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Zimmerle D, Dileep S, Quinn C. Unaddressed Uncertainties When Scaling Regional Aircraft Emission Surveys to Basin Emission Estimates. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6575-6585. [PMID: 38564483 PMCID: PMC11025109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Wide-area aerial methods provide comprehensive screening of methane emissions from oil and gas (O & G) facilities in production basins. Emission detections ("plumes") from these studies are also frequently scaled to the basin level, but little is known regarding the uncertainties during scaling. This study analyzed an aircraft field study in the Denver-Julesburg basin to quantify how often plumes identified maintenance events, using a geospatial inventory of 12,629 O & G facilities. Study partners (7 midstream and production operators) provided the timing and location of 5910 maintenance events during the 6 week study period. Results indicated three substantial uncertainties with potential bias that were unaddressed in prior studies. First, plumes often detect maintenance events, which are large, short-duration, and poorly estimated by aircraft methods: 9.2 to 46% (38 to 52%) of plumes on production were likely known maintenance events. Second, plumes on midstream facilities were both infrequent and unpredictable, calling into question whether these estimates were representative of midstream emissions. Finally, 4 plumes attributed to O & G (19% of emissions detected by aircraft) were not aligned with any O & G location, indicating that the emissions had drifted downwind of some source. It is unclear how accurately aircraft methods estimate this type of plume; in this study, it had material impact on emission estimates. While aircraft surveys remain a powerful tool for identifying methane emissions on O & G facilities, this study indicates that additional data inputs, e.g., detailed GIS data, a more nuanced analysis of emission persistence and frequency, and improved sampling strategies are required to accurately scale plume estimates to basin emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zimmerle
- Energy
Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Sonu Dileep
- Department
of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
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2
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Xie Z, Xu S, Li L, Gong S, Wu X, Xu D, Mao B, Zhou T, Chen M, Wang X, Shi W, Song S. Well-defined diatomic catalysis for photosynthesis of C 2H 4 from CO 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2422. [PMID: 38499562 PMCID: PMC10948895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to the specific electronic-redistribution and spatial proximity, diatomic catalysts (DACs) have been identified as principal interest for efficient photoconversion of CO2 into C2H4. However, the predominant bottom-up strategy for DACs synthesis has critically constrained the development of highly ordered DACs due to the random distribution of heteronuclear atoms, which hinders the optimization of catalytic performance and the exploration of actual reaction mechanism. Here, an up-bottom ion-cutting architecture is proposed to fabricate the well-defined DACs, and the superior spatial proximity of CuAu diatomics (DAs) decorated TiO2 (CuAu-DAs-TiO2) is successfully constructed due to the compact heteroatomic spacing (2-3 Å). Owing to the profoundly low C-C coupling energy barrier of CuAu-DAs-TiO2, a considerable C2H4 production with superior sustainability is achieved. Our discovery inspires a novel up-bottom strategy for the fabrication of well-defined DACs to motivate optimization of catalytic performance and distinct deduction of heteroatom synergistically catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkai Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shengjie Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Longhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shanhe Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Dongbo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Baodong Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Weidong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
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3
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Nassikas NJ, McCormack MC, Ewart G, Balmes JR, Bond TC, Brigham E, Cromar K, Goldstein AH, Hicks A, Hopke PK, Meyer B, Nazaroff WW, Paulin LM, Rice MB, Thurston GD, Turpin BJ, Vance ME, Weschler CJ, Zhang J, Kipen HM. Indoor Air Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution: Health Consequences, Policy, and Recommendations: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:365-376. [PMID: 38426826 PMCID: PMC10913763 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202312-1067st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoor sources of air pollution worsen indoor and outdoor air quality. Thus, identifying and reducing indoor pollutant sources would decrease both indoor and outdoor air pollution, benefit public health, and help address the climate crisis. As outdoor sources come under regulatory control, unregulated indoor sources become a rising percentage of the problem. This American Thoracic Society workshop was convened in 2022 to evaluate this increasing proportion of indoor contributions to outdoor air quality. The workshop was conducted by physicians and scientists, including atmospheric and aerosol scientists, environmental engineers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, regulatory policy experts, and pediatric and adult pulmonologists. Presentations and discussion sessions were centered on 1) the generation and migration of pollutants from indoors to outdoors, 2) the sources and circumstances representing the greatest threat, and 3) effective remedies to reduce the health burden of indoor sources of air pollution. The scope of the workshop was residential and commercial sources of indoor air pollution in the United States. Topics included wood burning, natural gas, cooking, evaporative volatile organic compounds, source apportionment, and regulatory policy. The workshop concluded that indoor sources of air pollution are significant contributors to outdoor air quality and that source control and filtration are the most effective measures to reduce indoor contributions to outdoor air. Interventions should prioritize environmental justice: Households of lower socioeconomic status have higher concentrations of indoor air pollutants from both indoor and outdoor sources. We identify research priorities, potential health benefits, and mitigation actions to consider (e.g., switching from natural gas to electric stoves and transitioning to scent-free consumer products). The workshop committee emphasizes the benefits of combustion-free homes and businesses and recommends economic, legislative, and education strategies aimed at achieving this goal.
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4
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Shalygin AS, Kozhevnikov IV, Morozov EV, Martyanov ON. Features of Wax Appearance Temperature Determination of Waxy Crude Oil Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Under Ambient and High Pressure. Appl Spectrosc 2024; 78:277-288. [PMID: 38115792 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231218714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The wax appearance temperature (WAT), being one of the key characteristics of waxy crude oil and other waxy substances, is used for the necessary assessment of the phase stability of materials during various technological processes. However, the determination of this parameter as well as peculiarities of wax formation under high gas pressure suffers from the lack of suitable techniques for this task. To address this issue, an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) method has been applied for the first time to measure the WAT of waxy crude oil under high gas pressure. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen, and natural gas were used in the study due to their widespread applicability as injection gases in enhanced oil recovery methods. The S2/S1 versus temperature method based on changes in the band of rocking vibrations of the CH2 group was applied to determine WAT. It was found that the ATR FT-IR method based on the proposed dependence S2/S1 versus temperature gives lower WAT values compared to those observed by viscometry, magnetic resonance imaging inspection, and cross-polarized microscopy methods for the waxy crude oil studied. A detailed analysis was carried out using variable-temperature ATR FT-IR spectra of waxy crude oil in the temperature region near the WAT. Essentially different dynamics of wax crystal formation in waxy oil sample and model paraffin solution were demonstrated during the cooling process. The results obtained by high-pressure ATR FT-IR showed that CO2 and natural gas reduce the WAT, while nitrogen has virtually no effect. In addition, for the studied oil, it was found that high pressure of CO2 and natural gases leads to a visual decrease in the amount of wax crystals precipitated, but not to the complete disappearance of microcrystals at a certain temperature and pressure. The results obtained proved that ATR FT-IR can be an effective method for proper determinations of WAT under high-pressure conditions similar to those met in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Shalygin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ivan V Kozhevnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Morozov
- Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Oleg N Martyanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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5
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Zheng C, Chen Y, Yu L, Lei W, Du X, Yang F. Experimental investigation on pore characteristics of vitrain and durain in low rank coal based on fractal theory. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5008. [PMID: 38424160 PMCID: PMC10904855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The macro petrographic compositions and its pore characteristics of coal reservoir play critical role in the accumulation and development of coalbed methane (CBM). In this paper, the pore characteristics of vitrain and durain were analyzed through the experiment and fractal theory. The results indicated that the micropores and microfractures develop in vitrain, and that transitional pores develop in durain. The pore volume and specific surface area (SSA) of vitrain are larger than those of durain, with the micropore SSA of vitrain being 35% higher than that of durain. The threshold pressure and tortuosity of vitrain are greater than that of durain, but the mean pore size of vitrain is smaller than that of durain. The fractal dimension D1 of vitrain is greater than that of durain, while the fractal dimension D2 is opposite, indicating that the pore surface of vitrain is coarser, and the pore structure of durain is more complex. The fractal dimension Dk of vitrain is larger than that of durain, the mean fractal dimension Ds of vitrain is smaller than that of durain, which shows that the diffusivity of vitrain is weak but the seepage capacity is strong due to the developed fractures. The difference in material composition and pore characteristics between vitrain and durain provides a new understanding for the development of CBM in low rank coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- College of New Energy, Long Dong University, Qingyang, 745000, China.
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lan Yu
- College of New Energy, Long Dong University, Qingyang, 745000, China
| | - Wulin Lei
- College of New Energy, Long Dong University, Qingyang, 745000, China
| | - Xuanhong Du
- College of New Energy, Long Dong University, Qingyang, 745000, China
| | - Fengfeng Yang
- College of New Energy, Long Dong University, Qingyang, 745000, China
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6
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Wang Y, Zhao X, Han S, Wang Y. Efficient Ethane and Propane Separation from Natural Gas Using Heterometallic Metal-Organic Frameworks with Interpenetrated Structures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:10468-10474. [PMID: 38359417 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The development of efficient technology for natural gas separation in industrial processes has become imperative. In this regard, the exploration of novel and effective adsorbents has gained significant attention. One promising approach is the metal regulation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly heterometallic MOFs, which offer greater potential for gas separation due to their diverse composition. This study presents the synthesis of a series of iron- and vanadium-based heterometallic MOFs (MIL-126), featuring interpenetrated structures, and investigates their adsorption performance for methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8). Experimental results reveal that the choice of metal combinations within the MOF framework significantly influences the adsorption performance of MIL-126. Notably, heterometallic MIL-126(Fe/Ni) exhibits a stronger binding affinity for C3H8, with an impressive uptake of 177 cm3/g. The C3H8/CH4 ideal adsorbed solution theory selectivity of MIL-126(Fe/Ni) surpasses that of MIL-126(Fe) by a factor of 7, reaching a value of 853, second only to the highest reported value. Furthermore, MIL-126(Fe/Ni) exhibits remarkable potential for the recovery of pure CH4 from the equimolar C3H8/CH4 mixture, with the amount of pure CH4 approaching the maximum reported value for MOFs. Insights from isosteric heat at zero loading and Henry's coefficients indicate that the transformation of metal types leads to a change in the interaction energy between C3H8 and the framework. Furthermore, breakthrough experiments validate the effective separation capability of MIL-126(Fe/Ni) for CH4/C2H6/C3H8 mixtures. These findings underscore the remarkable potential of heterometallic MOFs in constructing a wide range of new MOFs with tailorable properties, thereby enhancing their gas separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Joint Laboratory of Coal Based Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Green Ecological Development, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Joint Laboratory of Coal Based Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Green Ecological Development, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shaoxiong Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Joint Laboratory of Coal Based Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Green Ecological Development, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yongzhen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Joint Laboratory of Coal Based Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Green Ecological Development, Taiyuan 030024, China
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7
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Vogel F, Ars S, Wunch D, Lavoie J, Gillespie L, Maazallahi H, Röckmann T, Nęcki J, Bartyzel J, Jagoda P, Lowry D, France J, Fernandez J, Bakkaloglu S, Fisher R, Lanoiselle M, Chen H, Oudshoorn M, Yver-Kwok C, Defratyka S, Morgui JA, Estruch C, Curcoll R, Grossi C, Chen J, Dietrich F, Forstmaier A, Denier van der Gon HAC, Dellaert SNC, Salo J, Corbu M, Iancu SS, Tudor AS, Scarlat AI, Calcan A. Ground-Based Mobile Measurements to Track Urban Methane Emissions from Natural Gas in 12 Cities across Eight Countries. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:2271-2281. [PMID: 38270974 PMCID: PMC10851421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate methane emission from urban natural gas distribution systems, it is crucial to understand local leak rates and occurrence rates. To explore urban methane emissions in cities outside the U.S., where significant emissions were found previously, mobile measurements were performed in 12 cities across eight countries. The surveyed cities range from medium size, like Groningen, NL, to large size, like Toronto, CA, and London, UK. Furthermore, this survey spanned across European regions from Barcelona, ES, to Bucharest, RO. The joint analysis of all data allows us to focus on general emission behavior for cities with different infrastructure and environmental conditions. We find that all cities have a spectrum of small, medium, and large methane sources in their domain. The emission rates found follow a heavy-tailed distribution, and the top 10% of emitters account for 60-80% of total emissions, which implies that strategic repair planning could help reduce emissions quickly. Furthermore, we compare our findings with inventory estimates for urban natural gas-related methane emissions from this sector in Europe. While cities with larger reported emissions were found to generally also have larger observed emissions, we find clear discrepancies between observation-based and inventory-based emission estimates for our 12 cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Vogel
- Climate
Research Division, Environment and Climate
Change Canada, Toronto M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - S. Ars
- Climate
Research Division, Environment and Climate
Change Canada, Toronto M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - D. Wunch
- Department
of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - J. Lavoie
- Department
of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - L. Gillespie
- Climate
Research Division, Environment and Climate
Change Canada, Toronto M3H 5T4, Canada
- Department
of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - H. Maazallahi
- Institute
for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - T. Röckmann
- Institute
for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - J. Nęcki
- AGH, University of Kraków, Kraków 30-059, Poland
| | - J. Bartyzel
- AGH, University of Kraków, Kraków 30-059, Poland
| | - P. Jagoda
- AGH, University of Kraków, Kraków 30-059, Poland
| | - D. Lowry
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
| | - J. France
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
| | - J. Fernandez
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
| | - S. Bakkaloglu
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
| | - R. Fisher
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
| | - M. Lanoiselle
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
| | - H. Chen
- Centre for
Isotope Research, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - M. Oudshoorn
- Centre for
Isotope Research, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - C. Yver-Kwok
- LSCE,
CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - S. Defratyka
- LSCE,
CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - J. A. Morgui
- ICTA, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - C. Estruch
- Eurecat, Centre
Tecnològic de Catalunya, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - R. Curcoll
- ICTA, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- INTE, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - C. Grossi
- INTE, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - J. Chen
- Environmental Sensing and Modelling, Technical
University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - F. Dietrich
- Environmental Sensing and Modelling, Technical
University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - A. Forstmaier
- Environmental Sensing and Modelling, Technical
University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | | | - S. N. C. Dellaert
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research—TNO, Utrecht 3584CB, The Netherlands
| | - J. Salo
- Geography and
GIS, University of Northern
Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639, United States
| | - M. Corbu
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050663, Romania
- INCAS, National Institute for Aerospace
Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bucharest 061126, Romania
| | - S. S. Iancu
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050663, Romania
- INCAS, National Institute for Aerospace
Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bucharest 061126, Romania
| | - A. S. Tudor
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050663, Romania
- INCAS, National Institute for Aerospace
Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bucharest 061126, Romania
| | - A. I. Scarlat
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050663, Romania
- INCAS, National Institute for Aerospace
Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bucharest 061126, Romania
| | - A. Calcan
- INCAS, National Institute for Aerospace
Research “Elie Carafoli”, Bucharest 061126, Romania
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8
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Lieberman-Cribbin W, Fang X, Morello-Frosch R, Gonzalez DJ, Hill E, Deziel NC, Buonocore JJ, Casey JA. Multiple Dimensions of Environmental Justice and Oil and Gas Development in Pennsylvania. Environ Justice 2024; 17:31-44. [PMID: 38389752 PMCID: PMC10880506 DOI: 10.1089/env.2022.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Community socioeconomic deprivation (CSD) may be related to higher oil and natural gas development (OGD) exposure. We tested for distributive and benefit-sharing environmental injustice in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale by examining (1) whether OGD and waste disposal occurred disproportionately in more deprived communities and (2) discordance between the location of land leased for OGD and where oil and gas rights owners resided. Materials and Methods Analyses took place at the county subdivision level and considered OGD wells, waste disposal, and land lease agreement locations from 2005 to 2019. Using 2005-2009 American Community Survey data, we created a CSD index relevant to community vulnerability in suburban/rural areas. Results In adjusted regression models accounting for spatial dependence, we observed no association between the CSD index and conventional or unconventional drilled well presence. However, a higher CSD index was linearly associated with odds of a subdivision having an OGD waste disposal site and receiving a larger volume of waste. A higher percentage of oil and gas rights owners lived in the same county subdivision as leased land when the community was least versus most deprived (66% vs. 56% in same county subdivision), suggesting that individuals in more deprived communities were less likely to financially benefit from OGD exposure. Discussion and Conclusions We observed distributive environmental injustice with respect to well waste disposal and benefit-sharing environmental injustice related to oil and rights owner's residential locations across Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale. These results add evidence of a disparity between exposure and benefits resulting from OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil Lieberman-Cribbin
- Mr. Wil Lieberman-Cribbin is a doctoral student at Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Xin Fang
- Ms. Xin Fang is a Research Assistant at Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Dr. Rachel Morello-Frosch is a Professor at Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management & School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David J.X. Gonzalez
- Dr. David J.X. Gonzalez is a postdoctoral fellow at Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management & School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Elaine Hill
- Dr. Elaine Hill is an Associate Professor at Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Dr. Nicole C. Deziel is an Associate Professor at Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Buonocore
- Dr. Jonathan J. Buonocore is a Research Associate at Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joan A. Casey
- Dr. Joan A. Casey is an Assistant Professor at Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
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9
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Xu Y, Wu D, Zhang Q, Rao P, Deng P, Tang M, Li J, Hua Y, Wang C, Zhong S, Jia C, Liu Z, Shen Y, Gu L, Tian X, Liu Q. Regulating Au coverage for the direct oxidation of methane to methanol. Nat Commun 2024; 15:564. [PMID: 38233390 PMCID: PMC10794185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The direct oxidation of methane to methanol under mild conditions is challenging owing to its inadequate activity and low selectivity. A key objective is improving the selective oxidation of the first carbon-hydrogen bond of methane, while inhibiting the oxidation of the remaining carbon-hydrogen bonds to ensure high yield and selectivity of methanol. Here we design ultrathin PdxAuy nanosheets and revealed a volcano-type relationship between the binding strength of hydroxyl radical on the catalyst surface and catalytic performance using experimental and density functional theory results. Our investigations indicate a trade-off relationship between the reaction-triggering and reaction-conversion steps in the reaction process. The optimized Pd3Au1 nanosheets exhibits a methanol production rate of 147.8 millimoles per gram of Pd per hour, with a selectivity of 98% at 70 °C, representing one of the most efficient catalysts for the direct oxidation of methane to methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshan Xu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Daoxiong Wu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peng Rao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Peilin Deng
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Mangen Tang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yingjie Hua
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Chongtai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Shengkui Zhong
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Chunman Jia
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhongxin Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yijun Shen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xinlong Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Quanbing Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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10
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Dan W, Wei G, Fang X. Three-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Porous Metal-Organic Framework for Natural Gas Separation with High Selectivity. Molecules 2024; 29:424. [PMID: 38257337 PMCID: PMC10820768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A 3D hydrogen-bonded metal-organic framework, [Cu(apc)2]n (TJU-Dan-5, Hapc = 2-aminopyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid), was synthesized via a solvothermal reaction. The activated TJU-Dan-5 with permanent porosity exhibits a moderate uptake of 1.52 wt% of hydrogen gas at 77 K. The appropriate BET surface areas and decoration of the internal polar pore surfaces with groups that form extensive hydrogen bonds offer a more favorable environment for selective C2H6 adsorption, with a predicted selectivity for C2H6/CH4 of around 101 in C2H6/CH4 (5:95, v/v) mixtures at 273 K under 100 kPa. The molecular model calculation demonstrates a C-H···π interaction and a van der Waals host-guest interaction of C2H6 with the pore walls. This work provides a strategy for the construction of 3D hydrogen-bonded MOFs, which may have great potential in the purification of natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Dan
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | - Xiangdong Fang
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, China
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11
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IJzermans R, Jones M, Weidmann D, van de Kerkhof B, Randell D. Long-term continuous monitoring of methane emissions at an oil and gas facility using a multi-open-path laser dispersion spectrometer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:623. [PMID: 38182599 PMCID: PMC10770390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A method for methane emissions monitoring at industrial facility level was developed based on a high precision multi-open-path laser dispersion spectrometer combined with Bayesian analysis algorithms using Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) inference. From the methane path-averaged concentrations spatially distributed over the facility under study, together with the wind vector, the analysis allows detection, localization and quantification of fugitive methane emissions. This paper describes the very first long term (3 months), continuous (24 h/7 days) deployment of this monitoring system at an operational gas processing and distribution facility. The continuous monitoring system, made of the combination of the open-path high-precision (<10 ppb) methane concentration analyser and the data analysis method, was evaluated with controlled releases of methane of about 5 kg/h for short periods of time (30-60 min). Quantification was successful, with actual emission rates lying well within the quoted uncertainty ranges. Source localisation was found to lack accuracy, with biases of 30-50 m in the direction of the line of sight of the spectrometer, due to the short duration of the controlled releases, the limited wind vector diversity, and complications from air flows around buildings not accounted for by the transport model. Using longer-term data from the deployment, the MCMC algorithm led to the identification of unexpected low intensity persistent sources (<1 kg/h) at the site. Localisation of persistent sources was mostly successful at equipment level (within ~20 m) as confirmed by a subsequent survey with an optical gas imaging (OGI) camera. Quantification of these individual sources was challenging owing to their low intensity, but a consistent estimate of the total methane emission from the facility could be derived using two different inference approaches. These results represent a stepping stone in the development of continuous monitoring systems for methane emissions, pivotal in driving greenhouse gas reduction from industrial facilities. The demonstrated continuous monitoring system gives promising performance in early detection of unexpected emissions and quantification of potentially time-varying emissions from an entire facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger IJzermans
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Grasweg 31, 1031, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Jones
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Grasweg 31, 1031, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damien Weidmann
- Space Science and Technology Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
- MIRICO Ltd., Unit 6, Zephir Building, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RL, UK.
| | - Bas van de Kerkhof
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Grasweg 31, 1031, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Randell
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Grasweg 31, 1031, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Lei W, Liu X, Ding Y, Xiong J, Liang L. The investigation on shale mechanical characteristics and brittleness evaluation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22936. [PMID: 38129638 PMCID: PMC10739981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rock mechanical property is significant for shale gas development and exploitation. Shale compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic deformation and so on, are necessary parameters for drilling, completion and fracturing work in shale formation. Among all these shale mechanical parameters, brittleness is a tricky and significant rock property, which has been widely used to hydraulic fracturing design. Currently, although so many works have been conducted to investigate shale brittleness, there is no precise definition of brittleness. In particular, there is no consensus on which method is the most reliable for shale brittleness evaluation. It is vital to figure out how to evaluate shale brittleness in a reliable method. Thus, this paper presents an experimental study on shale mechanical properties, analyzing mechanical features in stress strain curve, relation between mineral content and strength, mechanical parameters at varying confined stress. Based on shale mechanical characteristics and its brittle exhibition, stress strain curve from triaxial compression test is divided into 3 stages, namely, elastic stage, plastic stage and post peak stage. In combined with brittle characteristics in 3 stages of axial and radial stress-strain curves, a new brittleness index has been established for assessing shale brittleness. In order to prove the applicability of new brittleness index, its result is compared with shale failure sample after triaxial test and existing brittleness indexes based on mineral content, elastic deformation, energy, stress and strain, showing a good consistency and proving its practicability. Based on this brittleness index, influence factors of shale brittleness have been discussed. It is shown that elastic module is the most important factor of shale brittleness. Bedding plane makes shale brittleness have strong anisotropy. Brittleness is not only relied on its structure and mineral (like bedding plane, silicate and clay mineral content), but is also highly affected by external stress. Large confined pressure is able to impair shale brittleness. Outcome in this study can offer theoretical guidance for shale exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute, SINOPEC Southwest Oil & Gas Company, Deyang, 618000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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13
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Bahr MS, Wolff M. PAS-based analysis of natural gas samples. Front Chem 2023; 11:1328882. [PMID: 38179240 PMCID: PMC10764539 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1328882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is well known for the detection of short-chain hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane and propane, in the ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion) range. However, in the production process of natural gas and its combustion in gas-fired devices the composition, especially the concentrations of the main alkanes, plays a decisive role. Gas chromatography (GC) is considered the gold standard for natural gas analysis. We present a method to analyze natural gas samples by PAS. Furthermore, we describe a method to prepare storage gas samples, which are usually under atmospheric pressure, for PAS analysis. All measurements are validated by means of GC. The investigation allows conclusions to be drawn to what extent PAS is suitable for the investigation of natural gas samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Simon Bahr
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Wolff
- Heinrich Blasius Institute of Physical Technologies, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Im J, Cheong SH, Dang HT, Kim NK, Hwang S, Lee KB, Kim K, Lee H, Lee U. Economically viable co-production of methanol and sulfuric acid via direct methane oxidation. Commun Chem 2023; 6:282. [PMID: 38123721 PMCID: PMC10733281 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct oxidation of methane to methanol has been spotlighted research for decades, but has never been commercialized. This study introduces cost-effective process for co-producing methanol and sulfuric acid through a direct oxidation of methane. In the initial phase, methane oxidation forms methyl bisulfate (CH3OSO3H), then transformed into methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2CH3) via esterification, and hydrolyzed into methanol. This approach eliminates the need for energy-intensive separation of methyl bisulfate from sulfuric acid by replacing the former with methyl trifluoroacetate. Through the superstructure optimization, our sequential process reduces the levelized cost of methanol to nearly two-fold reduction from the current market price. Importantly, this process demonstrates adaptability to smaller gas fields, assuring its economical operation across a broad range of gas fields. The broader application of this process could substantially mitigate global warming by utilizing methane, leading to a significantly more sustainable and economically beneficial methanol industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Im
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyeon Cheong
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy & Environmental Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Huyen Tran Dang
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy & Environmental Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak-Kyoon Kim
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsu Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Energy & Environmental Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ung Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Bei X, Yu X, Li D, Sun Q, Yu Y, Wang Y, Okonkwo CE, Zhou C. Heat source replacement strategy using catalytic infrared: A future for energy saving drying of fruits and vegetables. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4827-4839. [PMID: 37961009 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Drying is an important process for fruits and vegetables, which requires a lot of heat and the heat sources are mainly coal, electricity, natural gas, and solar energy. Most of the heat is usually wasted due to the long drying process and poor transfer efficiency. The use of coal also pollutes the environment. The national electricity curtailment policy regulates the drying industry. Therefore, the fruits and vegetables drying industry is facing new challenges due to its own development needs and external factors. Catalytic infrared drying (CIR) technology brings solutions to these problems. Compared with other drying technologies, CIR has a high drying efficiency and can effectively reduce the use of electric energy, avoid waste, and minimize pollution of water. However, improper processing conditions still cause quality deficits such as severe browning, and the drying is difficult due to weak infrared penetration. Although CIR has shortcomings, it is still expected to establish an energy-saving and efficient fruit and vegetable drying system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Bei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Daqing Li
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiaolan Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Clinton Emeka Okonkwo
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
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16
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Zhao K, Gao Y, Wang X, Lis BM, Liu J, Jin B, Smith J, Huang C, Gao W, Wang X, Wang X, Zheng A, Huang Z, Hu J, Schömacker R, Wachs IE, Li F. Lithium carbonate-promoted mixed rare earth oxides as a generalized strategy for oxidative coupling of methane with exceptional yields. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7749. [PMID: 38012194 PMCID: PMC10682025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative coupling of methane to higher hydrocarbons offers a promising autothermal approach for direct methane conversion, but its progress has been hindered by yield limitations, high temperature requirements, and performance penalties at practical methane partial pressures (~1 atm). In this study, we report a class of Li2CO3-coated mixed rare earth oxides as highly effective redox catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane under a chemical looping scheme. This catalyst achieves a single-pass C2+ yield up to 30.6%, demonstrating stable performance at 700 °C and methane partial pressures up to 1.4 atm. In-situ characterizations and quantum chemistry calculations provide insights into the distinct roles of the mixed oxide core and Li2CO3 shell, as well as the interplay between the Pr oxidation state and active peroxide formation upon Li2CO3 coating. Furthermore, we establish a generalized correlation between Pr4+ content in the mixed lanthanide oxide and hydrocarbons yield, offering a valuable optimization strategy for this class of oxidative coupling of methane redox catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC, USA
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xijun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bar Mosevitzky Lis
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Junchen Liu
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Baitang Jin
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Smith
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Chuande Huang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Hu
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Reinhard Schömacker
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Berlin, Germany
| | - Israel E Wachs
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
| | - Fanxing Li
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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17
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Maasakkers JD, McDuffie EE, Sulprizio MP, Chen C, Schultz M, Brunelle L, Thrush R, Steller J, Sherry C, Jacob DJ, Jeong S, Irving B, Weitz M. A Gridded Inventory of Annual 2012-2018 U.S. Anthropogenic Methane Emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16276-16288. [PMID: 37857355 PMCID: PMC10620993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Nationally reported greenhouse gas inventories are a core component of the Paris Agreement's transparency framework. Comparisons with emission estimates derived from atmospheric observations help identify improvements to reduce uncertainties and increase the confidence in reported values. To facilitate comparisons over the contiguous United States, we present a 0.1° × 0.1° gridded inventory of annual 2012-2018 anthropogenic methane emissions, allocated to 26 individual source categories, with scale-dependent error estimates. Our inventory is consistent with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (GHGI), submitted to the United Nations in 2020. Total emissions and patterns (spatial/temporal) reflect the activity and emission factor data underlying the GHGI, including many updates relative to a previous gridded version of the GHGI that has been extensively compared with observations. These underlying data are not generally available in global gridded inventories, and comparison to EDGAR version 6 shows large spatial differences, particularly for the oil and gas sectors. We also find strong regional variability across all sources in annual 2012-2018 spatial trends, highlighting the importance of understanding regional- and facility-level activities. Our inventory represents the first time series of gridded GHGI methane emissions and enables robust comparisons of emissions and their trends with atmospheric observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E. McDuffie
- Climate
Change Division, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, District of Columbia 20004, United States
| | - Melissa P. Sulprizio
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Candice Chen
- SRON
Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Maggie Schultz
- SRON
Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - Lily Brunelle
- SRON
Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - Ryan Thrush
- SRON
Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - John Steller
- Climate
Change Division, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, District of Columbia 20004, United States
| | - Christopher Sherry
- Climate
Change Division, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, District of Columbia 20004, United States
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Seongeun Jeong
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bill Irving
- Climate
Change Division, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, District of Columbia 20004, United States
| | - Melissa Weitz
- Climate
Change Division, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, District of Columbia 20004, United States
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18
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Wolf M, de Oliveira AL, Taccardi N, Maisel S, Heller M, Khan Antara S, Søgaard A, Felfer P, Görling A, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Dry reforming of methane over gallium-based supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions. Commun Chem 2023; 6:224. [PMID: 37853170 PMCID: PMC10584823 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallium-rich supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) were recently introduced as a new way towards heterogeneous single atom catalysis. SCALMS were demonstrated to exhibit a certain resistance against coking during the dehydrogenation of alkanes using Ga-rich alloys of noble metals. Here, the conceptual catalytic application of SCALMS in dry reforming of methane (DRM) is tested with non-noble metal (Co, Cu, Fe, Ni) atoms in the gallium-rich liquid alloy. This study introduces SCALMS to high-temperature applications and an oxidative reaction environment. Most catalysts were shown to undergo severe oxidation during DRM, while Ga-Ni SCALMS retained a certain level of activity. This observation is explained by a kinetically controlled redox process, namely oxidation to gallium oxide species and re-reduction via H2 activation over Ni. Consequentially, this redox process can be shifted to the metallic side when using increasing concentrations of Ni in Ga, which strongly suppresses coke formation. Density-functional theory (DFT) based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were performed to confirm the increased availability of Ni at the liquid alloy-gas interface. However, leaching of gallium via the formation of volatile oxidic species during the hypothesised redox cycles was identified indicating a critical instability of Ga-Ni SCALMS for prolonged test durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wolf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ana Luiza de Oliveira
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Heller
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Allgemeine Werkstoffeigenschaften), Martensstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sharmin Khan Antara
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Søgaard
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Felfer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Allgemeine Werkstoffeigenschaften), Martensstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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19
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Gao M, Jang Y, Ding L, Gao Y, Dai S, Dai Z, Yu G, Yang W, Wang F. Mechanism of the noncatalytic oxidation of soot using in situ transmission electron microscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6256. [PMID: 37802991 PMCID: PMC10558545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soot generation is a major challenge in industries. The elimination of soot is particularly crucial to reduce pollutant emissions and boost carbon conversion. The mechanisms for soot oxidation are complex, with quantified models obtained under in situ conditions still missing. We prepare soot samples via noncatalytic partial oxidation of methane. Various oxidation models are established based on the results of in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments. A quantified maturity parameter is proposed and used to categorize the soot particles according to the nanostructure at various maturity levels, which in turn lead to different oxidation mechanisms. To tackle the challenges in the kinetic analysis of soot aggregates, a simplification model is proposed and soot oxidation rates are quantified. In addition, a special core-shell separation model is revealed through in situ analysis and kinetic studies. In this study, we obtain important quantified models for soot oxidation under in situ conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Low-carbon Emissions, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Jang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Lu Ding
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Low-carbon Emissions, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Low-carbon Emissions, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenghua Dai
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Low-carbon Emissions, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Guangsuo Yu
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Low-carbon Emissions, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Fuchen Wang
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Low-carbon Emissions, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.
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20
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Tuz L. Evaluation of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Butt-Welded Joints of Spiral Pipes Made of L485ME (X70) Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6557. [PMID: 37834698 PMCID: PMC10574686 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of the gas pipeline network makes it necessary, on the one hand, to meet the requirements of standards regarding the materials used, but on the other hand, it is necessary to weld them. In the case of natural gas as a fuel, the welding process is widely used, but in the case of replacing natural gas with a mixture of this gas and hydrogen, the requirements regarding the quality of the process must be significantly increased or the process must be completely changed. This article presents the results of testing welded joints for a newly developed welding technology for the transmission of a hydrogen mixture. Material tests were carried out on a butt-circumferential-welded joint made between two spiral pipes with an outer diameter of 711 mm and wall thickness of 11 mm in the X70 grade. The developed welding technology is distinguished by a change in the beveling method of the edges, which allows the heat input to the material to be limited. The technology was developed for use in natural on-shore and off-shore gas pipelines with the addition of hydrogen. As a result, additional requirements in terms of joint plasticity had to be met during welding. The test results obtained indicate that the joints are characterized by high strength (more than 581 MPa), higher than that of the base material (fracture in the base material) and good impact strength at reduced temperature (more than 129 J). In transverse corrosion, a hardness below 250 HV and a favorable structure of ferrite with different morphologies were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechosław Tuz
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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21
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Samarkin Y, Amao AO, Aljawad MS, Borji M, Scott N, AlTammar MJ, Alruwaili KM. In-situ micro-CT scanning and compressive strength assessment of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) treated chalk. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16806. [PMID: 37798425 PMCID: PMC10556016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of wellbore mechanical failure is a consequence of the interaction among factors such as in situ stress, rock strength, and engineering procedures. The process of hydrocarbons production, causing reduction of pore pressure, alters the effective stresses in the vicinity of a borehole, leading to borehole instability issues. Estimating the rocks' elastic modulus and compressive strength is essential to comprehend the rock matrix's mechanical response during drilling and production operations. This study aimed to assess the practicality of Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphate (DAP) application as a chemical for strengthening chalk in hydrocarbon reservoirs, to make it resistant to high stresses and failure during drilling and production. The mechanical and physical properties of Austin chalk rock samples treated with DAP under mimicked reservoir conditions were studied. The results showed that DAP is a highly effective carbonate rock consolidating agent that improves the mechanical strength of the chalk. Compressive test measurements conducted on rocks treated at two different temperatures (ambient and 50 °C) showed that DAP effectively strengthened the rock matrix, resulting in an increase in its compressive strength (22-24%) and elastic modulus (up to 115%) compared to the untreated sample. The favorable outcomes of this research suggest that the DAP solution holds promise as a consolidation agent in hydrocarbon reservoirs. This contributes to the advancement of knowledge regarding effective strategies for mitigating mechanical failures of the wellbore during drilling and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy Samarkin
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abduljamiu Olalekan Amao
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Murtada Saleh Aljawad
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mostafa Borji
- Bruker microCT N.V, Kartuizersweg 3 B, 2550, Kontich, Belgium
| | - Norman Scott
- Bruker microCT N.V, Kartuizersweg 3 B, 2550, Kontich, Belgium
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22
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Młynarczyk P, Brewczyński D, Krajewska-Śpiewak J, Chmielarczyk K, Błądek J, Lempa P. Assessment of the impact of shaped nozzles installed inside the pipeline on the energy efficiency of compressed gas systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16355. [PMID: 37773085 PMCID: PMC10542338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure pulsations and vibrations generated in gas discharge pipelines are one of the main causes of failure in a compressed gas system. Installation of shaped nozzles in the compressor discharge manifold is one of the new ideas to minimize this phenomenon. It has been proven that shaped nozzles technology is able to minimize the unfavorable phenomena of pressure pulsation and thus the pipeline vibration. The production of such components using 3D printing techniques is a very good solution, as they have complicated shapes and are individually produced for a specific installation. The world is currently struggling with an excess of waste and a shortage of energy. Therefore, modern technology should be part of the sustainable development strategy, according to which the amount of energy consumed during the processes should be reduced. This article presents the influence of shaped nozzles on the specific compression power mounted in the discharge manifolds of two different compressors: reciprocating and screw. This influence can also be estimated by a conceptual model presented in the article. Based on the values of specific compression power, obtained during carried out research, it can be concluded that 3D printed nozzles may have a minor impact on the energy efficiency of compression depending on their shape complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Młynarczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864, Krakow, Malopolskie, Poland.
| | - Damian Brewczyński
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864, Krakow, Malopolskie, Poland
| | - Joanna Krajewska-Śpiewak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864, Krakow, Malopolskie, Poland
| | - Kamil Chmielarczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864, Krakow, Malopolskie, Poland
| | - Jarosław Błądek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864, Krakow, Malopolskie, Poland
| | - Paweł Lempa
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864, Krakow, Malopolskie, Poland
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23
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Dong J, Song B, He F, Xu Y, Wang Q, Li W, Zhang P. Research on a Hybrid Intelligent Method for Natural Gas Energy Metering. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6528. [PMID: 37514820 PMCID: PMC10384702 DOI: 10.3390/s23146528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a Comprehensive Diagram Method (CDM) for a Multi-Layer Perceptron Neuron Network (MLPNN) is proposed to realize natural gas energy metering using temperature, pressure, and the speed of sound from an ultrasonic flowmeter. Training and testing of the MLPNN model were performed on the basis of 1003 real data points describing the compression factors (Z-factors) and calorific values of the three main components of natural gas in Sichuan province, China. Moreover, 20 days of real tests were conducted to verify the measurements' accuracy and the adaptability of the new intelligent method. Based on the values of the Mean Relative Errors and the Root Mean Square errors for the learning and test errors calculated on the basis of the actual data, the best-quality MLP 3-5-1 network for the metering of Z-factors and the new CDM methods for the metering of calorific values were experimentally selected. The Bayesian regularized MLPNN (BR-MLPNN) 3-5-1 network showed that the Z-factors of natural gas have a maximum relative error of -0.44%, and the new CDM method revealed calorific values with a maximum relative error of 1.90%. In addition, three local tests revealed that the maximum relative error of the daily cumulative amount of natural gas energy was 2.39%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Dong
- Natural Gas Research Institute, PetroChina & Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610213, China
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Bin Song
- Natural Gas Research Institute, PetroChina & Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610213, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Quality Control & Energy Metering Measurement for State Market Regulation, Chengdu 610095, China
| | - Fei He
- Natural Gas Research Institute, PetroChina & Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Natural Gas Research Institute, PetroChina & Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Natural Gas Research Institute, PetroChina & Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610213, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Quality Control & Energy Metering Measurement for State Market Regulation, Chengdu 610095, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- Natural Gas Research Institute, PetroChina & Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610213, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Quality Control & Energy Metering Measurement for State Market Regulation, Chengdu 610095, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
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24
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Zhang S, Wang C, Zhu G, Gao G, Zhou H. Experimental investigation on fracturing effects in hydraulic sand fracturing with acoustic emission and 3d laser scanning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11539. [PMID: 37460604 PMCID: PMC10352357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the extremely low permeability of shale reservoirs, large-scale reservoir fracturing is required. Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most important technologies in shale gas exploration and development. In this paper, the acoustic emission energy and the number of location and fracture surface morphology of specimens before and after fracture are studied through hydraulic sand fracturing test. The test results show that: (1) the energy ratio obtained during hydraulic fracturing without proppant is the smallest, and increasing the confining pressure, as well as reducing the displacement and viscosity of the fracturing fluid will cause the energy ratio to decrease. From the perspective of acoustic emission energy, the proppant play an important role in the generation of fractures during hydraulic sand fracturing; (2) when the confining pressure increases, the number of shale specimens before and after rupture is the largest, but the total number of locating events is smaller than the sanding ratio increased; there is no proppant hydraulic fracturing, the number of specimens before and after the rupture is the largest. And the total number reached the minimum, indicating that the proppant can play an important role in the hydraulic sand fracturing test; (3) the sand is relatively large, the specific surface and standard deviation both reach the maximum, indicating that the fracture surface roughness is the largest under the test condition, and the fracturing effect is the best, but the specific surface and standard deviation are the minimum when fracturing without proppant, so indicating that the fracture surface fracturing effect is the worst at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zhang
- Ministry of Emergency Management of China, National Institute of Natural Hazards, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Chenghu Wang
- Ministry of Emergency Management of China, National Institute of Natural Hazards, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guangpei Zhu
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guiyun Gao
- Ministry of Emergency Management of China, National Institute of Natural Hazards, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Ministry of Emergency Management of China, National Institute of Natural Hazards, Beijing, 100085, China
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25
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Du B, Guo X, Wang A, Duan H. Driving factors and decoupling analysis of natural gas consumption in major Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231180783. [PMID: 37431309 PMCID: PMC10358544 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231180783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural gas is regarded as the main transition energy under the carbon-neutral strategy and its main consumers are Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, accounting for 44.5% of world consumption in 2021. In order to investigate the effects of technology, industry, and regions on natural gas consumption, 12 major Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries from three different country groups were selected in this paper to explore the consumption change. Firstly, the Logarithmetic Mean Divisia Index model is adopted to find out the driving factors. Then, the Tapio model is used to consider the decoupling state between natural gas consumption and economic growth. The results can be concluded as follows: (a) From 2000 to 2020, the technological progress effect has the biggest values of -148.86, followed by the industrial structure effect and the regional scale effect, with values of - 37.04 and 29.42, respectively. (b) From the perspective of industry view, these three effects have the largest impact on the secondary industry, followed by the tertiary industry and primary industry; (c) the regional scale effect has a positive effect on most countries, and the industrial structure effect and the regional scale effect have a negative effect on most countries; (d) the decoupling state vary differently in countries with different groups. Therefore, we concluded two policy recommendations for nature gas reduction: (a) Technological innovation is the most effective way for reducing natural gas consumption; (b) Industrial structure optimization can help save natural gas consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Du
- MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, China Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Institute of Mineral Resources, China Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Guo
- MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, China Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Institute of Mineral Resources, China Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China
| | - Anjian Wang
- MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, China Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Institute of Mineral Resources, China Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Duan
- Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, Ministry of Commerce, Beijing, China
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26
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Leonard KW, Shah RR. Unilateral Pulsatile Tinnitus and Intractable Vertigo as a Manifestation of Natural Gas Toxicity. OTO Open 2023; 7:e76. [PMID: 37736121 PMCID: PMC10509649 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Leonard
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryHenry Ford Health SystemDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Ravi R. Shah
- Department of SurgeryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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27
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Yang L, Li S, Wang Z, Hou J, Zhang X. Research on Signal Feature Extraction of Natural Gas Pipeline Ball Valve Based on the NWTD-WP Algorithm. Sensors 2023; 23:4790. [PMID: 37430703 DOI: 10.3390/s23104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The measured signals of internal leakage detection of the large-diameter pipeline ball valve in natural gas pipeline systems usually contain background noise, which will affect the accuracy of internal leakage detection and sound localization of internal leakage points due to the interference of noise. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes an NWTD-WP feature extraction algorithm by combining the wavelet packet (WP) algorithm and the improved two-parameter threshold quantization function. The results show that the WP algorithm has a good feature extraction effect on the valve leakage signal, and the improved threshold quantization function can avoid the defects of the traditional soft threshold function and hard threshold function, such as discontinuity and the pseudo-Gibbs phenomenon, when reconstructing the signal. The NWTD-WP algorithm is effective in extracting the features of the measured signals with low signal/noise ratio. The denoise effect is much better than that of the traditional soft and hard threshold quantization functions. It proved that the NWTD-WP algorithm can be used for studying the existing safety valve leakage vibration signals in the laboratory and the internal leakage signals of the scaled-down model of the large-diameter pipeline's ball valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Machinery Industry Pump Special Valve Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shuxun Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Machinery Industry Pump Special Valve Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Machinery Industry Pump Special Valve Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jianjun Hou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Machinery Industry Pump Special Valve Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Machinery Industry Pump Special Valve Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730050, China
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28
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Williams DA, Glasmeier AK. Evaluation of error across natural gas pipeline incidents. Risk Anal 2023; 43:1079-1091. [PMID: 35753344 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates how qualitative analysis can be a novel means of investigating theories of error and causation in natural gas pipeline incidents. Qualitative analysis offers unique opportunities to understand process, interactions, and the role of context in identifying active error and latent conditions in incident causation. Through the coding of text from 24 onshore natural gas pipeline incident reports on leaks and explosions in the United States and Canada, our findings reveal a proportion of active and latent errors consistent with other hazardous infrastructure contexts (roughly 3:1 latent-active ratio across 817 coded errors). These findings underscore the robustness of extant error theory and support the argument for documenting multiple, connected causes of disaster in aggregate. Conclusions highlight the utility of in-depth case analyses and critique present pipeline incident database aggregation. Our interpretation provides a means to convey complex causation in aggregate form thus enabling more nuanced future qualitative and qualitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darien Alexander Williams
- Department of Urban Studies & Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K Glasmeier
- Department of Urban Studies & Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Rochussen J, Knight M, Clark G, Kirchen P. Optical characterization of stratified-premixed natural gas direct-injection combustion regimes. Int J Engine Res 2023; 24:1892-1915. [PMID: 37096028 PMCID: PMC10119904 DOI: 10.1177/14680874221107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous fuels for heavy-duty internal combustion engines provide inherent advantages for reducing CO2, particulate matter (PM), and NOX emissions. Pilot-ignited direct-injected NG (PIDING) combustion uses a small pilot injection of diesel to ignite a late-cycle main direct injection of NG, resulting in significant reduction of unburned CH4 emissions relative to port-injected NG. Previous works have identified NG premixing as a critical parameter establishing indicated efficiency and emissions performance. To this end, a recent experimental investigation using a metal engine identified six general regimes of PIDING heat release and emissions behavior arising from variation of NG stratification through control of relative injection timing (RIT) of the NG with respect to the pilot diesel. The objective of the current work is to provide comprehensive description of in-cylinder fuel mixing of direct injected gaseous fuel and its impacts on combustion and pollutant formation processes for stratified PIDING combustion. In-cylinder imaging of OH*-chemiluminescence (OH*-CL) and PM (700 nm), and measurement of local concentration of fuel is considered for 11 different RIT , representing 5 regimes of stratified PIDING combustion (performed with P inj = 22 . 0 MPa and ϕ = 0 . 63 ). The magnitude and cyclic variability of premixed fuel concentration near the bowl wall provides direct experimental validation of thermodynamic metrics ( RI T premix , SO I NG , trans , RI T * ) that describe the fuel-air mixture state of all 5 regimes of PIDING combustion. The local fuel concentration develops non-monotonically and is a function of RIT. High indicated efficiency and low CH4 emissions previously observed for stratified-premixed PIDING combustion in previous (non-optical) investigations are due to: (i) very rapid reaction zone growth ( > 45 m/s) and (ii) more distributed early reaction zones when overlapping pilot and NG injections cause partial pilot quenching. These results connect and extend the findings of previous investigations and guide the future strategic implementation of NG stratification for improved combustion and emissions performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Rochussen
- Jeremy Rochussen, Department of Mechanical
Engineering 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, The University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
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30
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Bell C, Ilonze C, Duggan A, Zimmerle D. Performance of Continuous Emission Monitoring Solutions under a Single-Blind Controlled Testing Protocol. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5794-5805. [PMID: 36977200 PMCID: PMC10100557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Continuous emission monitoring (CM) solutions promise to detect large fugitive methane emissions in natural gas infrastructure sooner than traditional leak surveys, and quantification by CM solutions has been proposed as the foundation of measurement-based inventories. This study performed single-blind testing at a controlled release facility (release from 0.4 to 6400 g CH4/h) replicating conditions that were challenging, but less complex than typical field conditions. Eleven solutions were tested, including point sensor networks and scanning/imaging solutions. Results indicated a 90% probability of detection (POD) of 3-30 kg CH4/h; 6 of 11 solutions achieved a POD < 6 kg CH4/h, although uncertainty was high. Four had true positive rates > 50%. False positive rates ranged from 0 to 79%. Six solutions estimated emission rates. For a release rate of 0.1-1 kg/h, the solutions' mean relative errors ranged from -44% to +586% with single estimates between -97% and +2077%, and 4 solutions' upper uncertainty exceeding +900%. Above 1 kg/h, mean relative error was -40% to +93%, with two solutions within ±20%, and single-estimate relative errors were from -82% to +448%. The large variability in performance between CM solutions, coupled with highly uncertain detection, detection limit, and quantification results, indicates that the performance of individual CM solutions should be well understood before relying on results for internal emissions mitigation programs or regulatory reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay Bell
- Energy
Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
- BPX
Energy, Denver, Colorado 80202, United
States
| | - Chiemezie Ilonze
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Aidan Duggan
- Energy
Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Daniel Zimmerle
- Energy
Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
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Ficco G, Cassano M, Cortellessa G, Zuena F, Dell’Isola M. On the Reliability of Temperature Measurements in Natural Gas Pipelines. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3121. [PMID: 36991834 PMCID: PMC10054768 DOI: 10.3390/s23063121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Accuracy of temperature measurement of natural gas flows in closed conduits is a highly debated topic due to the complexity of the measurement chain and the related economic impact. First, specific thermo-fluid dynamic issues occur because of the difference between the temperature of the gas stream and that of the external ambient and the mean radiant temperature inside the pipe. Furthermore, the installation conditions of the temperature sensor (e.g., immersion length and diameter of the thermowell) play a crucial role. In this paper, the authors present the results of a numerical and experimental study conducted both in the laboratory and in-field aimed at analyzing the reliability of temperature measurement in natural gas networks as a function of the pipe temperature and of the pressure and velocity of the gas stream. The results obtained in the laboratory show errors ranging between 0.16 and 5.87 °C in the summer regime and between -0.11 and -2.72 °C in the winter regime, depending on the external pipe temperature and gas velocity. These errors have been found to be consistent with those measured in-field, where high correlation between the pipe temperatures, the gas stream and the external ambient have been also demonstrated, especially in summer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Ficco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering (DICEM), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | | | - Gino Cortellessa
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering (DICEM), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | | | - Marco Dell’Isola
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering (DICEM), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
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32
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Mustafa A, Tariq Z, Mahmoud M, Abdulraheem A. Machine learning accelerated approach to infer nuclear magnetic resonance porosity for a middle eastern carbonate reservoir. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3956. [PMID: 36894553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonate rocks present a complicated pore system owing to the existence of intra-particle and interparticle porosities. Therefore, characterization of carbonate rocks using petrophysical data is a challenging task. Conventional neutron, sonic, and neutron-density porosities are proven to be less accurate as compared to the NMR porosity. This study aims to predict the NMR porosity by implementing three different machine learning (ML) algorithms using conventional well logs including neutron-porosity, sonic, resistivity, gamma ray, and photoelectric factor. Data, comprising 3500 data points, was acquired from a vast carbonate petroleum reservoir in the Middle East. The input parameters were selected based on their relative importance with respect to output parameter. Three ML techniques such as adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), artificial neural network (ANN), and functional network (FN) were implemented for the development of prediction models. The model's accuracy was evaluated by correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), and average absolute percentage error (AAPE). The results demonstrated that all three prediction models are reliable and consistent exhibiting low errors and high 'R' values for both training and testing prediction when related to actual dataset. However, the performance of ANN model was better as compared to other two studied ML techniques based on minimum AAPE and RMSE errors (5.12 and 0.39) and highest R (0.95) for testing and validation outcome. The AAPE and RMSE for the testing and validation results were found to be 5.38 and 0.41 for ANFIS and 6.06 and 0.48 for FN model, respectively. The ANFIS and FN models exhibited 'R' 0.937 and 0.942, for testing and validation dataset, respectively. Based on testing and validation results, ANFIS and FN models have been ranked second and third after ANN. Further, optimized ANN and FN models were used to extract explicit correlations to compute the NMR porosity. Hence, this study reveals the successful applications of ML techniques for the accurate prediction of NMR porosity.
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Sherwin ED, Rutherford JS, Chen Y, Aminfard S, Kort EA, Jackson RB, Brandt AR. Single-blind validation of space-based point-source detection and quantification of onshore methane emissions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3836. [PMID: 36882586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellites are increasingly seen as a tool for identifying large greenhouse gas point sources for mitigation, but independent verification of satellite performance is needed for acceptance and use by policy makers and stakeholders. We conduct to our knowledge the first single-blind controlled methane release testing of satellite-based methane emissions detection and quantification, with five independent teams analyzing data from one to five satellites each for this desert-based test. Teams correctly identified 71% of all emissions, ranging from 0.20 [0.19, 0.21] metric tons per hour (t/h) to 7.2 [6.8, 7.6] t/h. Three-quarters (75%) of quantified estimates fell within ± 50% of the metered value, comparable to airplane-based remote sensing technologies. The relatively wide-area Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 satellites detected emissions as low as 1.4 [1.3, 1.5, 95% confidence interval] t/h, while GHGSat's targeted system quantified a 0.20 [0.19, 0.21] t/h emission to within 13%. While the fraction of global methane emissions detectable by satellite remains unknown, we estimate that satellite networks could see 19-89% of total oil and natural gas system emissions detected in a recent survey of a high-emitting region.
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Innocenti F, Robinson R, Gardiner T, Howes N, Yarrow N. Comparative Assessment of Methane Emissions from Onshore LNG Facilities Measured Using Differential Absorption Lidar. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3301-3310. [PMID: 36781173 PMCID: PMC9979641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study provides results from measurements of methane emissions from three onshore LNG liquefaction facilities and two regasification facilities across different regions using the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) technique. The measurement approach was to quantify, at each facility, emissions from the key functional elements (FEs), defined as spatially separable areas related to different identified processes. The DIAL technique enabled quantification of emissions at the FE level, allowing emission factors (EFs) to be determined for each FE using activity data. The comprehensive data set presented here should not be used for annualization, however shows the potential of what could be achieved with a larger sample size in terms of potential methane reduction and improving inventory accuracy. Among the benefits in obtaining data with this level of granularity is the possibility to compare the emissions of similar FEs on different plants including FEs present in both liquefaction and regasification facilities. Emissions from noncontinuous sources and superemitters can also be identified and quantified enabling more accurate inventory reporting and targeted maintenance and repair. Site throughput during the measurement periods was used to characterize total site EF; on average the methane losses were 0.018% and 0.070% of throughput at the regasification and liquefaction facilities, respectively.
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Aigbe GO, Stringer LC, Cotton M. Gas Flaring in Nigeria: A Multi-level Governance and Policy Coherence Analysis. Anthr. Sci. 2023. [PMCID: PMC9927060 DOI: 10.1007/s44177-023-00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The unnecessary flaring of natural gas impacts public and environmental health, contributes to climate change and wastes fuel resources. Though reducing flaring is an emergent global environmental governance priority, progress has been slow. We assess gas flaring policy in the critical case of Nigeria through multi-level governance (MLG) structure. Our analysis assesses policy coherence (leading to progress in reaching shared goals) and divergence (creating tension and undermining progress) amongst sectors and institutional structures across the supranational, federal, state and local government scales. A combined dataset of documents, stakeholder interviews and expert surveys is analysed using Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) and content analysis. We identify the principal actors involved, examine the extent of gas flaring awareness and policy coherence across multiple sectors/policy domains, and assess progress towards Nigeria’s national intended contribution and national policy on climate change mitigation. We find that policy coherence around gas flaring, including efforts towards climate change mitigation, has been slowed by political partisanship, poor governance, lack of regulatory compliance, and policy conflict between environmental protection and economic development priorities. Nigeria urgently requires inclusive involvement of stakeholder voices across multiple sectors and scales of local/regional government, the strengthening of federal institutions, a revaluation of economic aspirations through revenue diversification, and leadership that can temper the power of International Oil Companies (IOCs) to exploit the complexity of the MLG structure. These actions would help the government in improving environmental justice outcomes for flaring-affected communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin O. Aigbe
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG UK
| | - Lindsay C. Stringer
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG UK
| | - Matthew Cotton
- School of Social Sciences Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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36
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Han Z, Sun B, Cheng Y, Yan C. Soil consolidation acoustic experiment and pore pressure prediction model establishment-taking the Yingqiong Basin as an example. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1885. [PMID: 36732594 PMCID: PMC9895052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish a pore pressure prediction model suitable for the Yingqiong Basin in the South China Sea. A new laboratory test method was designed to simulate the core consolidation process, and an acoustic experiment for soil consolidation was carried out to analyze various parameters and establish an abnormal pore pressure prediction model suitable for the target block. First, the cause of abnormally high pressure in the Yingqiong Basin is analyzed and identified, and a simulation experiment of stratum loading and unloading is performed. The soil consolidation, experimental equipment and experimental plan are designed. Several sets of experiments were carried out, the changes in various parameters during the experiment were analyzed and summarized, the pore pressure prediction model suitable for this area was standardized and established, and application verification and evaluation were carried out in some wells in this area. The results show that the prediction model is accurate and applicable, and the pore pressure can be predicted by the soil consolidation experiment method that the prediction accuracy is slightly better than the traditional prediction model. In this study, a feasible soil consolidation acoustic experiment method can be used to establish a rock mechanics experiment and a pore pressure prediction model without strict core rock. The experiments have proved the feasibility of this method and obtained two prediction models, including loading mechanism and unloading mechanism prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Han
- grid.497420.c0000 0004 1798 1132School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Bo Sun
- grid.497420.c0000 0004 1798 1132School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Yuanfang Cheng
- grid.497420.c0000 0004 1798 1132School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266580 China
| | - Chuanliang Yan
- grid.497420.c0000 0004 1798 1132School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266580 China
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Huang F, Zhang X, Liu W, Gao J, Sun L. Theoretical Investigations on MIL-100(M) (M=Cr, Sc, Fe) with High Adsorption Selectivity for Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide over Methane. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202200985. [PMID: 36326487 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The removal of impurity gases (N2 , CO2 ) in natural gas is critical to the efficient use of natural gas. In this work, the selective adsorption for N2 and CO2 over CH4 on MIL-100 (M) (M=4 Cr, 10 Cr, 6 Fe, 1 In, 1 Sc, 3 V) is studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The calculated adsorption energy of the large-size cluster model (LC) of MIL-100 (M) shows that the 4 MIL-100 (4 Cr) is the best at the refinement of natural gas due to the lower adsorption energy of CH4 (-2.58 kJ/mol) in comparison with that of N2 (-21.49 kJ/mol) and CO2 (-23.82 kJ/mol). 1 MIL-100 (1 Sc) and 1 MIL-100 (6 Fe) can also achieve selective adsorption and follows the order 4 MIL-100 (4 Cr)>1 MIL-100 (1 Sc)>1 MIL-100 (6 Fe). In the research of the selective adsorption mechanism of MIL-100 (M) (M=4 Cr, 1 Sc, 6 Fe), the independent gradient model (IGM) indicates that these outstanding adsorbents interact with CO2 and N2 mainly through the electrostatic attractive interaction, while the van der Walls interaction dominates in the interaction with CH4. The atomic Projected Density of State (PDOS) further confirms that CH4 contributes least to the intermolecular interaction than that of CO2 and N2 . Through the scrutiny of molecular orbitals, it is found that electrons transfer from the gas molecule to the metal site in the adsorption of CO2 and N2 . Not only does the type of the metallic orbitals, but also the delocalization of the involved orbitals determines the selective adsorption performance of MIL-100. Both Cr and Sc share their d z 2 ${{d}_{{z}^{2}}}$ orbitals with the gases, making 1 MIL-100 (1 Sc) another potential effective separator for CH4 . Additionally, the comparison of adsorption energy and PDOS shows that the introduction of ligands such as benzene impedes the electron donation from gas molecules (CO2 , N2 ) to the metal site, indicating electron-withdrawing ligands will further favor the adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Junkuo Gao
- Institute of Functional Porous Materials, The Key laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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38
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Xu Y, Liu X, Hu Z, Duan X, Chang J. Bottom-hole pressure drawdown management of fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs using a semi-analytical model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22490. [PMID: 36577771 PMCID: PMC9797488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to strong stress sensitivity resulted from unconventional tight formationsit is of practical interest to formulate a reasonable pressure drawdown plan to improve gas extraction recovery. The impact of water-shale interactions on the reservoir permeability was previously ignored in the managed pressure drawdown optimization. The controlled-pressure production dynamic analysis was mostly conducted using numerical simulation, lack of rigorous theoretical support. Hence in this paper, a theoretical production prediction model was proposed and verified with HIS RTA 2015by incorporating multiple pressure drawdown mechanisms and various non-linear gas flow process. The on-site production effects dominated by two different pressure drop methods was further compared, indicating that compared to depressurization production, the production reversion can occur in the controlled pressure production process and the EUR of single well can be increased by about 30% under the control of managed pressure drawdown approach. Finally, the pressure drawdown optimization strategy was carried out on the field test from the both production effect and economic benefits, which demonstrated that the best economic solution can generally be obtained in the early stage of production. The research results can be closely linked to the on-site production practice of shale gas wells, providing insights into designing optimized production strategy scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lang Fang, 065007 China ,grid.453058.f0000 0004 1755 1650Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xiangui Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lang Fang, 065007 China ,grid.453058.f0000 0004 1755 1650Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lang Fang, 065007 China ,grid.453058.f0000 0004 1755 1650Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xianggang Duan
- grid.453058.f0000 0004 1755 1650Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jin Chang
- grid.453058.f0000 0004 1755 1650Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083 China
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Liu C, He L. Atomized droplet size prediction for supersonic atomized water drainage and natural gas extraction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22192. [PMID: 36564453 PMCID: PMC9789073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the later stage of natural gas reservoir exploration, the wellbore pressure is reduced and the liquid accumulation is serious, in order to solve the problem of liquid accumulation and low production in low-pressure and low-yield gas wells, the supersonic atomization drainage gas recovery technology is used to improve the recovery rate. By studying the influence of working condition parameters of downhole nozzle atomization drainage gas recovery on atomization effect and liquid carrying rate, a new physical model of atomization nozzle is established, the back propagation (BP) neural network atomization model and BP neural network atomization model optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) is established, and the Matlab is used to train the 45 groups of data sets before the experiment. After the model training, the normalized atomization parameters are trained for sensitivity analysis. The relationship between the strength and weakness of the factors affecting Sotel's average droplet particle size (SMD) is as follows: gas flow (Qg) > liquid inlet diameter (d) > liquid phase flow (Ql). The last 15 sets of data sets outside the training samples were tested by BP model and BP neural model optimized by genetic algorithm (GA-BP), and the size of SMD was predicted. The experimental results show that the determination coefficient R2 of the established GA-BP network model to the experimental parameters is 0.979 and the goodness of fit is high; the mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the predicted value of GA-BP atomization model and the experimental value are 4.471, 1.811 and 0.031 respectively, the error is small, the prediction accuracy is high, and the establishment of the model is accurate. The GA-BP model can efficiently predict SMD under different operating conditions, at present, the new supersonic atomizing nozzle has been successfully applied to the Xushen gas field block of Daqing Oilfield, which can improve the recovery rate of natural gas by 4.5-8.6%, alleviate the problem of effusion near the end of oil exploration, and has certain guiding significance for solving the problem of wellbore effusion and improving production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengting Liu
- grid.440597.b0000 0000 8909 3901School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University), Ministry of Education, Da qing, China
| | - Liang He
- grid.440597.b0000 0000 8909 3901School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University), Ministry of Education, Da qing, China
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40
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Olorode O, Rashid H. Analytical modification of EDFM for transient flow in tight rocks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22018. [PMID: 36539516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial development of unconventional resources with multiply fractured horizontal wells has been in the spotlight over the last ten years because of the significant contribution of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) reservoirs to the total US oil and gas production. UOG reservoirs contain multiscale fractures with heterogeneous properties, so the focus has been on efficient and accurate models that can account for these fractures individually. One of such models is the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM), which has been applied to various types of fractured reservoirs. This work shows that the application of EDFM in fractured tight rocks yields significant errors because it cannot account for the expected transient flow between the matrix and fractures. To address the limitation when EDFM is used in tight rocks with structured Cartesian grids, we modified the matrix/fracture non-neighboring connection (NNC) flux in EDFM by multiplying it with a transient factor. We obtained this factor as in the transient matrix/fracture transfer term for dual-continuum models and implemented it in in our open-source shale simulator. We simulated a single vertical fracture in the middle of a tight reservoir with and without this EDFM modification and show the importance of the proposed modification. We also simulated cyclic gas enhanced oil recovery (CGEOR) in a fractured Bakken shale oil well and analyzed the model results using standard rate-transient analysis plots to evaluate the significance of the proposed modification. The results show that the standard EDFM underestimates oil and gas production by up to 73% at early times. This work presents the first analytical modification of EDFM to account for the nonlinear pressure drop expected near fracture surfaces. Comparing the modified and standard EDFM model results to a reference solution shows that the modified EDFM matches it. In contrast, the standard EDFM cannot match the reference solution when we use structured Cartesian grids with linear spacing. Additionally, by timing the simulation of a representative Bakken shale oil reservoir with 256 fractures, we show that the analytical modification proposed is only 1.5% slower than the standard EDFM.
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41
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Ok S, Gautam S, Liu KH, Cole DR. Surface Interactions and Nanoconfinement of Methane and Methane plus CO 2 Revealed by High-Pressure Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1273. [PMID: 36557180 PMCID: PMC9785918 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the fundamental, molecular- to microscopic-level behavior of methane gas confined into nanoporous silica proxies with different pore diameters and surface-to-volume (S/V) ratios. Surfaces and pore walls of nanoporous silica matrices are decorated with hydroxyl (-OH) groups, resembling natural heterogeneity. High-pressure MAS NMR was utilized to characterize the interactions between methane and the engineered nanoporous silica proxies under various temperature and pressure regimes. There was a change in the chemical shift position of confined methane slightly in the mixtures with nanoporous silica up to 393 K, as shown by high-pressure 13C-NMR. The 13C-NMR chemical shift of methane was changed by pressure, explained by the densification of methane inside the nanoporous silica materials. The influence of pore diameter and S/V of the nanoporous silica materials on the behaviors and dynamics of methane were studied. The presence of CO2 in mixtures of silica and methane needs analysis with caution because CO2 in a supercritical state and gaseous CO2 change the original structure of nanoporous silica and change surface area and pore volume. According to simulation, the picosecond scale dynamics of methane confined in larger pores of amorphous silica is faster. In the 4 nm pore, the diffusivity obtained from MD simulations in the pore with a higher S/V ratio is slower due to the trapping of methane molecules in adsorbed layers close to the corrugated pore surface. In contrast, relaxation measured with NMR for smaller pores (higher S/V) exhibits larger T1, indicating slower relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ok
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Siddharth Gautam
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kao-Hsiang Liu
- Shull Wollan Center—A Joint Institute for Neutron Science Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David R. Cole
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bertagni MB, Pacala SW, Paulot F, Porporato A. Risk of the hydrogen economy for atmospheric methane. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7706. [PMID: 36513663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is expected to play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, hydrogen losses to the atmosphere impact atmospheric chemistry, including positive feedback on methane (CH4), the second most important greenhouse gas. Here we investigate through a minimalist model the response of atmospheric methane to fossil fuel displacement by hydrogen. We find that CH4 concentration may increase or decrease depending on the amount of hydrogen lost to the atmosphere and the methane emissions associated with hydrogen production. Green H2 can mitigate atmospheric methane if hydrogen losses throughout the value chain are below 9 ± 3%. Blue H2 can reduce methane emissions only if methane losses are below 1%. We address and discuss the main uncertainties in our results and the implications for the decarbonization of the energy sector.
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43
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Liu Q, Yang Z, Liu G, Sun L, Xu R, Zhong J. Functionalized GO Membranes for Efficient Separation of Acid Gases from Natural Gas: A Computational Mechanistic Understanding. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1155. [PMID: 36422148 PMCID: PMC9693057 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane separation technology is applied in natural gas processing, while a high-performance membrane is highly in demand. This paper considers the bright future of functionalized graphene oxide (GO) membranes in acid gas removal from natural gas. By molecular simulations, the adsorption and diffusion behaviors of several unary gases (N2, CH4, CO2, H2S, and SO2) are explored in the 1,4-phenylenediamine-2-sulfonate (PDASA)-doped GO channels. Molecular insights show that the multilayer adsorption of acid gases evaluates well by the Redlich-Peterson model. A tiny amount of PDASA promotes the solubility coefficient of CO2 and H2S, respectively, up to 4.5 and 5.3 mmol·g-1·kPa-1, nearly 2.5 times higher than those of a pure GO membrane, which is due to the improved binding affinity, great isosteric heat, and hydrogen bonds, while N2 and CH4 only show single-layer adsorption with solubility coefficients lower than 0.002 mmol·g-1·kPa-1, and their weak adsorption is insusceptible to PDASA. Although acid gas diffusivity in GO channels is inhibited below 20 × 10-6 cm2·s-1 by PDASA, the solubility coefficient of acid gases is certainly high enough to ensure their separation efficiency. As a result, the permeabilities (P) of acid gases and their selectivities (α) over CH4 are simultaneously improved (PCO2 = 7265.5 Barrer, αCO2/CH4 = 95.7; P(H2S+CO2) = 42075.1 Barrer, αH2S/CH4 = 243.8), which outperforms most of the ever-reported membranes. This theoretical study gives a mechanistic understanding of acid gas separation and provides a unique design strategy to develop high-performance GO membranes toward efficient natural gas processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Zhonglian Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Gongping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Longlong Sun
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
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44
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Campa MF, Chen See JR, Unverdorben LV, Wright OG, Roth KA, Niles JM, Ressler D, Macatugal EMS, Putt AD, Techtmann SM, Righetti TL, Hazen TC, Lamendella R. Geochemistry and Multiomics Data Differentiate Streams in Pennsylvania Based on Unconventional Oil and Gas Activity. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0077022. [PMID: 35980272 PMCID: PMC9603415 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00770-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional oil and gas (UOG) extraction is increasing exponentially around the world, as new technological advances have provided cost-effective methods to extract hard-to-reach hydrocarbons. While UOG has increased the energy output of some countries, past research indicates potential impacts in nearby stream ecosystems as measured by geochemical and microbial markers. Here, we utilized a robust data set that combines 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (DNA), metatranscriptomics (RNA), geochemistry, and trace element analyses to establish the impact of UOG activity in 21 sites in northern Pennsylvania. These data were also used to design predictive machine learning models to determine the UOG impact on streams. We identified multiple biomarkers of UOG activity and contributors of antimicrobial resistance within the order Burkholderiales. Furthermore, we identified expressed antimicrobial resistance genes, land coverage, geochemistry, and specific microbes as strong predictors of UOG status. Of the predictive models constructed (n = 30), 15 had accuracies higher than expected by chance and area under the curve values above 0.70. The supervised random forest models with the highest accuracy were constructed with 16S rRNA gene profiles, metatranscriptomics active microbial composition, metatranscriptomics active antimicrobial resistance genes, land coverage, and geochemistry (n = 23). The models identified the most important features within those data sets for classifying UOG status. These findings identified specific shifts in gene presence and expression, as well as geochemical measures, that can be used to build robust models to identify impacts of UOG development. IMPORTANCE The environmental implications of unconventional oil and gas extraction are only recently starting to be systematically recorded. Our research shows the utility of microbial communities paired with geochemical markers to build strong predictive random forest models of unconventional oil and gas activity and the identification of key biomarkers. Microbial communities, their transcribed genes, and key biomarkers can be used as sentinels of environmental changes. Slight changes in microbial function and composition can be detected before chemical markers of contamination. Potential contamination, specifically from biocides, is especially concerning due to its potential to promote antibiotic resistance in the environment. Additionally, as microbial communities facilitate the bulk of nutrient cycling in the environment, small changes may have long-term repercussions. Supervised random forest models can be used to identify changes in those communities, greatly enhance our understanding of what such impacts entail, and inform environmental management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Campa
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew D. Putt
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Terry C. Hazen
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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45
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Bi W, Tang Y, Li X, Dai C, Song C, Guo X, Ma X. One-step direct conversion of methane to methanol with water in non-thermal plasma. Commun Chem 2022; 5:124. [PMID: 36698023 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving methane-to-methanol is challenging under mild conditions. In this study, methanol is synthesized by one-step direction conversion of CH4 with H2O at room temperature under atmospheric pressure in non-thermal plasma (NTP). This route is characterized by the use of methane and liquid water as the reactants, which enables the transfer of the methanol product to the liquid phase in time to inhibit its further decomposition and conversion. Therefore, the obtained product is free of carbon dioxide. The reaction products include gas and liquid-phase hydrocarbons, CO, CH3OH, and C2H5OH. The combination of plasma and semiconductor materials increases the production rate of methanol. In addition, the addition of Ar or He considerably increases the production rate and selectivity of methanol. The highest production rate of methanol and selectivity in liquid phase can reach 56.7 mmol gcat-1 h-1 and 93%, respectively. Compared with the absence of a catalyst and added gas, a more than 5-fold increase in the methanol production rate is achieved.
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46
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Tribby A, Bois JS, Montzka SA, Atlas EL, Vimont I, Lan X, Tans PP, Elkins JW, Blake DR, Wennberg PO. Hydrocarbon Tracers Suggest Methane Emissions from Fossil Sources Occur Predominately Before Gas Processing and That Petroleum Plays Are a Significant Source. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:9623-9631. [PMID: 35699285 PMCID: PMC9260955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use global airborne observations of propane (C3H8) and ethane (C2H6) from the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) and HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO), as well as U.S.-based aircraft and tower observations by NOAA and from the NCAR FRAPPE campaign as tracers for emissions from oil and gas operations. To simulate global mole fraction fields for these gases, we update the default emissions' configuration of C3H8 used by the global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem v13.0.0, using a scaled C2H6 spatial proxy. With the updated emissions, simulations of both C3H8 and C2H6 using GEOS-Chem are in reasonable agreement with ATom and HIPPO observations, though the updated emission fields underestimate C3H8 accumulation in the arctic wintertime, pointing to additional sources of this gas in the high latitudes (e.g., Europe). Using a Bayesian hierarchical model, we estimate global emissions of C2H6 and C3H8 from fossil fuel production in 2016-2018 to be 13.3 ± 0.7 (95% CI) and 14.7 ± 0.8 (95% CI) Tg/year, respectively. We calculate bottom-up hydrocarbon emission ratios using basin composition measurements weighted by gas production and find their magnitude is higher than expected and is similar to ratios informed by our revised alkane emissions. This suggests that emissions are dominated by pre-processing activities in oil-producing basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana
L. Tribby
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Justin S. Bois
- Division
of Biology and Biological Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Stephen A. Montzka
- National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305 United States
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Isaac Vimont
- National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305 United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 United States
| | - Xin Lan
- National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305 United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 United States
| | - Pieter P. Tans
- National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305 United States
| | - James W. Elkins
- National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305 United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 United States
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division
of Engineering and Applied Science, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division
of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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47
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Rai S, Hage D, Littlefield J, Yanai G, Skone TJ. Comparative Life Cycle Evaluation of the Global Warming Potential (GWP) Impacts of Renewable Natural Gas Production Pathways. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:8581-8589. [PMID: 35653230 PMCID: PMC9227756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Renewable natural gas (RNG) sources are being considered in future energy strategy discussions as potential replacements for fossil natural gas (FNG). While today's supply of RNG resources is insufficient to meet U.S. demands, there is significant interest in its viability to supplement and decarbonize the natural gas supply. However, the studies compare the life cycle global warming potential (GWP) of various RNG production pathways are lacking and focus mostly on a singular pathway. This effort is an attempt to close this gap and provide a comparison between the life cycle GWP of three major RNG pathways and the FNG pathway. The three RNG pathways evaluated are anaerobic digestion (AD), thermal gasification (TG), and power-to-gas (P2G) using various feedstocks. The functional unit is 1 MJ of compressed RNG ready for injection into the natural gas transmission network. The results show that RNG production is not always carbon neutral or negative. Depending on the pathway, the GWP impact of RNG production can range from -229 to 27 g CO2e/MJ compressed RNG, with AD of animal manure and AD of municipal solid waste being the least and the most impactful pathways, respectively, compared to the 10.1 g CO2e/MJ impact for compressed FNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Rai
- National
Energy Technology Laboratory Support Contractor, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| | - Danny Hage
- National
Energy Technology Laboratory Support Contractor, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| | - James Littlefield
- National
Energy Technology Laboratory Support Contractor, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| | - Gabrielle Yanai
- National
Energy Technology Laboratory Support Contractor, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| | - Timothy J. Skone
- National
Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department
of Energy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
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48
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Weller ZD, Im S, Palacios V, Stuchiner E, von Fischer JC. Environmental Injustices of Leaks from Urban Natural Gas Distribution Systems: Patterns among and within 13 U.S. Metro Areas. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:8599-8609. [PMID: 35544760 PMCID: PMC9228055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural gas leaks in local distribution systems can develop as underground pipeline infrastructure degrades over time. These leaks lead to safety, economic, and climate change burdens on society. We develop an environmental justice analysis of natural gas leaks discovered using advanced leak detection in 13 U.S. metropolitan areas. We use Bayesian spatial regression models to study the relationship between the density of leak indications and sociodemographic indicators in census tracts. Across all metro areas combined, we found that leak densities increase with increasing percent people of color and with decreasing median household income. These patterns of infrastructure injustice also existed within most metro areas, even after accounting for housing age and the spatial structure of the data. Considering the injustices described here, we identify actions available to utilities, regulators, and advocacy groups that can be taken to improve the equity of local natural gas distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Weller
- Department
of Statistics, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, 1877 Campus
Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1877, United States
| | - Seongwon Im
- Department
of Statistics, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, 1877 Campus
Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1877, United States
| | - Virginia Palacios
- Commission
Shift, 212 Flores Avenue, Laredo, Texas 78040, United States
| | - Emily Stuchiner
- Department
of Biology, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, 1878 Campus
Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878, United States
| | - Joseph C. von Fischer
- Department
of Biology, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, 1878 Campus
Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878, United States
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49
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Chang M, Yan T, Wei Y, Wang JX, Liu D, Chen JF. Enhancing CH 4 Capture from Coalbed Methane through Tuning van der Waals Affinity within Isoreticular Al-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:25374-25384. [PMID: 35623040 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient separation of the CH4/N2 mixture is of great significance for coalbed methane purification. It is an effective strategy to separate this mixture by tuning the van der Waals interaction due to the nonpolar properties of CH4 and N2 molecules. Herein, we prepared several isoreticular Al-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with different ligand sizes and polarities because of their high structural stability and low cost/toxicity feature of Al metal. Adsorption experiments indicated that the CH4 uptake, Qst of CH4, and CH4/N2 selectivity are in the order of Al-FUM-Me (27.19 cm3(STP) g-1, 24.06 kJ mol-1 and 8.6) > Al-FUM (20.44 cm3(STP) g-1, 20.60 kJ mol-1 and 5.1) > Al-BDC (15.98 cm3(STP) g-1, 18.81 kJ mol-1 and 3.4) > Al-NDC (10.86 cm3(STP) g-1, 14.89 kJ mol-1 and 3.1) > Al-BPDC (5.90 cm3(STP) g-1, 11.75 kJ mol-1 and 2.2), confirming the synergetic effects of pore sizes and pore surface polarities. Exhilaratingly, the ideal adsorbed solution theory selectivity of Al-FUM-Me is higher than those of all zeolites, carbon materials, and most water-stable MOF materials (except Al-CDC and Co3(C4O4)2(OH)2), which is comparable to MIL-160. Breakthrough results demonstrate its excellent separation performance for the CH4/N2 mixture with good regenerability. The separation mechanism of Al-FUM-Me for the CH4/N2 mixture was elucidated by theoretical calculations, showing that the stronger affinity of CH4 can be attributed to its relatively shorter interaction distance with adsorption binding sites. Therefore, this work not only offers a promising candidate for CH4/N2 separation but also provides valuable guidance for the design of high-performance adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tongan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dahuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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50
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Petrov DV, Matrosov II, Zaripov AR, Tanichev AS. Raman Natural Gas Analyzer: Effects of Composition on Measurement Precision. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3492. [PMID: 35591181 DOI: 10.3390/s22093492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a promising method for analyzing natural gas due to its high measurement speed and the potential to monitor all molecular components simultaneously. This paper discusses the features of measurements of samples whose composition varies over a wide range (0.005-100%). Analysis of the concentrations obtained during three weeks of experiments showed that their variation is within the error caused by spectral noise. This result confirms that Raman gas analyzers can operate without frequent calibrations, unlike gas chromatographs. It was found that a variation in the gas composition can change the widths of the spectral lines of methane. As a result, the measurement error of oxygen concentration can reach 200 ppm. It is also shown that neglecting the measurement of pentanes and n-hexane leads to an increase in the calculated concentrations of other alkanes and to errors in the density and heating value of natural gas.
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