynamical mean field theory (eDMFT). Fine sampling of the phase diagram reveals that, instead of sharp metallization, compression of FeO at high temperatures induces a gradual orbitally selective insulator-metal transition. Specifically, at P-T conditions of the lower mantle, FeO exists in an intermediate quantum critical state, characteristic of strongly correlated electronic matter. Transport in this regime, distinct from insulating or metallic behavior, is marked by incoherent diffusion of electrons in the conducting t2g orbital and a band gap in the eg orbital, resulting in moderate electrical conductivity (~105 S/m) with modest P-T dependence as observed in experiments. Enrichment of solid FeO can thus provide a unifying explanation for independent observations of low seismic velocities and elevated electrical conductivities in heterogeneities at Earth's mantle base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ga D Ho
- Department of Physics and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Kristjan Haule
- Center for Materials Theory, Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer M Jackson
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Dobrosavljević
- Department of Physics and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Vasilije V Dobrosavljevic
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA.
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2
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Cheng L, Wang G, Ma Z, Guo H, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Gao J, Fu H. Self-similarity study based on the particle sizes of coal-series diatomite. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7502. [PMID: 38553501 PMCID: PMC10980820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Coal-series diatomite (CSD) is widely distributed in China and has poor functional and structural properties and exhibits limited utilization of high value-added materials, resulting in a serious waste of resources and tremendous pressure on the environment. Moreover, due to differences in the mineralogical characteristics of CSD, different particle size scales (PSSs) have different functional structures and exhibit different self-similarities. In this study, we took CSD as the research object and PSS as the entry point and carried out a self-similarity study based on gas adsorption and an image processing method to illustrate the microstructures and self-similarities of different PSSs. The results showed that the pore structure of the CSD was dominated by mesopores and macropores and basically lacked micropores. The fractal dimensions were calculated with the Frenkel-Haisey-Hill (FHH) model and Menger model, and the DF1 values for - 0.025 mm and - 2 mm were 2.51 and 2.48, respectively, and the DM1 values were 3.75 and 3.79, respectively, indicating that the mesopore structure of the fine PSS was complex, whereas macropores were present in the coarse PSS. MATLAB was programmed to obtain grayscale thresholds, binarized images, grayscale histograms, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction images and box dimensions, which enabled us to observe the microstructures and self-similarities of the CSD. Self-similarity studies based on particle sizes are very important for functional application of CSD.Please note that article title mismatch between MS and JS we have followed MS, kindly check and cofirm.Yes, I have checked and confirmed.Kindly check and confirm corresponding author mail id are correctly identified.Yes, I have checked and confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China.
| | - Guangming Wang
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China.
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110003, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Liaoning Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Co., Ltd, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Hanghang Fu
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
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3
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You M, Hu Y, Zhou C, Liu G. Speciation Characterization and Environmental Stability of Arsenic in Arsenic-Containing Copper Slag Tailing. Molecules 2024; 29:1502. [PMID: 38611783 PMCID: PMC11012958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing presence of arsenic-containing impurities within Cu ores can adversely affect the smelting process and aggravate the environmental impact of slag tailing. This study investigates the geochemical, mineralogical, and chemical speciation characteristics to better understand the association and environmental stability of metal(loid)s in copper slag tailing. The results indicate that the predominant chemical compositions of the selected slag tailing are Fe2O3 (54.8%) and SiO2 (28.1%). These tailings exhibit potential for multi-elemental contamination due to elevated concentrations of environmentally sensitive elements. Mineral phases identified within the slag tailings include silicate (fayalite), oxides (magnetite and hematite), and sulfides (galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, and chalcopyrite). The consistent presence of silicate, iron, arsenic, and oxygen in the elemental distribution suggests the existence of arsenic within silicate minerals in the form of Si-Fe-As-O phases. Additionally, arsenic shows association with sulfide minerals and oxides. The percentages of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) within the selected slag tailings are 59.4% and 40.6%, respectively. While the slag tailings are deemed non-hazardous due to the minimal amounts of toxic elements in leachates, proper disposal measures should be taken due to the elevated carbonate-bound levels of As and Cu present in these tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu You
- School of Biology Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China;
| | - Yunhu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China;
| | - Chuncai Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Road Tunxi, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
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4
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Nozaki T, Fukushima Y, Okada S, Takaya Y, Makabe A, Watanabe M. In situ gold adsorption experiment at an acidic hot spring using a blue-green algal sheet. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5739. [PMID: 38459152 PMCID: PMC10923829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gold (Au), as one of the most precious metal resources that is used for both industrial products and private ornaments, is a global investment target, and mining companies are making huge investments to discover new Au deposits. Here, we report in situ Au adsorption in an acidic hot spring by a unique adsorption sheet made from blue-green algae with a high preferential adsorption ability for Au. The results of in situ Au adsorption experiments conducted for various reaction times ranging from 0.2 h to 7 months showed that a maximum Au concentration of 30 ppm was adsorbed onto the blue-green algal sheet after a reaction time of 7 months. The Au concentration in the hot spring water was below the detection limit (< 1 ppt); therefore, Au was enriched by preferential adsorption onto the blue-green algal sheet by a factor of more than ~ 3 × 107. Thus, our gold recovery method has a high potential to recover Au even from an Au-poor solution such as hot spring water or mine wastewater with a low impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Nozaki
- Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Submarine Resources Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan.
- School of Engineering, Frontier Research Center for Energy and Resources, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- Department of Planetology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Yasuyuki Fukushima
- Applied Physics and Chemistry Group, Technology Platform Center, Technology and Intelligence Integration, IHI Corporation, 1 Shin-nakahara-cho, Yokohama, 235-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-Star), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yutaro Takaya
- Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Submarine Resources Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
- Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Makabe
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-Star), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Submarine Resources Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
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5
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Bramble MS, Hand KP. Spectral evidence for irradiated halite on Mars. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5503. [PMID: 38448458 PMCID: PMC10917766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The proposed chloride salt-bearing deposits on Mars have an enigmatic composition due to the absence of distinct spectral absorptions for the unique mineral at all wavelengths investigated. We report on analyses of remote visible-wavelength spectroscopic observations that exhibit properties indicative of the mineral halite (NaCl) when irradiated. Visible spectra of halite are generally featureless, but when irradiated by high-energy particles they develop readily-identifiable spectral alterations in the form of color centers. Consistent spectral characteristics observed in the reflectance data of the chloride salt-bearing deposits support the presence of radiation-formed color centers of halite on the surface of Mars. We observe a seasonal cycle of color center formation with higher irradiated halite values during winter months, with the colder temperatures interpreted as increasing the formation efficiency and stability. Irradiated halite identified on the surface of Mars suggests that the visible surface is being irradiated to the degree that defects are forming in alkali halide crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bramble
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | - Kevin P Hand
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
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Cobden L, Zhuang J, Lei W, Wentzcovitch R, Trampert J, Tromp J. Full-waveform tomography reveals iron spin crossover in Earth's lower mantle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1961. [PMID: 38438365 PMCID: PMC10912123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of Earth's seismic structure can be used to identify temperature-dependent phenomena, including mineralogical phase and spin transformations, that are obscured in 1-D spherical averages. Full-waveform tomography maps seismic wave-speeds inside the Earth in three dimensions, at a higher resolution than classical methods. By providing absolute wave speeds (rather than perturbations) and simultaneously constraining bulk and shear wave speeds over the same frequency range, it becomes feasible to distinguish variations in temperature from changes in composition or spin state. We present a quantitative joint interpretation of bulk and shear wave speeds in the lower mantle, using a recently published full-waveform tomography model. At all depths the diversity of wave speeds cannot be explained by an isochemical mantle. Between 1000 and 2500 km depth, hypothetical mantle models containing an electronic spin crossover in ferropericlase provide a significantly better fit to the wave-speed distributions, as well as more realistic temperatures and silica contents, than models without a spin crossover. Below 2500 km, wave speed distributions are explained by an enrichment in silica towards the core-mantle boundary. This silica enrichment may represent the fractionated remains of an ancient basal magma ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cobden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jingyi Zhuang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wenjie Lei
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Renata Wentzcovitch
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA.
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Jeannot Trampert
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Tromp
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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7
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Crawford JA, Sanyal S, Burnett BR, Wiesenfeld SL, Abraham JL. Accelerated silicosis in sandblasters: Pathology, mineralogy, and clinical correlates. Am J Ind Med 2024; 67:179-199. [PMID: 38265196 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing reports of accelerated and acute silicosis, PMF, and autoimmune disease among coal miners and silica-exposed countertop workers, we present previously incompletely-described pulmonary pathology of accelerated silicosis and correlations with mineralogy, radiography, and disease progression in 46 Texas oilfield pipe sandblasters who were biopsied between 1988 and 1995. METHODS Worker examinations included pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray (CXR), high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and Gallium-67 scans. Quantitative mineralogic analysis of pulmonary parenchymal burden of silica, silicates, and metal particles used scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM EDS). RESULTS Workers had clinical deterioration after <10 years exposure in dusty workplaces. Although initial CXR was normal in 54%, Gallium-67 scans were positive in 68% of those with normal CXR, indicating pulmonary inflammation. The histology of accelerated silicosis is diffuse interstitial infiltration of macrophages filled with weakly birefringent particles with or without silicotic nodules or alveolar proteinosis. Lung silica concentrations were among the highest in our database, showing a dose-response relationship with CXR, HRCT, and pathologic changes (macrophages, fibrosis, and silicotic nodules). Radiographic scores and diffusing capacity worsened during observation. Silica exposure was intensified, patients presented younger, with shorter exposure, more severe clinical abnormalities, higher lung particle burdens, and more rapid progression in a subset of patients exposed to recycled blasting sand. CONCLUSIONS Accelerated silicosis may present with a normal CXR despite significant histopathology. Multivariable analyses showed silica, and not other particles, is the driver of observed radiologic, physiologic, and histologic outcomes. Eliminating this preventable disease requires higher physician, public health, and societal awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Crawford
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Soma Sanyal
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Stephen L Wiesenfeld
- Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Odessa, Texas, USA
| | - Jerrold L Abraham
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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8
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Schaffrinna T, Milman V, Winkler B. Pathway for a martensitic quartz-coesite transition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3760. [PMID: 38355665 PMCID: PMC10866905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
An atomistic pathway for a strain-induced subsolidus martensitic transition between quartz and coesite was found by computing the set of the smallest atomic displacements required to transform a quartz structure into a coesite structure. A minimal transformation cell with 24 [Formula: see text] formula units is sufficient to describe the diffusionless martensitic transition from quartz to coesite. We identified two families of invariant shear planes during the martensitic transition, near the {10[Formula: see text]1} and {12[Formula: see text]2} set of planes, in agreement with the orientation of planar defect structures observed in quartz samples which experienced hypervelocity impacts. We calculated the reaction barrier using density functional theory and found that the barrier of 150 meV/atom is pressure invariant from ambient pressure up to 5 GPa, while the mean principal stress limiting the stability of strained quartz is [Formula: see text] 2 GPa. The model calculations quantitatively confirm that coesite can be formed in strained quartz at pressures significantly below the hydrostatic equilibrium transition pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schaffrinna
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Björn Winkler
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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9
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Ohuchi T, Higo Y, Tange Y, Sakai T, Matsuda K, Irifune T. Author Correction: In situ X-ray and acoustic observations of deep seismic faulting upon phase transitions in olivine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1233. [PMID: 38336853 PMCID: PMC10858252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohuchi
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Yuji Higo
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tange
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Itami, Osaka, 664-0016, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakai
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuda
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Irifune
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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10
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Broz AP, Pritchard-Peterson D, Spinola D, Schneider S, Retallack G, Silva LCR. Eocene (50-55 Ma) greenhouse climate recorded in nonmarine rocks of San Diego, CA, USA. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2613. [PMID: 38297060 PMCID: PMC10830502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonmarine rocks in sea cliffs of southern California store a detailed record of weathering under tropical conditions millions of years ago, where today the climate is much drier and cooler. This work examines early Eocene (~ 50-55 million-year-old) deeply weathered paleosols (ancient, buried soils) exposed in marine terraces of northern San Diego County, California, and uses their geochemistry and mineralogy to reconstruct climate and weathering intensity during early Eocene greenhouse climates. These Eocene warm spikes have been modeled as prequels for ongoing anthropogenic global warming driven by a spike in atmospheric CO2. Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM, ~ 55 Ma) kaolinitic paleosols developed in volcaniclastic conglomerates are evidence of intense weathering (CIA > 98) under warm and wet conditions (mean annual temperature [MAT] of ~ 17 °C ± 4.4 °C and mean annual precipitation [MAP] of ~ 1500 ± 299 mm). Geologically younger Early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO, 50 Ma) high shrink-swell (Vertisol) paleosols developed in coarse sandstones are also intensely weathered (CIA > 80) with MAT estimates of ~ 20 °C ± 4.4 °C but have lower estimated MAP (~ 1100 ± 299 mm), suggesting a less humid climate for the EECO greenhouse spike than for the earlier PETM greenhouse spike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Broz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | | | - Diogo Spinola
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of North British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Lucas C R Silva
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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11
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Jia L, Wang J, Cai X, Fang L, Ma Y, Wang Z. Study on morphology optimization of open-pit mine slope based on section and spatial morphology effect. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2603. [PMID: 38297110 PMCID: PMC10831053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Reasonable design of the slopes of mining field is an important prerequisite for optimizing open-pit mine boundary, ensuring safe production and improving economic benefits of open-pit mines. This study took the open-pit coal mine coal mine in Block I of Thar coal field in Pakistan as the research background, based on the section morphology effect of slope stability and the occurrence characteristics of coal seam and weak layer, the section morphology of slope was optimized step by step from two-dimensional angle by using the rigid body limit equilibrium method. The three-dimensional numerical simulation method is used to analyze the three-dimensional spatial effect of slope stability and reveal the influence of the spatial geometry of the slope stability. The spatial morphology of the slope was optimized and the evolutionary mechanism of slope instability was revealed. By comparing the optimized slope morphology with the preliminary design and the slope morphology of the straight slope with equal flat plate, the economic benefits were further analyzed. The results showed that under the premise of meeting the safety reserve coefficient, compared with the preliminary design and the design of equal plate. The slope angle of the optimized section morphology was increased by 1° and 3° respectively, and the coal resource recovery was increased by 332 m2 and 1790 m2 respectively, and the economic benefits were $ 18,065,859 and $ 54,408,251 respectively. And the slope angle of the optimized spatial morphology was increased by 3° and 5° respectively, and the coal resource recovery was increased by 1188 m2 and 2726 m2 respectively, and the economic benefits were $ 72,082,808 and $ 108,417,368 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jia
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xueting Cai
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, China
| | - Linhao Fang
- College of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, China
| | - Yonghai Ma
- Sino Sindh Resources Pvt Ltd, Mithi, 69230, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Sino Sindh Resources Pvt Ltd, Mithi, 69230, Sindh, Pakistan
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12
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Wang H, Liu L, Gao Z, Yang L, Naren G, Mao S. Structure and elasticity of CaC 2O 5 suggests carbonate contribution to the seismic anomalies of Earth's mantle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:755. [PMID: 38272879 PMCID: PMC10811330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of carbonate compounds under high pressure inside Earth is key to understanding the internal structure of the Earth, the deep carbon cycle and major geological events. Here we use first-principles simulations to calculate the structure and elasticity of CaC2O5-minerals with different symmetries under high pressure. Our calculations show that CaC2O5-minerals represent a group of low-density low-seismic-wave velocity mantle minerals. Changes in seismic wave velocity caused by the phase transformation of CaC2O5-Cc to CaC2O5-I[Formula: see text]2d (CaC2O5-C2-l) agree with wave velocity discontinuity at a depth of 660 km in the mantle transition zone. Moreover, when CaC2O5-Fdd2 transforms into CaC2O5-C2 under 70 GPa, its shear wave velocity decreases by 7.4%, and its density increases by 5.8%, which is consistent with the characteristics of large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Furthermore, the shear wave velocity of CaC2O5-I[Formula: see text]2d is very similar to that of cubic Ca-perovskite, which is one of the main constituents of the previously detected LLSVPs. Therefore, we propose that CaC2O5 and its high-pressure polymorphs may be a main component of LLSVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, and School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
- United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, 100036, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, 100036, Beijing, China.
| | - Zihan Gao
- United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, 100036, Beijing, China
| | - Longxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, and School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
- United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, 100036, Beijing, China
| | - Gerile Naren
- United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, 100036, Beijing, China
| | - Shide Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, and School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China.
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13
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Zhang N, Liu C, Zhu C, Chen B, Wang Z, Wu X. Precise detection of coal and gangue based on natural γ-ray. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1276. [PMID: 38218964 PMCID: PMC10787781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
To address the technical limitations of automatic coal and gangue detection technology in fully mechanized top coal caving mining operations, the low radiation level radioactivity measurement method is utilized to assess the degree of coal-gangue mixture in top coal caving process. This approach is based on the distinguishing radiation characteristics of natural γ-rays between coal and gangue. This study analyzed the distribution characteristics of natural γ-rays in coal and rock layers of thick coal seams and the applicability of this method, introduced the basic principle of coal-gangue detection technology based on natural γ-ray, developed the test system about automatic coal-gangue detection, studied the radiation characteristics of coal and gangue, proposed determination model of the coal-gangue mixed degree, combined with the time sequence characteristics of the top coal's releasing flow and the energy spectrum characteristics of different layers of rock, realized the precise coal-gangue detection technology in complex structure thick coal seam with multiple gangue. Field tests were conducted in Lilou, Xiaoyu and Tashan Coal Mine. The test results were well corroborated with the research results and achieved the expected results, which laid the foundation for the field application of intelligent coal mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Zhang
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China.
- School of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Changyou Liu
- School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chuanqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Baobao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Zhongbin Wang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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14
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Wang M. Study conical pick cutting performance and fatigue life in breaking rock plate process with numerical simulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:857. [PMID: 38195851 PMCID: PMC10776770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51351-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The fatigue life and cutting performance of conical pick is essential for the roadheader machine in the excavation engineering. In rock breaking process, the rock structural conditions has a certain influence on the rock breaking and rock damage with roadheader breaking rock. Established the simulation model of conical pick cutting jointed rock to investigate the influence of the rock joint, rock bedding and confining pressure on the cutting performance and fatigue life of conical pick and rock damage. And the MATLAB is applied to solve the difficulty of rock damage statistical analysis. The research results indicated that the cutting force decreases with the rock joint length increasing, the cutting force increases first and decreases with the rock bedding angle increasing, however, the cutting force decreases first and then increases with the confining pressure increasing. The rock damage has a great relationship with the rock joint, rock bedding and confining pressure. The rock damage increases first and decreases then with the rock joint increasing and the rock bedding angle increasing. However, the influence of confining pressure on rock damage is contrary. Meanwhile, the rock fracture volume is positively correlated with damage value. The research results indicated that the rock structural parameters have an obvious influence on conical pick cutting performance and rock damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
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15
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Gao J, Du C, Xu Z, Yi F. Analysis of compression damage pattern and strength influencing factors in graphite-tailing-filled soilbags. Sci Rep 2024; 14:802. [PMID: 38191499 PMCID: PMC10774416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To realize the resourceful use of soilbags filled with graphite tailings, their load-bearing and deformation characteristics must be fully understood. In this study, the following results were obtained by performing geometric testing of water-filled sealing bags and uniaxial compression tests of soilbags filled with graphite tailings. The volume of the soilbag expressed in rectangular form was approximately 0.773 times the actual volume. The types of compression damage to soilbags can be defined as surface damage and overall damage. The surface damage load increases with decreasing filling density and decreases with decreasing soilbag size. Moreover, the higher the tensile capacity of the soilbag material and the lower the friction between the soilbags, the greater the surface damage load. The overall damage load increased with an increase in the tensile strength of the soilbag material and decreased with an increase in the degree of filling; the overall damage load was greater for large-sized soilbags at high degrees of filling. Thus, the existing theoretical calculation method cannot accurately calculate the damage load of soilbags filled with graphite tailings, and the test results deviate from the theoretical calculation results, with the latter showing an increasing damage load with a decreasing filling degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi, 117004, China
| | - Changbo Du
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China.
| | - Zhan Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Fu Yi
- Beijing Jingneng Geological Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102300, China
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16
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Hess T, Mullis J, Franz L. The first petrographic characterisation of a prehistoric rock crystal mine in the Swiss Alps. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23107. [PMID: 38158400 PMCID: PMC10756879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, there has been increasing evidence for the prehistoric use of rock crystal in mountainous environments, including craft specialisation and long-distance exchange. Yet there are only a few known sites where the mineral was quarried in sustainable quantities. One of them is situated near Fiescheralp in the Upper Valais (Switzerland) and dates to the Early Mesolithic and a final stage of the Neolithic. Here we present the first petrographic characterisation of a prehistoric rock crystal mine in the Swiss Alps, involving a combination of different methods. The article provides a detailed description of the fluid inclusions within the quartz crystals and an overview over the related mineral paragenesis. This gives interesting new insights into the formation of the analysed fissure and allows comparing rock crystal artefacts found in other archaeological sites to this particular source. The results form the basis for further investigations concerning the circulation and distribution of the raw material in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hess
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Josef Mullis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30/32, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leander Franz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30/32, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Ulian G, Valdrè G. Facile band gap tuning in graphene-brucite heterojunctions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23090. [PMID: 38155172 PMCID: PMC10754930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The zero band gap of pure graphene is a well-known issue that limits some specific applications of graphene in opto- and microelectronics. This led to several research studies in the so-called van der Waals composites (known as heterostructures, or heterojunctions), where two monolayers of different materials are stacked and held together by dispersive interactions. In this paper, we introduced and considered a single layer of brucite Mg(OH)2, an overlooked 2D material that can be easily produced by exfoliation (like graphene from graphite), for the creation of the heterojunction. First principles simulations showed that brucite/graphene composites can modify the electronic properties (position of the Dirac cone with respect to the Fermi level and band gap) according to the crystallographic stacking and the presence of point defects. The present work represents then an important step forward in understanding and finding new ways to design two-dimensional materials with tailored electronic and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Ulian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Centro di Ricerche Interdisciplinari di Biomineralogia, Cristallografia e Biomateriali, Università di Bologna "Alma Mater Studiorum", Piazza di Porta San Donato 1, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valdrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Centro di Ricerche Interdisciplinari di Biomineralogia, Cristallografia e Biomateriali, Università di Bologna "Alma Mater Studiorum", Piazza di Porta San Donato 1, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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18
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Montesano G, Rispoli C, Petrosino P, Jackson MD, Weisenberger TB, Gudmundsson MT, Cappelletti P. Authigenic mineralization in Surtsey basaltic tuff deposits at 50 years after eruption. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22855. [PMID: 38129450 PMCID: PMC10739796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of basaltic glass and in situ mineral growth are fundamental processes that influence the chemical and material properties of Earth's oceanic crust. These processes have evolved at the basaltic island of Surtsey (SW Iceland) since eruptions terminated in 1967. Here, subaerial and submarine lapilli tuff samples from a 192 m-deep borehole drilled in 2017 (SE-02b) are characterized through petrographic studies, X-ray powder diffraction analyses, and SEM-EDS imaging and chemical analyses. The integrated results reveal (i) multi-stage palagonitization processes in basaltic glass and precipitation of secondary minerals from matrix pore fluids, (ii) multi-stage crystallization of secondary phillipsite, analcime and Al-tobermorite in the vesicles of basaltic pyroclasts and (iii) variations in palagonitization processes as a function of thermal and hydrological domains. Although temperature appears to be an important factor in controlling rates of secondary mineralization, the chemistry of original basaltic components and interstitial fluids also influences reaction pathways in the young pyroclastic deposits. The integration of systematic mineralogical analyses of the 50-year-old tuff from one of the most carefully monitored volcanic sites on Earth, together with temperature monitoring in boreholes since 1980, provide a reference framework for evaluating mineralogical evolution in other Surtseyan-type volcanoes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Montesano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Ed. 10, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Concetta Rispoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Ed. 10, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Petrosino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Ed. 10, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marie D Jackson
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tobias B Weisenberger
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Piergiulio Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Ed. 10, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
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19
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Mulder SJ, van Ruitenbeek FJA, Foing BH, Sánchez-Román M. Multitechnique characterization of secondary minerals near HI-SEAS, Hawaii, as Martian subsurface analogues. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22603. [PMID: 38114584 PMCID: PMC10730813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary minerals in lava tubes on Earth provide valuable insight into subsurface processes and the preservation of biosignatures on Mars. Inside lava tubes near the Hawaii-Space Exploration and Analog Simulation (HI-SEAS) habitat on the northeast flank of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, a variety of secondary deposits with distinct morphologies were observed consisting of mainly sodium sulphate powders, gypsum crystalline crusts, and small coralloid speleothems that comprise opal and calcite layers. These secondary deposits formed as a result of hydrological processes shortly after the formation and cooling of the lava tubes and are preserved over long periods of time in relatively dry conditions. The coralloid speleothem layers are likely related to wet and dry periods in which opal and calcite precipitates in cycles. Potential biosignatures seem to have been preserved in the form of porous stromatolite-like layers within the coralloid speleothems. Similar secondary deposits and lava tubes have been observed abundantly on the Martian surface suggesting similar formation mechanisms compared to this study. The origin of secondary minerals from tholeiitic basalts together with potential evidence for microbial processes make the lava tubes near HI-SEAS a relevant analog for Martian surface and subsurface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Mulder
- Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9746 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Earth Sciences Department, Science Faculty, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J A van Ruitenbeek
- Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard H Foing
- LUNEX/ILEWG EuroMoonMars & Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Román
- Earth Sciences Department, Science Faculty, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Yakich TY, Zhimuleva ES, Rudmin MA, Ruban AS, Maximov PN, Shaldybin MV. The first identification of cronstedtite in Cu-Ni-PGE ores of the Talnakh intrusion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22437. [PMID: 38105270 PMCID: PMC10725892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We present new mineralogical data of cronstedtite from the Southern-2 orebody, located in the South-Western branch of the Talnakh intrusion (Noril'sk area) composed of massive sulfides in which the total amount of oxides and silicates does not exceed 1-3 vol%. The petrographic and mineralogical features of these ores indicated occurrence of fine-grained, fibrous needle like clusters < 50-µm-sized grains of cronstedtite (7.09 Å along its c-axis). This mineral confirmed by a number of analytical techniques (powder X-ray diffraction of balk samples, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman and Infrared spectroscopy). Cronstedtite sporadically contains signals of Al, Ni, Ca and filling the cracks and cavities between sulfides of copper (chalcopyrite) and iron (pyrrhotite, pentlandite). In some cases, cronstedtite contains micron-sized PGM, and associates with magnetite. According the X-ray diffraction analysis of the bulk massive ores besides cronstendtite are established kaolinite, gypsum, calcite, quartz, and cristobalite. The findings of cronstedtite in Noril'sk area have never been mentioned publicly before. Its occurrence is the northernmost known locality in the world. Our results imply that the formation of cronstedtite in the Talnakh intrusion could be possible by the active participation low-temperatures fluids within the relatively near-surface (< 2 km of paleosurface) conditions of intrusion emplacement, in contrast to other deep-seated supergiant Cu-Ni-PGE deposits in the world. The conditions of formation in isolated cavities in fresh pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite massive ores of deep level of the Talnakh intrusion could be favorable for the formation of cronstendtite.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yu Yakich
- Division for Geology, School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Soviet Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634050.
| | - E S Zhimuleva
- Division for Geology, School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Soviet Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - M A Rudmin
- Division for Geology, School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Soviet Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - A S Ruban
- Division for Geology, School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Soviet Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - P N Maximov
- Division for Geology, School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Soviet Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - M V Shaldybin
- Division for Geology, School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Soviet Street, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
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21
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Dobrosavljevic VV, Zhang D, Sturhahn W, Chariton S, Prakapenka VB, Zhao J, Toellner TS, Pardo OS, Jackson JM. Melting and defect transitions in FeO up to pressures of Earth's core-mantle boundary. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7336. [PMID: 37957142 PMCID: PMC10643405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-pressure melting curve of FeO controls key aspects of Earth's deep interior and the evolution of rocky planets more broadly. However, existing melting studies on wüstite were conducted across a limited pressure range and exhibit substantial disagreement. Here we use an in-situ dual-technique approach that combines a suite of >1000 x-ray diffraction and synchrotron Mössbauer measurements to report the melting curve for Fe1-xO wüstite to pressures of Earth's lowermost mantle. We further observe features in the data suggesting an order-disorder transition in the iron defect structure several hundred kelvin below melting. This solid-solid transition, suggested by decades of ambient pressure research, is detected across the full pressure range of the study (30 to 140 GPa). At 136 GPa, our results constrain a relatively high melting temperature of 4140 ± 110 K, which falls above recent temperature estimates for Earth's present-day core-mantle boundary and supports the viability of solid FeO-rich structures at the roots of mantle plumes. The coincidence of the defect order-disorder transition with pressure-temperature conditions of Earth's mantle base raises broad questions about its possible influence on key physical properties of the region, including rheology and conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilije V Dobrosavljevic
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Now at Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Dongzhou Zhang
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Wolfgang Sturhahn
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas S Toellner
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olivia S Pardo
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Now at Physics Division, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Jackson
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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22
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Corre M, Brunet F, Schwartz S, Gautheron C, Agranier A, Lesimple S. Quaternary low-temperature serpentinization and carbonation in the New Caledonia ophiolite. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19413. [PMID: 37940638 PMCID: PMC10632469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The low-temperature alteration (< 150 °C) of ophiolites by infiltrated meteoric waters removes atmospheric CO2 through mineral carbonation and is assumed to generate H2 and possibly CH4 according to so-called serpentinization reactions. This overall alteration pattern is primarily constrained by the chemical composition of alkaline springs that are issued in several ophiolites worldwide. Here we report on the fingerprint, as veinlet mineralization, of the reactive percolation of such meteoric waters in the New Caledonia ophiolite (Massif du Sud). The mineralization which resulted from carbonation and serpentinization reactions, is young (< 2 Ma) and formed at a temperature of ca. 95 °C. It is mainly composed of lizardite, dolomite, magnetite ± pyroaurite. Thermochemical simulation of mineral-water equilibria shows that the percolating aqueous fluid was alkaline and H2 bearing. The δ13C of dolomite is exceptionally high, between 7.1 and up to 17.3‰, and is interpreted as evidence of low-temperature methanogenesis. Overall, the percolating fluid had a chemical composition similar to that of the waters issued today in the (hyper)alkaline springs of the Massif du Sud. The studied veinlets are thus interpreted as a sample of the plumbing system that fed an ancient Quaternary alkaline spring in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Corre
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, USMB, CNRS, IRD, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Brunet
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, USMB, CNRS, IRD, 38041, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Schwartz
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, USMB, CNRS, IRD, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Gautheron
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, USMB, CNRS, IRD, 38041, Grenoble, France
- GEOPS, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Agranier
- GEO-OCEAN, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IUEM, CNRS, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Stéphane Lesimple
- Service Géologique de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP M2, 98849, Nouméa, New Caledonia
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23
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Srivastava P, J Murton B, Sant'Anna LG, Florindo F, Hassan MB, Taciro Mandacaru Guerra J, de Assis Janasi V, Jovane L. Red clays indicate sub-aerial exposure of the Rio Grande Rise during the Eocene volcanic episode. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19092. [PMID: 37925541 PMCID: PMC10625572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) mapping of the western Rio Grande Rise (RGR), South Atlantic, and subsequent exploration and photography of horizontal lava flows exposed in near vertical, faulted escarpments, showed occurrences of red clays/weathered volcanic tops trapped between successive alkaline lava flows. These red clays indicate a hiatus in successive volcanic eruptions. Here, we report detailed mineralogical, geochemical, and rock magnetic characteristics of one such distinct red clay dredged from ~ 650 m water depth in the western RGR. The mineral constituents of the red clay are kaolinite, magnetite, oxidized magnetite (/maghemite), hematite, and goethite, with biogenic calcite and halite occupying voids or precipitated on the surface of the red clay. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) has a value of 93, showing that red clay is a product of extreme chemical weathering of the lava flows. The alkaline volcanic rocks recovered from nearby show an age of ~ 44 Ma, indicating an Eocene age for the volcanism. We show that the red clays are a product of sub-aerial chemical weathering of these Eocene volcanic rocks, in a warm-wet climate, before the thermal subsidence of the RGR to its modern-day bathymetric depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyeshu Srivastava
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, 05508-120, Brazil.
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai, 410218, India.
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Bramley J Murton
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Lucy Gomes Sant'Anna
- Instituto de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289, São Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Fabio Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Muhammad Bin Hassan
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, 05508-120, Brazil
| | | | - Valdecir de Assis Janasi
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo, 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Luigi Jovane
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, 05508-120, Brazil
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24
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Sahin ER, Koksal D. Asbestos: Mineralogical features and fiber analysis in biological materials. Arch Environ Occup Health 2023; 78:369-378. [PMID: 37800384 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2023.2264764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Asbestos is a mineral with unique physical and chemical properties that make it highly resistant to heat, fire, and corrosion. Nevertheless, exposure to asbestos fibers has been linked to serious health problems, including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. Despite the ban on asbestos usage, asbestos-related diseases are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Analyzing the mineralogical features and fiber analysis of asbestos in biological materials is critical for scenarios where an asbestos exposure history cannot be obtained, a clinical diagnosis cannot be made, or legal aspects necessitate further investigation. This review outlines the mineralogical features and fiber analysis techniques of asbestos in biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Reyhan Sahin
- Department of Public Health, Department of Occupational Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Sihhiye/Altindag, Turkey
| | - Deniz Koksal
- Department of Chest Diseases, Director of Mesothelioma and Medical Geology Research Center, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Sihhiye/Altindag, Turkey
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25
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Timmerman S, Stachel T, Koornneef JM, Smit KV, Harlou R, Nowell GM, Thomson AR, Kohn SC, Davies JHFL, Davies GR, Krebs MY, Zhang Q, Milne SEM, Harris JW, Kaminsky F, Zedgenizov D, Bulanova G, Smith CB, Cabral Neto I, Silveira FV, Burnham AD, Nestola F, Shirey SB, Walter MJ, Steele A, Pearson DG. Sublithospheric diamond ages and the supercontinent cycle. Nature 2023; 623:752-756. [PMID: 37853128 PMCID: PMC10665200 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Subduction related to the ancient supercontinent cycle is poorly constrained by mantle samples. Sublithospheric diamond crystallization records the release of melts from subducting oceanic lithosphere at 300-700 km depths1,2 and is especially suited to tracking the timing and effects of deep mantle processes on supercontinents. Here we show that four isotope systems (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb and Re-Os) applied to Fe-sulfide and CaSiO3 inclusions within 13 sublithospheric diamonds from Juína (Brazil) and Kankan (Guinea) give broadly overlapping crystallization ages from around 450 to 650 million years ago. The intracratonic location of the diamond deposits on Gondwana and the ages, initial isotopic ratios, and trace element content of the inclusions indicate formation from a peri-Gondwanan subduction system. Preservation of these Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic sublithospheric diamonds beneath Gondwana until its Cretaceous breakup, coupled with majorite geobarometry3,4, suggests that they accreted to and were retained in the lithospheric keel for more than 300 Myr during supercontinent migration. We propose that this process of lithosphere growth-with diamonds attached to the supercontinent keel by the diapiric uprise of depleted buoyant material and pieces of slab crust-could have enhanced supercontinent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette Timmerman
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Institute for Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Stachel
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Karen V Smit
- School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rikke Harlou
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Geoff M Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Andrew R Thomson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon C Kohn
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joshua H F L Davies
- Département des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gareth R Davies
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy Y Krebs
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah E M Milne
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W Harris
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Felix Kaminsky
- V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Zedgenizov
- A. N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Bulanova
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris B Smith
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Antony D Burnham
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Steven B Shirey
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael J Walter
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Graham Pearson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Woltz CR, Anderson RP, Tosca NJ, Porter SM. The role of clay minerals in the preservation of Precambrian organic-walled microfossils. Geobiology 2023; 21:708-724. [PMID: 37724627 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Precambrian organic-walled microfossils (OWMs) are primarily preserved in mudstones and shales that are low in total organic carbon (TOC). Recent work suggests that high TOC may hinder OWM preservation, perhaps because it interferes with chemical interactions involving certain clay minerals that inhibit the decay of microorganisms. To test if clay mineralogy controls OWM preservation, and if TOC moderates the effect of clay minerals, we compared OWM preservational quality (measured by pitting on fossil surfaces and the deterioration of wall margins) to TOC, total clay, and specific clay mineral concentrations in 78 shale samples from 11 lithologic units ranging in age from ca. 1650 to 650 million years ago. We found that the probability of finding well-preserved microfossils positively correlates with total clay concentrations and confirmed that it negatively correlates with TOC concentrations. However, we found no evidence that TOC influences the effect of clay mineral concentrations on OWM preservation, supporting an independent role of both factors on preservation. Within the total clay fraction, well-preserved microfossils are more likely to occur in shales with high illite concentrations and low berthierine/chamosite concentrations; however, the magnitude of their effect on preservation is small. Therefore, there is little evidence that bulk clay chemistry is important in OWM preservation. Instead, we propose that OWM preservation is largely regulated by physical properties that isolate organic remains from microbial degradation such as food scarcity (low TOC) and low sediment permeability (high total clay content): low TOC increases the diffusive distances between potential carbon sources and heterotrophic microbes (or their degradative enzymes), while high clay concentrations reduce sediment pore space, thereby limiting the diffusion of oxidants and degradative enzymes to the sites of decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woltz
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - R P Anderson
- All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N J Tosca
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S M Porter
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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27
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Wang XH, Jing W, Zhang WB, Wang JH, Yun QL, Wang YQ, Yi S. An analysis of impact load and fragmentation dimension to explore energy dissipation patterns in coal crushing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18255. [PMID: 37880353 PMCID: PMC10600144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This research delineates the energy dissipation characteristics in coal crushing under impact loads, leveraging the capabilities of Separated Hopkinson Pressure Bar experimental system. A meticulous examination of both burst-prone and non-burst-prone coal samples during destruction processes was undertaken to decipher the dynamic compression mechanical attributes from perspectives of energy and fragmentatio's fractal dimensions. Burst-prone coal showcases a more pronounced escalation in fragmentation work in comparison to non-burst-prone samples, thereby illustrating a perceptible strain-rate dependent effect correlating with enhanced strain rates. Additionally, it was observed that incident, reflected, and transmitted energy trajectories for both sample categories follow an approximately linear ascendancy, albeit exhibiting diverse magnitudes. Burst-prone coal manifests a more rapid and focused energy growth compared to its non-burst-prone counterpart. When subjected to impact loads, a notable trend was discerned where the fragmentation's fractional dimension escalated persistently with both the incident energy and the crushing work, portraying a prominent growth effect. The insights garnered from this study pave the way for distinguishing between impacted and unimpacted coal samples using energy perspectives and fragmentation's fractal dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-He Wang
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wu Jing
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wen-Bo Zhang
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiang-Hao Wang
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qing-Long Yun
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi-Qing Wang
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sui Yi
- Transportation College, Jilin University, Jilin, 130000, China
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28
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Ben Amar I, Thomas A, Bachmann C, Hafnaoui A, Griguer H, Miled A, Messaddeq Y. XRF online analyzer for measurements of P 2O 5 content in phosphate slurry. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17925. [PMID: 37864005 PMCID: PMC10589280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Online X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) setup was constructed and optimized for analysing the P2O5 content in phosphate slurry (PS). Serval samples were analysed using two configurations of the setup, one with low and vertical flow and another with high and horizontal flow. The mean absolute error achieved through the first configuration was 0.87% and 0.38% using the second configuration. Reference samples were analyzed using the two configurations to construct the calibration curves. The curves cover a concentration range of P2O5 from 13.50 to 18.50% when considering the horizontal flow configuration, and a range of 14.00-15.60% when considering the vertical flow setup. An experimental study was conducted in order to optimize the measurement parameters for the online measurement of P2O5 in the phosphate slurry using the horizontal flow setup. A good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of [Formula: see text] was attained using an excitation energy of 20 kV or 25 kV, an excitation current of 600 µA, a distance of 18 mm between the sample and the detector, a measurement time of 60 s per spectrum and the use of an Aluminum filter between the X-ray tube and the measurement window. Online X-ray fluorescence analysis of P entails some challenges due to the low characteristic energy of P, the phosphate slurry matrix and the online analysis mode. However, the outcomes of this study indicate that XRF is a promising technology to meet the requirement for digitalization of chemical analysis of phosphate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ben Amar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Digital Innovation Center of Excellence DICE, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University UM6P, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
- Center for Optics, Photonics, and Lasers, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Hafid Griguer
- Digital Innovation Center of Excellence DICE, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University UM6P, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Amine Miled
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Younès Messaddeq
- Center for Optics, Photonics, and Lasers, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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29
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Chen D, Li Z, Xie S, Wang Z, Jiang Z, Jia Q, Wang Y. The J 2 evolution model and control technology of the main roadway surrounding rock under superimposed influence of double-coal seam mining. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17569. [PMID: 37845227 PMCID: PMC10579408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Under double-seam mining, the main roadway surrounding rock is affected by the superposition of the advanced stress of the two-seam coal working faces. The stress superposition mode and degree are of great significance to the width calculation of the protective coal pillar and the determination of the critical control direction of the surrounding rock. This paper uses theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and site engineering practice to carry out targeted research. The conclusions are as follows: Under different lateral pressure coefficients, the superposition evolution law of maximum principal stress direction of two coal seams with different offsets; Two developmental trends and three types of evolution models of J2 peak zone (the critical area of the stress increase and deflection changes) under different superimposed loading modes are summarized. Based on the typical asymmetric evolution model of the J2 peak zone, an asymmetric truss-cable co-anchoring method is proposed aimed at the J2 critical zone. The field monitoring results show that the main roadway surrounding rock is stable after support when the upper coal seam protective coal pillar is left 80 m, and the lower one is 60 m wide. It is of great reference importance for similar engineering practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chen
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shengrong Xie
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zaisheng Jiang
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingbo Jia
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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30
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Rivera RM, Bird P, Jenkin GRT, Abbott AP. A novel method for extracting metals from asteroids using non-aqueous deep eutectic solvents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16960. [PMID: 37807021 PMCID: PMC10560668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra-terrestrial mining and metal processing are vital for access to strategic metals for space exploration. This study demonstrates for the first time the catalytic dissolution of metals from meteorite proxies of metal-rich asteroids using a deep eutectic solvent (DES). DESs are of particular interest for extra-terrestrial mining as they can be designed to have relatively low vapour pressures and could potentially be made from organic waste products created in extra-terrestrial settlements. Three types of meteorites were investigated: two chondrites (H3, H5) and one iron (IAB-MG) meteorite. Chondrite samples were composed of silicates (olivine, pyroxene) with metal-rich phases occurring as native metal alloys, sulphides and oxides. Metallic Fe-Ni and troilite (FeS) are the most abundant metal-bearing phases in all three samples, particularly in the iron-rich meteorite. The samples were subjected to chemical micro-etching experiments with iodine and iron(III) chloride as oxidising agents in a DES formed from the mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol. Micro-etching experiments demonstrated that Fe-Ni rich phases are effectively leached out in this system, while other mineral phases remain unreactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Marin Rivera
- Centre for Sustainable Material Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Philip Bird
- Centre for Sustainable Resource Extraction, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Gawen R T Jenkin
- Centre for Sustainable Resource Extraction, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- Centre for Sustainable Material Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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31
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Samarkin Y, Amao AO, Aljawad MS, Borji M, Scott N, AlTammar MJ, Alruwaili KM. In-situ micro-CT scanning and compressive strength assessment of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) treated chalk. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16806. [PMID: 37798425 PMCID: PMC10556016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of wellbore mechanical failure is a consequence of the interaction among factors such as in situ stress, rock strength, and engineering procedures. The process of hydrocarbons production, causing reduction of pore pressure, alters the effective stresses in the vicinity of a borehole, leading to borehole instability issues. Estimating the rocks' elastic modulus and compressive strength is essential to comprehend the rock matrix's mechanical response during drilling and production operations. This study aimed to assess the practicality of Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphate (DAP) application as a chemical for strengthening chalk in hydrocarbon reservoirs, to make it resistant to high stresses and failure during drilling and production. The mechanical and physical properties of Austin chalk rock samples treated with DAP under mimicked reservoir conditions were studied. The results showed that DAP is a highly effective carbonate rock consolidating agent that improves the mechanical strength of the chalk. Compressive test measurements conducted on rocks treated at two different temperatures (ambient and 50 °C) showed that DAP effectively strengthened the rock matrix, resulting in an increase in its compressive strength (22-24%) and elastic modulus (up to 115%) compared to the untreated sample. The favorable outcomes of this research suggest that the DAP solution holds promise as a consolidation agent in hydrocarbon reservoirs. This contributes to the advancement of knowledge regarding effective strategies for mitigating mechanical failures of the wellbore during drilling and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy Samarkin
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abduljamiu Olalekan Amao
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Murtada Saleh Aljawad
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mostafa Borji
- Bruker microCT N.V, Kartuizersweg 3 B, 2550, Kontich, Belgium
| | - Norman Scott
- Bruker microCT N.V, Kartuizersweg 3 B, 2550, Kontich, Belgium
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32
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Luisier C, Tajčmanová L, Yamato P, Duretz T. Garnet microstructures suggest ultra-fast decompression of ultrahigh-pressure rocks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6012. [PMID: 37758720 PMCID: PMC10533891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plate tectonics is a key driver of many natural phenomena occurring on Earth, such as mountain building, climate evolution and natural disasters. How plate tectonics has evolved through time is still one of the fundamental questions in Earth sciences. Natural microstructures observed in exhumed ultrahigh-pressure rocks formed during continental collision provide crucial insights into tectonic processes in the Earth's interior. Here, we show that radial cracks around SiO2 inclusions in ultrahigh-pressure garnets are caused by ultrafast decompression. Decompression rates of at least 8 GPa/Myr are inferred independently of current petrochronological estimates by using thermo-mechanical numerical modeling. Our results question the traditional interpretation of fast and significant vertical displacement of ultrahigh-pressure tectonic units during exhumation. Instead, we propose that such substantial decompression rates are related to abrupt changes in the stress state of the lithosphere independently of the spatial displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Luisier
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Lucie Tajčmanová
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Yamato
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Thibault Duretz
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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Firdaus G, Prasad M, Behura J. A novel anisotropy template for an improved interpretation of elastic anisotropy data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16160. [PMID: 37758821 PMCID: PMC10533563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight unconventional rocks are characterized by the presence of laminations, preferentially oriented cracks, and an interconnected network of compliant minerals. Such anisotropic features can mechanically deform due to pressure depletion during production, leading to a human-induced change of elastic and fluid transport properties. Rock physics models allow us to better predict and assess stress- and direction-dependent elastic moduli of the rock, useful for horizontal stress estimates. However, elastic anisotropy can be challenging to measure and interpret. We have developed an anisotropy template that can be used to assess stress-dependent changes in elastic moduli and investigate rock textures. We present here the template construction using an effective medium model consisting of stiff and compliant layers and crack inclusions and evaluate the origin of stress-dependent stiffness changes in acoustic data from Berea, Bakken, Three Forks, and Mancos formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gama Firdaus
- Center for Rock & Fluid Multiphysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Manika Prasad
- Center for Rock & Fluid Multiphysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Jyoti Behura
- Center for Rock & Fluid Multiphysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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34
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Ren L, Tang J, Pan Y, Zhang X, Yu H. Macroscopic fracture mechanism of coal body and evolution characteristics analysis of impact force in deep coal and gas outburst. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15944. [PMID: 37743394 PMCID: PMC10518348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase of mining depth and intensity, coal and gas outburst dynamic disasters occur frequently. In order to deeply study the macroscopic fracture mechanism of coal body and evolution characteristics analysis of impact force, taking the outburst coal seam of Pingmei No. 11 Coal Mine and Sunjiawan coal seam of Hengda Coal Mine as the research objects, the simulation roadway test system of self-developed true triaxial coal and gas outburst is applied to carry out the simulation test of deep coal and gas outburst with buried depths of 1000 m, 1200 m, 1400 m and 1600 m. During the test, the overlying strata stress is simulated by axial compression, the surrounding rock stress is simulated by confining pressure, the gas pressure is simulated by pore pressure, the impact force and acoustic emission monitoring technology are introduced, and the coal seam gas pressure is simulated by mixture pressure of 45% CO2 and 55% N2. From the viewpoint of fracture mechanics, the crack propagation mechanism of coal in the outburst launching area is discussed, the evolution characteristics of impact force and gas pressure are analyzed, and the influence law between acoustic emission signal and impact force is revealed. From the viewpoint of energy conversion, the transformation character of gas internal energy to impact kinetic energy (gas pressure to impact force) are analyzed. The results show that the generation of I-type crack is a prerequisite for outburst catastrophe. With the crack propagation, I-type and II-type cracks intersect and penetrate, resulting in internal structural damage and skeleton instability of coal. Gas wrapped fragmentized coal body thrown, outburst occurs. There is obvious negative pressure in the roadway after outburst. The occurrence of negative pressure is greatly affected by the physical and mechanical properties of coal, ground stress and gas pressure. Impact kinetic energy is mainly provided by gas internal energy. Part of the gas pressure is converted into impact force. The strength and duration of the impact force are determined by the gas pressure. Under the condition of deep working conditions (high ground stress and low gas pressure), the propagation of impact force in the roadway is more hindered. Both impact force and acoustic emission signals can monitor the occurrence of outburst. The peak point of acoustic emission ringing count is earlier than the impact force. The acoustic emission signal can monitor the outburst hazard earlier. The impact force can more specifically reflect the coal fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingran Ren
- School of Mechanics and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jupeng Tang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yishan Pan
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghao Yu
- School of Mechanics and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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35
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Hornby A, Gazel E, Bush C, Dayton K, Mahowald N. Phases in fine volcanic ash. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15728. [PMID: 37735194 PMCID: PMC10514198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Volcanic ash emissions impact atmospheric processes, depositional ecosystems, human health, and global climate. These effects are sensitive to the size and composition of the ash; however, datasets describing the constituent phases over size ranges relevant for atmospheric transport and widely distributed impacts are practically nonexistent. Here, we present results of X-ray diffraction measurements on size-separated fractions of 40 ash samples from VEI 2-6 eruptions. We characterize changes in phase fractions with grainsize, tectonic setting, and whole-rock SiO2. For grainsizes < 45 μm, average fractions of crystalline silica and surface salts increased while glass and iron oxides decreased with respect to the bulk sample. Samples from arc and intraplate settings are distinguished by feldspar and clinopyroxene fractions (determined by different crystallization sequences) which, together with glass, comprise 80-100% of most samples. We provide a dataset to approximate glass-free proportions of major crystalline phases; however, glass fractions are highly variable. To tackle this, we describe regressions between glass and major crystal phase fractions that help constrain the major phase proportions in volcanic ash with limited a priori information. Using our dataset, we find that pore-free ash density is well-estimated as a function of the clinopyroxene + Fe-oxide fraction, with median values of 2.67 ± 0.01 and 2.85 ± 0.03 g/cm3 for intraplate and arc samples, respectively. Finally, we discuss effects including atmospheric transport and alteration on modal composition and contextualize our proximal airfall ash samples with volcanic ash cloud properties. Our study helps constrain the atmospheric and environmental budget of the phases in fine volcanic ash and their effect on ash density, integral to refine our understanding of the impact of explosive volcanism on the Earth system from single eruptions to global modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hornby
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Esteban Gazel
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Claire Bush
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Dayton
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Mahowald
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Ma J, Wei D, Zhang Q. Experimental study on the probabilities of kinked arches and kinked arch locations in ore passes under the influences of multiple factors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15364. [PMID: 37717089 PMCID: PMC10505197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A smooth shaft production process is important to ensure the safe and efficient development of mineral resources. Due to the influence of ore rock and the mismatch between rock size and ore pass design, an arching phenomenon occurs frequently during actual ore pass release, stagnating production. Therefore, an ore pass release simulator with a freely variable ore pass angle and height is designed and used to conduct a four-factor, five-level orthogonal ore pass release experiment. An analysis is performed to determine the influence of four factors-ore particle size, ore moisture, ore pass inclination and slip height-on the probability of ore pass arching; from there, an ore pass arching probability equation is constructed and the characteristics of the ore pass arching location are clarified, effectively predicting the probability of ore pass arching and providing an effective basis for handling arching events within an applicable range. This analysis effectively predicts the probability of ore pass arch within the applicable range, and provides an effective basis for handling ore pass arch events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Ma
- North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Dianen Wei
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Chai J, Ma Z, Zhang D, Yang J, Huang Z, Qiu F. Multi-method joint monitoring study on strata behavior in shallow seam mining under bedrock gully. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15350. [PMID: 37714856 PMCID: PMC10504377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Baijigou Coal Mine in Helan mountain mining area is alpine gully landform, and the double key stratums are cut by the gully. A two-dimensional physical similarity model under this condition was established in the laboratory. The strain field, deformation field and pressure field of the model are jointly and accurately monitored by BOTDA, DIC and pressure sensors. The rock behavior in shallow coal seam mining under bedrock gullies are studied. In the mining stage under the gully, the deformation of overburden is intense because overburden is thin, and the surface is easy to form a depression basin. In the mining stage far away from the gully, the deformed rock mass lacks horizontal support in the process of deflecting to the lower goaf, and the movement rock is in a multilateral block. The multilateral block rock periodically deflects and rotates, resulting in the periodic deformation and break of the inferior key stratum. At the mining stage of away from the gully, nine times of roof weighting occurred. And there are large and small periodic weighting phenomenon with the average roof pressure concentration coefficient is 1.37. The distance between the peak point of advance abutment pressure and the coal wall is 6-18 cm, and the influence distance decreases with the advancing of the working face. The inferior key stratum has a significant impact on the weighting process and the weighting strength. In the mining stage under the mountaintop, large downward inclined tension crack is prone to produce in the slope on the side of the stope line, and the roof weighting is the most severe. In the mining stage close to the gully, the overburden falls in layers from bottom to top, and the overburden at the slope toe is prone to slip. At the mining stage under the mountaintop and close to the gully, five times of roof weighting occurred. And the roof weighting concentration coefficient is 1.46 on average. The distance between the peak point of advance abutment pressure and the coal wall is always kept at 6-16 cm, and the influence distance is 33-41 cm. The study can provide a reference for mining design and ensures safe and efficient mining in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chai
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China.
- Western Key Laboratory of Mine Mining and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Zhe Ma
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Western Key Laboratory of Mine Mining and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Western Key Laboratory of Mine Mining and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Fengqi Qiu
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
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Abdel-Hakeem M, El-Habaak G. Textural complications of banded iron formation and the potential production of nano-magnetite: a case study from the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15158. [PMID: 37704678 PMCID: PMC10499896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work makes integrated value-added, geological and chemical studies on the texturally intricate banded iron formation "BIF" that is represented here, as a case in point, by the Um Nar BIF located in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Geologically, the Um Nar BIF is composed mainly of oxide-rich facies and silicate-rich facies mostly expressed as bands of variable thickness (90-730 µm). Magnetite, martite, goethite, and quartz are detected as the main components of the oxide-rich facies, while epidote, stilpnomelane, and garnet occupy the other facies type. The studied ore can be classified as a low-grade iron ore containing 51.23 wt.% Fe2O3 and 39.64 wt.% SiO2 along with considerable phosphorous content (1.01 wt.% P2O5). These elemental concentrations do not match the recommended benchmarks for iron and steelmaking (e.g.75.78-95.8 wt.% Fe2O3, 5-7 wt.% SiO2, and 0.04 wt.% P2O5). Moreover, the studied BIF has a poor liberation behavior on crushing and grinding due to the complex interlocking of magnetite with quartz and stilpnomelane expressed as a sieve-like texture. This textural complication directed the current work to investigate the potential exploitation of the Um Nar BIF as a precursor of nano-magnetite that is commonly synthesized by ferrous and ferric chlorides. Accordingly, HCl-based agitation leaching followed by co-precipitation was carried out, resulting in ultrafine mesoporous nano-magnetite (2.47-4.27 nm particle size, 120 m2g-1 surface area, 0.55 cm3g-1 pore volume, and 4.88 nm pore diameter) expected to serve in water treatment as an effective adsorbent for heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Galal El-Habaak
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
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Park C, Song Y, Kim N, Choi SJ, Chwae U, Jang Y, Kwon S, Kim J, Kim H, Jeong YJ. In-situ δ 18O and 87Sr/ 86Sr proxies in an unconformable clastic unit at the Ordovician-Silurian transition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15174. [PMID: 37704744 PMCID: PMC10499834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clastic successions found in the carbonate platform of continental margin during the Ordovician-Silurian Transition (OST) period are archives for interpreting paleo-depositional systems. Here, we report in-situ δ18Oquartz and 87Sr/86Srcarbonate isotope chemo-stratigraphy for an unconformable clastic unit from the Cathaysia terrane that rifted off the Gondwana Supercontinent in the Early Paleozoic Era. Our results suggest a depositional proxy and model for geological events attributed to rapid changes in the sedimentary environment during the OST period. Importantly, these results present crucial clues that infer the influence of Paleo-Tethys Sea opening, global eustatic regression, and rapid sedimentary provenance change. Our study provides insight into paleo-tracer that could be a key method for interpreting depositional system of carbonate platform based on in-situ mineral isotope chemo-stratigraphy that preserves the original value of provenance and geochemical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Park
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yungoo Song
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ja Choi
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ueechan Chwae
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yirang Jang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Kwon
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Kim
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joong Jeong
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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40
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Abdel-Rahman AM, El-Desoky HM, Shebl A, El-Awny H, Amer YZ, Csámer Á. The geochemistry, origin, and hydrothermal alteration mapping associated with the gold-bearing quartz veins at Hamash district, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15058. [PMID: 37700069 PMCID: PMC10497572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating diverse techniques and datasets, significantly enhances the accurate identification of various mineral deposits. This work aims to determine different types of mineral deposits in the Hamash district (Southern Eastern Desert, Egypt) by combining structural features (derived from ALOS PALSAR DEM), alteration zones (detected using ASTER and Sentinel-2), and ore mineralogy. Multispectral imaging, such as ASTER and Sentinel-2 satellite data, provides a cost-effective and efficient tool for lithological and hydrothermal alteration mapping utilizing selective band ratios (SBR), directed principal component analysis (DPCA), feature-oriented false-color composites (FFCC), and constrained energy minimization (CEM). The deductions drawn from the analysis of ASTER and Sentinel 2 satellite data are solidly corroborated through meticulous investigations of pre-existing lithological maps in the study area, on-site validation via fieldwork, and robust laboratory analysis, attesting to reliable results. Validation of remote sensing results was performed through field observations, petrographic investigations, X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), and SEM-EDX analyses. Based on ore mineralogy derived from XRD and SEM results the quartz-vein-associated ore minerals in the Hamash district include chalcopyrite, pyrite, hematite, goethite, bornite, covellite, and gold. According to the present paragenesis, the mineralization in the study area is classified into three types: sulfide mineralized zone, transitional zone, and supergene zone. Using an ore microscope, our studies identified that the alteration zones include gold-bearing sulfide minerals as well as the minerals goethite and malachite. In gold-bearing quartz samples, the concentrations of Cu, As, Ag, and Sb are positively correlated with Au at the degree of shear deformation. According to data gathered from the fire assay results, Au content varied from 0.027 to 57.20 ppm, along with Cu (10-6484 ppm), Ag (0.5-20.5 ppm), As (5-2046 ppm), Zn (3-1095 ppm), Pb (2-1383 ppm), and Sb (5-23). Our results confirmed that the Hamash region is one of the most important gold-bearing sites, with gold concentrations ranging from 0.027 up to 57.20 ppm. Furthermore, the current contribution highlighted four stages in the paragenetic sequence of the recorded ores, including magmatic, metamorphic, hydrothermal, and supergene by origin, indicating a considered similarity with the known Egyptian gold sites regarding host rocks, mineralization style, alteration assemblage, and several ore mineral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdel-Rahman
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, PO Box 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem M El-Desoky
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, PO Box 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Shebl
- Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Hamada El-Awny
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, PO Box 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yahia Z Amer
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, PO Box 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Árpád Csámer
- Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Cosmochemistry and Cosmic Methods Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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41
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Riggi VS, Watson EB, Steele A, Rogers KL. Mineral-Mediated Oligoribonucleotide Condensation: Broadening the Scope of Prebiotic Possibilities on the Early Earth. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1899. [PMID: 37763303 PMCID: PMC10532843 DOI: 10.3390/life13091899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of life on earth requires the synthesis of protobiopolymers in realistic geologic environments along strictly abiotic pathways that rely on inorganic phases (such as minerals) instead of cellular machinery to promote condensation. One such class of polymer central to biochemistry is the polynucleotides, and oligomerization of activated ribonucleotides has been widely studied. Nonetheless, the range of laboratory conditions tested to date is limited and the impact of realistic early Earth conditions on condensation reactions remains unexplored. Here, we investigate the potential for a variety of minerals to enhance oligomerization using ribonucleotide monomers as one example to model condensation under plausible planetary conditions. The results show that several minerals differing in both structure and composition enhance oligomerization. Sulfide minerals yielded oligomers of comparable lengths to those formed in the presence of clays, with galena being the most effective, yielding oligonucleotides up to six bases long. Montmorillonite continues to excel beyond other clays. Chemical pretreatment of the clay was not required, though maximum oligomer lengths decreased from ~11 to 6 bases. These results demonstrate the diversity of mineral phases that can impact condensation reactions and highlight the need for greater consideration of environmental context when assessing prebiotic synthesis and the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S. Riggi
- Rensselaer Astrobiology Research and Education Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (E.B.W.); (A.S.); (K.L.R.)
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - E. Bruce Watson
- Rensselaer Astrobiology Research and Education Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (E.B.W.); (A.S.); (K.L.R.)
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Andrew Steele
- Rensselaer Astrobiology Research and Education Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (E.B.W.); (A.S.); (K.L.R.)
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Karyn L. Rogers
- Rensselaer Astrobiology Research and Education Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (E.B.W.); (A.S.); (K.L.R.)
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Vlieghe M, Rochez G, Pire-Stevenne S, Storme JY, Dekoninck A, Vanbrabant Y, Namur O, Zhang Y, Van Ham-Meert A, Donnadieu JP, Berbigé M, Hasbroucq JL, Yans J. Ni-rich mineral nepouite explains the exceptional green color of speleothems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15017. [PMID: 37699915 PMCID: PMC10497518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Speleothems are secondary mineral structures typically found in karstic caves and usually composed of calcite or aragonite. Despite being naturally white, some might exhibit unusual colors, such as blue, black, red, yellow or green. The causes of these exceptional colorations are poorly understood, especially for green speleothems, which are barely reported. Here we describe the occurrence of the green Ni-bearing serpentine nepouite in green aragonite and calcite speleothems, in the Aven du Marcou (Hérault, France). Nepouite is mainly found as flat lamellar crystals in the outer rim of green speleothems and crystallized alongside radially grown aragonite crystals. This supports nepouite beginning to crystallize recently, due to a change in the chemical composition of the water. Nepouite also exhibits extensive substitution between Ni, Mg and Zn. The various elements responsible for nepouite precipitation are thought to come from the weathering of pyrite crystals in the overlying rocks, which is consistent with the pH conditions of the cave and the Al-free composition of nepouite. This study explains the crystallization mechanisms and stability conditions of silicate minerals in colored caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vlieghe
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Gaëtan Rochez
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Yves Storme
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Augustin Dekoninck
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- G-Time Laboratory, Geosciences, Environment and Society Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Vanbrabant
- Geological Survey of Belgium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Namur
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yishen Zhang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Van Ham-Meert
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michel Berbigé
- Association Mont Marcou, Saint-Geniès-de-Varensal, France
| | | | - Johan Yans
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
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Cano N, González-Jiménez JM, Camprubí A, Domínguez-Carretero D, González-Partida E, Proenza JA. Nanomaterial accumulation in boiling brines enhances epithermal bonanzas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14985. [PMID: 37696864 PMCID: PMC10495403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithermal bonanza-type ores, characterized by weight-percent contents of e.g., gold and silver in a few mm to cm, are generated by mixtures of magmatic-derived hydrothermal brines and external fluids (e.g., meteoric) that transport a variety of metals to the site of deposition. However, the low solubilities of precious metals in hydrothermal fluids cannot justify the high concentrations necessary to produce such type of hyper-enriched metal ore. Here we show that boiling metal-bearing brines can produce, aggregate, and accumulate metal nanomaterials, ultimately leading to focused gold + silver ± copper over-enrichments. We found direct nano-scale evidence of nanoparticulate gold- and/or silver-bearing ores formed via nonclassical growth (i.e., nanomaterial attachment) during boiling in an intermediate-sulfidation epithermal bonanza. The documented processes may explain the generation of bonanzas in metal-rich brines from a range of mineral deposit types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Cano
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - José M González-Jiménez
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Avda. de Las Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Antoni Camprubí
- Instituto de Geología, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Diego Domínguez-Carretero
- Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí I Franquès S/N, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín A Proenza
- Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí I Franquès S/N, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Dzinomwa G, Mapani B, Nghipulile T, Maweja K, Kurasha JT, Amwaama M, Chigayo K. Mineralogical Characterization of Historic Copper Slag to Guide the Recovery of Valuable Metals: A Namibian Case Study. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6126. [PMID: 37763403 PMCID: PMC10532964 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of the ore reserves in the world necessitates the search for secondary sources such as waste products (tailings and slag). The treatment and cleaning up of such secondary sources also has a positive impact on the environment. A smelter in Namibia we examined had historic slag which accumulated over decades of its operating life, thus posing the challenge of how best to collect representative samples to evaluate and propose viable methods of recovering contained metals. In this study, analytical and mineralogical characterization of the slag was performed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), ICP-OES, scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, and optical microscopy analysis. The chemical analyses showed that the metal values contained in the slag were mainly copper, lead, and zinc whose average contents were approximately 0.35% Cu, 3% Pb, and 5.5% Zn. About 10.5% Fe was also contained in the slag. Germanium was detected by scanning electron microscopy, but was however below detection limits of the chemical analysis equipment used. Based on the results, approximate conditions under which the different slag phases were formed were estimated and the recovery routes for the various metals were proposed. Analysis by both optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed that Zn and Fe occurred mainly in association with O as oxides, while Cu and Pb were mainly associated with S as sulphides. The slag consisted of three different phases, namely the silicate phase (slag), metallic phase and the sulphide phases. The phases in the slag were mainly silicate phases as well as metallic and sulphide phases. It was observed that the metallic and sulphide phases were dominant in the finer size fractions (-75 µm) whereas the sulphide phase was also present in the coarser size fractions (+300 µm). An important finding from the microscopy examination was that the sulphide phases were interstitial and could be liberated from the slag. This finding meant that liberation and subsequent concentration of the sulphide phases was feasible using conventional processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Dzinomwa
- Department of Civil, Mining, and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, Windhoek 13388, Namibia; (B.M.); (K.M.); (J.T.K.); (M.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Benjamin Mapani
- Department of Civil, Mining, and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, Windhoek 13388, Namibia; (B.M.); (K.M.); (J.T.K.); (M.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Titus Nghipulile
- Minerals Processing Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa;
| | - Kasonde Maweja
- Department of Civil, Mining, and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, Windhoek 13388, Namibia; (B.M.); (K.M.); (J.T.K.); (M.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Jaquiline Tatenda Kurasha
- Department of Civil, Mining, and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, Windhoek 13388, Namibia; (B.M.); (K.M.); (J.T.K.); (M.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Martha Amwaama
- Department of Civil, Mining, and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, Windhoek 13388, Namibia; (B.M.); (K.M.); (J.T.K.); (M.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Kayini Chigayo
- Department of Civil, Mining, and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, Windhoek 13388, Namibia; (B.M.); (K.M.); (J.T.K.); (M.A.); (K.C.)
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45
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Li Q, Qin Y, Ren S. Structural characterization analysis and macromolecular model construction of coal from Qinggangping coal mine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14365. [PMID: 37658094 PMCID: PMC10474278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular structure characteristics of coal at the molecular level is of great significance to realize the rational utilization and efficient conversion of coal. This paper gives insights into the acquisition of characterization parameters of coal molecular microstructure by testing and analyzing the long flame coal from Qinggangping (QGP) Coal Mine through proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, vitrinite reflectance determination, fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy test (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron epectroscopy test (XPS), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that benzene rings in the QGP coal are mainly connected in a disubstituted way, accounting for 36.48%. Oxygen atoms mainly exist in the oxygen-containing functional groups such as the ether C-O, C=O and -COO. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in the aliphatic group are mainly of symmetrical -CHx stretching vibration. Hydroxyl groups are mainly composed of OH-OH and OH-O hydrogen bonds, accounting for 29.21% and 21.53%, respectively. Nitrogen atoms exist in the form of C4H5N. The coal molecular is mainly of aromatic carbon structure, where the ratio of bridge aromatic carbon to peripheral carbon is 0.198. There are benzene, naphthalene and anthracene in the coal molecular structure, and the former two chemicals play a dominating role. According to the analysis results, the molecular formula of the QGP coal is finally determined as C205H181O29N3S. On this basis, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional macromolecular models are constructed with the assistance of simulation software. In addition, the 13C-NMR spectra and densities of the constructed molecular models are calculated, which verifies the rationality of the models. The macromolecular structure model of bituminous coal constructed in this study provides a theoretical model basis for the optimal surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute, Shenfu Demonstration Zone, Shenyang, 113122, China.
| | - Shaokui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute, Shenfu Demonstration Zone, Shenyang, 113122, China
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Kimura Y, Kato T, Tanigaki T, Akashi T, Kasai H, Anada S, Yoshida R, Yamamoto K, Nakamura T, Sato M, Amano K, Kikuiri M, Morita T, Kagawa E, Yada T, Nishimura M, Nakato A, Miyazaki A, Yogata K, Abe M, Okada T, Usui T, Yoshikawa M, Saiki T, Tanaka S, Terui F, Nakazawa S, Yurimoto H, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Naraoka H, Sakamoto K, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y, Tachibana S. Visualization of nanoscale magnetic domain states in the asteroid Ryugu. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14096. [PMID: 37644091 PMCID: PMC10465612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the samples collected from the asteroid Ryugu, magnetite displays natural remanent magnetization due to nebular magnetic field, whereas contemporaneously grown iron sulfide does not display stable remanent magnetization. To clarify this counterintuitive feature, we observed their nanoscale magnetic domain structures using electron holography and found that framboidal magnetites have an external magnetic field of 300 A m-1, similar to the bulk value, and its magnetic stability was enhanced by interactions with neighboring magnetites, permitting a disk magnetic field to be recorded. Micrometer-sized pyrrhotite showed a multidomain magnetic structure that was unable to retain natural remanent magnetization over a long time due to short relaxation time of magnetic-domain-wall movement, whereas submicron-sized sulfides formed a nonmagnetic phase. These results show that both magnetite and sulfide could have formed simultaneously during the aqueous alteration in the parent body of the asteroid Ryugu.
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Grants
- JPMXS0450200421 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMXS0450200421 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMXS0450200421 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMXS0450200421 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMXS0450200421 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMXS0450200421 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMXS0450200421 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kimura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Takeharu Kato
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanigaki
- Research and Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akashi
- Research and Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kasai
- Research and Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan
| | - Satoshi Anada
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yoshida
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sato
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kana Amano
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mizuha Kikuiri
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morita
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kagawa
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, 243-0292, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
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Shang J, Feng M, Wang X, Zhang B, Xu L, Liu X. Alteration effects of karstification and hydrothermalism on middle Permian Qixia formation at the Wulong section, South China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13128. [PMID: 37573447 PMCID: PMC10423293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the southwestern region of Sichuan (SW China) has experienced multiphase fluidisation, resulting in an unclear understanding of the reservoir reconstruction effect. In this study, a systematic analysis of the Qi2 member in Wulong Town was carried out by combining field outcrop petrology and geochemistry. The results demonstrated that multiple sets of crystalline dolomite-bioclastic limestone cycles were stacked vertically in the Qi2 member, accompanied by the development of fractures and karst channels. The dolomite was mainly composed of silty-fine dolomite (D1) and recrystallised dolomite (D2). Furthermore, obvious multiphase dolomitic cements (Cd1-Cd2) were present in the fractures and pores. Early karst is known to have lithologic mutation surface development and karst channel development at the top of several secondary cycles. The vadose silt dolomites (Cd1) having karst channels developed dull luminescence under cathode luminescence (CL). Both the geochemical indicators of elements and rare earth element (REE) content indicated dysoxic-oxic environmental conditions. The hydrothermal solution displayed tectonic carniole characteristics in the strata burial stage. Fractures and pores were filled with hydrothermal minerals such as coarse dolomites-saddle dolomites (Cd2, with some caused by recrystallisation of the Cd1 hydrothermal solution) and fluorites. Coarse dolomites-saddle dolomites developed dull-red luminescence with a bright-red rim under CL and their δ18OVPDB values were more negative than those of middle Permian limestone samples. Both the geochemical indicators of elements and REE content indicated the suboxic-anoxic environmental conditions. Karstification had minor constructive impact on the reservoir of the Qi2 member in Baoxing in southwestern Sichuan. Most products of karstification were distributed as fillings in channels. Aside from creating certain networked fractures, the hydrothermal solution was mainly filled with hydrothermal minerals along the fractures, pores and early karst channels. Karst and the hydrothermal solution mainly damaged the middle and upper parts of the middle Permian Qixia Formation in Southwest Sichuan. The impact of episodic fluid on the restoration of the carbonate reservoir was mainly restricted by channels for fluid migration and thickness differences among the reservoir. However, certain thick-layered and massive crystalline dolomite may hold promise for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Shang
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Mingyou Feng
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Benjian Zhang
- Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Filed Company, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Filed Company, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
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48
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Toffolo MB, Pinkas I, Gallo AÁ, Boaretto E. Crystallinity assessment of anthropogenic calcites using Raman micro-spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12971. [PMID: 37563197 PMCID: PMC10415260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic calcite is a form of calcium carbonate produced through pyrotechnological activities, and it is the main component of materials such as lime binders and wood ash. This type of calcite is characterized by a significantly lower degree of crystallinity compared with its geogenic counterparts, as a result of different formation processes. The crystallinity of calcite can be determined using infrared spectroscopy in transmission mode, which allows decoupling particle size effect from atomic order and thus effectively distinguish anthropogenic and geogenic calcites. On the contrary, Raman micro-spectroscopy is still in the process of developing a reference framework for the assessment of crystallinity in calcite. Band broadening has been identified as one of the proxies for crystallinity in the Raman spectra of geogenic and anthropogenic calcites. Here we analyze the full width at half maximum of calcite bands in various geogenic and anthropogenic materials, backed against an independent crystallinity reference based on infrared spectroscopy. Results are then used to assess the crystallinity of anthropogenic calcite in archaeological lime binders characterized by different states of preservation, including samples affected by the formation of secondary calcite, and tested on micromorphology thin sections in which lime binders are embedded in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Toffolo
- Geochronology and Geology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ana Álvaro Gallo
- Geochronology and Geology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Boaretto
- D-REAMS Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Scientific Archaeology Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
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49
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Wang S, Wang L, Ren B, Ding K, Jiang C, Guo J. Study of the mechanical characteristics of coal-serial sandstone after high temperature treatment under true triaxial loading. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13036. [PMID: 37563356 PMCID: PMC10415394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of true triaxial loading tests were carried out on coal-measure sandstone after high temperature treatment by using a self-developed true triaxial test system combined with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, and the mass loss, deformation characteristics and loss failure mode of sandstone before and after heat treatment were systematically studied. It is found that the true triaxial mechanical properties of sandstone after high temperature treatment are closely related to temperature, and the peak strength, maximum principal strain, volume strain, minimum fracture angle and elastic modulus, which all showed bimodal changes, and 800 °C is the threshold temperature of the first four parameters. The transition temperature of the elastic modulus is 400 °C. It is found that the test results of true triaxial high temperature sandstone are in good agreement with the existing true triaxial theory and test results. The failure forms of the samples at different temperatures show inverted "Y" or inverted "N" shapes. Shear failure occurs when the temperature is below 400 °C, and shear-tension failure occurs when the temperature is above 600 °C. At the same time, it is found that the AE signal has four periods, namely the quiet period, growth period, explosion period and decline period. The number of AE events corresponds to the deviatoric stress interval well. Experimental study of the mechanical properties of sandstone under the coupling effect of high temperature and true triaxial stress has guiding significance for the parameter selection and safety evaluation of roof sandstone in underground coal gasification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Lianguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Chongyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Jiaxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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50
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Fei H, Ballmer MD, Faul U, Walte N, Cao W, Katsura T. Variation in bridgmanite grain size accounts for the mid-mantle viscosity jump. Nature 2023; 620:794-799. [PMID: 37407826 PMCID: PMC10447242 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
A viscosity jump of one to two orders of magnitude in the lower mantle of Earth at 800-1,200-km depth is inferred from geoid inversions and slab-subducting speeds. This jump is known as the mid-mantle viscosity jump1,2. The mid-mantle viscosity jump is a key component of lower-mantle dynamics and evolution because it decelerates slab subduction3, accelerates plume ascent4 and inhibits chemical mixing5. However, because phase transitions of the main lower-mantle minerals do not occur at this depth, the origin of the viscosity jump remains unknown. Here we show that bridgmanite-enriched rocks in the deep lower mantle have a grain size that is more than one order of magnitude larger and a viscosity that is at least one order of magnitude higher than those of the overlying pyrolitic rocks. This contrast is sufficient to explain the mid-mantle viscosity jump1,2. The rapid growth in bridgmanite-enriched rocks at the early stage of the history of Earth and the resulting high viscosity account for their preservation against mantle convection5-7. The high Mg:Si ratio of the upper mantle relative to chondrites8, the anomalous 142Nd:144Nd, 182W:184W and 3He:4He isotopic ratios in hot-spot magmas9,10, the plume deflection4 and slab stagnation in the mid-mantle3 as well as the sparse observations of seismic anisotropy11,12 can be explained by the long-term preservation of bridgmanite-enriched rocks in the deep lower mantle as promoted by their fast grain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhan Fei
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Maxim D Ballmer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrich Faul
- Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Walte
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Orléans, France
| | - Tomoo Katsura
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing, China
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