Response times are affected by mispredictions in a stochastic game

Acting as a goalkeeper in a video-game, a participant is asked to predict the successive choices of the penalty taker. The sequence of choices of the penalty taker is generated by a stochastic chain with memory of variable length. It has been conjectured that the probability distribution of the response times is a function of the specific sequence of past choices governing the algorithm used by the penalty taker to make his choice at each step. We found empirical evidence that besides this dependence, the distribution of the response times depends also on the success or failure of the previous prediction made by the participant. Moreover, we found statistical evidence that this dependence propagates up to two steps forward after the prediction failure.

Effects of syndecan-4 silencing on the extracellular matrix remodeling in anoikis-resistant endothelial cells

Anoikis is a process of programmed cell death induced by the loss of cell/matrix interactions. In previous work, we have shown that the acquisition of anoikis resistance upregulates syndecan-4 (SDC4) expression in endothelial cells. In addition, SDC4 gene silencing by microRNA interference reverses the transformed phenotype of anoikis-resistant endothelial cells. Due to this role of SDC4 in regulating the behavior of anoikis-resistant endothelial cells, we have evaluated that the functional consequences of SDC4 silencing in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in anoikis-resistant rabbit aortic endothelial cells submitted to SDC4 gene silencing (miR-Syn4-Adh-1-EC). For this, we evaluated the expression of adhesive proteins, ECM receptors, nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases, and ECM-degrading enzymes and their inhibitors. Altered cell behavior was monitored by adhesion, migration, and tube formation assays. We found that SDC4 silencing led to a decrease in migration and angiogenic capacity of anoikis-resistant endothelial cells; this was accompanied by an increase in adhesion to fibronectin. Furthermore, after SDC4 silencing, we observed an increase in the expression of fibronectin, collagen IV, and vitronectin, and a decrease in the expression of integrin α5β1 and αvβ3, besides that, silenced cells show an increase in Src and FAK expression. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis demonstrated that SDC4 silencing leads to altered gene and protein expression of MMP2, MMP9, and HSPE. Compared with parental cells, SDC4 silenced cells showed a decrease in nitric oxide production and eNOS expression. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that SDC4 plays an important role in ECM remodeling. In addition, our findings represent an important step toward understanding the mechanism by which SDC4 can reverse the transformed phenotype of anoikis-resistant endothelial cells.

Nature-based solutions potential for flood risk reduction under extreme rainfall events

Climate change will substantially increase extreme rainfall events, especially in the Tropics, enhancing flood risks. Such imminent risks require climate adaptation strategies to endure extreme rainfall and increase drainage systems. Here, we evaluate the potential of nature-based solutions by using an ecosystem service modeling approach, evaluating the impact of extreme rainfall events on flood risks in a large urban area and with a real-world land recovery plan. We evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four different land recovery scenarios and associated co-benefits, based on a gradient increase in area recovered and cost of implementation. Although the scenarios reveal increasing flood risk reduction and co-benefits along with greater proportion of land recovery, the most cost-effective scenario was the one with an intermediate land recovery where 30% of the study area would be reforested. We emphasize the striking benefits of nature-based solutions for flood risk reduction in cities, considering landscape scale and stakeholders' needs.

NMR and multivariate methods: Identification of chemical markers in extracts of pedra-ume-caá and their antiglycation, antioxidant, and enzymatic inhibition activities

INTRODUCTION

In Brazil, the plant group popularly known as "pedra-ume-caá" is used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes, and its raw material is commonly sold.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to apply a method for chemical identification of extracts of dry pedra-ume-caá leaves using HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and NMR and develop a multivariate model with NMR data to authenticate commercial samples. In addition, to evaluate the biological activities of the extracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Dry extracts of Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia amazonica, Myrcia guianensis, Myrcia sylvatica, Eugenia punicifolia leaves, and 15 commercial samples (sold in Manaus and Belém, Brazil) were prepared by infusion. All the extracts were analysed using HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), NMR, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The antidiabetic effect of extracts was evaluated according to enzymatic inhibition. Their content of total phenols, cell viability, and antioxidant and antiglycation activities were also determined.

RESULTS

HPLC-HRMS and NMR analysis of these extracts permitted the identification of 17 compounds. 1H NMR data combined with multivariate analyses allowed us to conclude that catechin, myricitrin, quercitrin, and gallic and quinic acids are the main chemical markers of pedra-ume-caá species. These markers were identified in 15 commercial samples of pedra-ume-caá. Additionally, only the extracts of M. multiflora and E. punicifolia inhibited α-glucosidase. All the extracts inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and showed free-radical-scavenging activity. These extracts did not present cytotoxicity.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the chemical markers of matrices, and it was possible to differentiate the materials marketed as pedra-ume-caá. Moreover, this study corroborates the potential of these species for treating diabetes.

Development and characterization of liposomal formulations containing sesquiterpene lactones for the treatment of chronic gout

Gout and hyperuricemia are characterized by high uric acid levels, and their treatment involves medications that have adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated oral liposomal formulations with eremantholide C and goyazensolide as a novel approach to reduce the toxicity associated with these substances while maintaining their anti-hyperuricemic activity. We characterized the formulations and evaluated them based on encapsulation efficiency and stability over 12 months and under simulated physiological environments. We determined the toxicity of the liposomal formulations in Caco-2 cells and the anti-hyperuricemic activity in rats. The formulations exhibited nanometric size, a narrow size distribution, and a negative zeta potential, indicating their stability and uniformity. The efficient encapsulation of the sesquiterpene lactones within the liposomes emphasizes their potential for sustained release and therapeutic efficacy. Stability evaluation revealed a small decrease in the eremantholide C concentration and a remarkable stability in the goyazensolide concentration. In Caco-2 cells, the liposomes did not exert toxicity, but did exhibit an antiproliferative effect. In vivo assays demonstrated that the liposomes reduced serum uric acid levels. Our study represents an advancement in gout and hyperuricemia treatment. The liposomal formulations effectively reduced the toxicity associated with the sesquiterpene lactones while maintaining their therapeutic effects.

Reusable graphite-based electrochemical sensors for L-dopa and dopamine detection

A fully reusable electrochemical device is proposed for the first time made from laser cutting and a homemade conductive ink composed of carbon and nail polish. As a sensor substrate, we applied polymethyl methacrylate, which allows the surface to be renewed by simply removing and reapplying a new layer of ink. In addition to the ease of renewing the sensor's conductive surface, the design of the device has allowed for the integration of different forms of analysis. The determination of L-Dopa was performed using DPV, which presented a linear response range between 5.0 and 1000.0 μmol L-1, and a LOD of 0.11 μmol L-1. For dopamine, a flow injection analysis system was employed, and using the amperometric technique measurements were performed with a linear ranging from 2.0 to 100.0 μmol L-1 and a LOD of 0.26 μmol L-1. To demonstrate its applicability, the device was used in the quantification of analytes in pharmaceutical drug and synthetic urine samples.

Inducing molecular orientation in solution-processed thin films of fluorene-bithiophene-based copolymer: thermal annealing vs. solvent additive

A deep understanding of the factors influencing the morphology of thin films based on conjugated polymers is essential to boost their performance in optoelectronic devices. Herein, we investigated the electronic structure and morphology of thin films of the copolymer poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorenyl-co-bithiophene) (F8T2) in its pristine form as well as samples processed with the solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) or post-processed through thermal annealing treatment. Measurements were carried out using angle-resolved S K-edge NEXAFS (near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure) in total electron yield (TEY) and fluorescence yield (FY) detection modes. Two main transitions were observed at the S 1s NEXAFS spectra: S 1s → π* and S 1s → σ* (S-C). The observed dichroism pointed to a face-on orientation of the conjugated backbone, which was significantly increased for F8T2 films processed with DIO. Resonant Auger decay spectra were obtained and analyzed using the core-hole clock (CHC) method. An enhancement in the charge transfer process was observed for thermally annealed films, especially for samples processed with DIO, corresponding to an increase in film ordering. Furthermore, the investigated films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attesting to the presence of the thiophene unit in the samples and demonstrating that some of its sulfur atoms were positively polarized in the F8T2 films. All these experimental findings were compared with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of film evaporation with and without DIO. The use of MD, together with mathematical modeling, was able to explain the major effects found in the experiments, including the polarization of sulfur atoms. The simultaneous use of powerful spectroscopic techniques and theoretical methods shed light on key aspects linking film morphology with fabrication procedures.

Expiratory Muscle Activity Counteracts Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and Is Associated with Fentanyl Dose in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Rationale: Hypoxemia during mechanical ventilation might be worsened by expiratory muscle activity, which reduces end-expiratory lung volume through lung collapse. A proposed mechanism of benefit of neuromuscular blockade in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the abolition of expiratory efforts. This may contribute to the restoration of lung volumes. The prevalence of this phenomenon, however, is unknown. Objectives: To investigate the incidence and amount of end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) increase after the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), clinical factors associated with this phenomenon, its impact on regional lung ventilation, and any association with changes in pleural pressure. Methods: We included mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS monitored with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) who received NMBAs in one of two centers. We measured changes in EELI, a surrogate for end-expiratory lung volume, before and after NMBA administration. In an additional 10 patients, we investigated the characteristic signatures of expiratory muscle activity depicted by EIT and esophageal catheters simultaneously. Clinical factors associated with EELI changes were assessed. Measurements and Main Results: We included 46 patients, half of whom showed an increase in EELI of >10% of the corresponding Vt (46.2%; IQR, 23.9-60.9%). The degree of EELI increase correlated positively with fentanyl dosage and negatively with changes in end-expiratory pleural pressures. This suggests that expiratory muscle activity might exert strong counter-effects against positive end-expiratory pressure that are possibly aggravated by fentanyl. Conclusions: Administration of NMBAs during EIT monitoring revealed activity of expiratory muscles in half of patients with ARDS. The resultant increase in EELI had a dose-response relationship with fentanyl dosage. This suggests a potential side effect of fentanyl during protective ventilation.

In silico analysis of alpha-synuclein protein variants and posttranslational modifications related to Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, affecting over 10 million people worldwide. The protein encoded by the SNCA gene, alpha-synuclein (ASYN), is the major component of Lewy body (LB) aggregates, a histopathological hallmark of PD. Mutations and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in ASYN are known to influence protein aggregation and LB formation, possibly playing a crucial role in PD pathogenesis. In this work, we applied computational methods to characterize the effects of missense mutations and PTMs on the structure and function of ASYN. Missense mutations in ASYN were compiled from the literature/databases and underwent a comprehensive predictive analysis. Phosphorylation and SUMOylation sites of ASYN were retrieved from databases and predicted by algorithms. ConSurf was used to estimate the evolutionary conservation of ASYN amino acids. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of ASYN wild-type and variants A30G, A30P, A53T, and G51D were performed using the GROMACS package. Seventy-seven missense mutations in ASYN were compiled. Although most mutations were not predicted to affect ASYN stability, aggregation propensity, amyloid formation, and chaperone binding, the analyzed mutations received relatively high rates of deleterious predictions and predominantly occurred at evolutionarily conserved sites within the protein. Moreover, our predictive analyses suggested that the following mutations may be possibly harmful to ASYN and, consequently, potential targets for future investigation: K6N, T22I, K34E, G36R, G36S, V37F, L38P, G41D, and K102E. The MD analyses pointed to remarkable flexibility and essential dynamics alterations at nearly all domains of the studied variants, which could lead to impaired contact between NAC and the C-terminal domain triggering protein aggregation. These alterations may have functional implications for ASYN and provide important insight into the molecular mechanism of PD, supporting the design of future biomedical research and improvements in existing therapies for the disease.

Molecular effects of photodynamic therapy with curcumin on Leishmania major promastigotes

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease mainly affecting low-income populations. Conventional treatment involves several side effects, is expensive, and, in addition, protozoa can develop resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative in treating the disease. PDT involves applying light at a specific wavelength to activate a photosensitive compound (photosensitizer, PS), to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Curcumin and its photochemical characteristics make it a good candidate for photodynamic therapy. Studies evaluating gene expression can help to understand the molecular events involved in the cell death caused by PDT. In the present study, RNA was extracted from promastigotes from the control and treated groups after applying PDT. RT-qPCR was performed to verify the expression of the putative ATPase beta subunit (ATPS), ATP synthase subunit A (F0F1), argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS), ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), glycoprotein 63 (GP63), superoxide dismutase (FeSODA), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) genes (QR). The results suggest that PDT altered the expression of genes that participate in oxidative stress and cell death pathways, such as ATPS, FeSODA, and G6PD. The ATP-F0F1, ASS, and GP63 genes did not have their expression altered. However, it is essential to highlight that other genes may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and, consequently, in the death of parasites.

Metalloproteomic analysis of liver proteins isolated from broilers fed with different sources and levels of copper and manganese

Supplementing minerals beyond dietary requirements can increase the risk of toxicity and mineral excretion, making the selection of more bioavailable sources crucial. Thus, this work aimed to use metalloproteomics tools to investigate possible alterations in the hepatic proteome of broilers fed with diets containing two sources (sulfate and hydroxychloride) and two levels of copper (15 and 150 ppm) and manganese (80 and 120 ppm), totaling four treatments: low Cu/Mn SO4, high Cu/Mn SO4, low Cu/Mn (OH)Cl and high Cu/Mn (OH)Cl. The difference in abundance of protein spots and copper and manganese concentrations in liver and protein pellets were analyzed by analysis of variance with significance level of 5%. The Cu and Mn concentrations determined in liver and protein pellets suggested greater bioavailability of hydroxychloride sources. We identified 19 Cu-associated proteins spots, 10 Mn-associated protein spots, and 5 Cu and/or Mn-associated protein spots simultaneously. The analysis also indicated the induction of heat shock proteins and detoxification proteins in broilers fed with high levels of copper and manganese, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in metal tolerance and stress.

MAX Phase (Nb4 AlC3 ) For Electrocatalysis Applications

In search for novel materials to replace noble metal-based electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, special attention is given to a distinct class of materials, MAX phase that combines advantages of ceramic and metallic properties. Herein, Nb4 AlC3 MAX phase is prepared by a solid-state mixing reaction and characterized morphologically and structurally by transmission and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, nitrogen-sorption, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical performance of Nb4 AlC3 in terms of capacitance as well as for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is evaluated in different electrolytes. The specific capacitance Cs of 66.4, 55.0, and 46.0 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1 is determined for acidic, neutral and alkaline medium, respectively. Continuous cycling reveals high capacitance retention in three electrolyte media; moreover, increase of capacitance is observed in acidic and neutral media. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a low charge transfer resistance of 64.76 Ω cm2 that resulted in better performance for HER in acidic medium (Tafel slope of 60 mV dec-1 ). In alkaline media, the charge storage value in the double layer is 360 mF cm-2 (0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode) and the best ORR performance of the Nb4 AlC3 is achieved in this medium (Tafel slope of 126 mV dec-1 ).

Cost-effective 3D lung tissue spheroid as a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and drug screening

BACKGROUND

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has spurred an unparalleled scientific endeavor to elucidate the virus' structure, infection mechanisms, and pathogenesis. Two-dimensional culture systems have been instrumental in shedding light on numerous aspects of COVID-19. However, these in vitro systems lack the physiological complexity to comprehend the infection process and explore treatment options. Three-dimensional (3D) models have been proposed to fill the gap between 2D cultures and in vivo studies. Specifically, spheroids, composed of lung cell types, have been suggested for studying SARS-CoV-2 infection and serving as a drug screening platform.

METHODS

3D lung spheroids were prepared by coculturing human alveolar or bronchial epithelial cells with human lung stromal cells. The morphology, size, and ultrastructure of spheroids before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed using optical and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect spike protein and, thus, the virus presence in the spheroids. Multiplex analysis elucidated the cytokine release after virus infection.

RESULTS

The spheroids were stable and kept their size and morphology after SARS-CoV-2 infection despite the presence of multivesicular bodies, endoplasmic reticulum rearrangement, tubular compartment-enclosed vesicles, and the accumulation of viral particles. The spheroid responded to the infection releasing IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that coculture spheroids of epithelial and stromal cells can serve as a cost-effective infection model for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We suggest using this 3D spheroid as a drug screening platform to explore new treatments related to the cytokines released during virus infection, especially for long COVID treatment.

Finger Prosthesis Driven by DEA Pairs as Agonist-Antagonist Artificial Muscles

Loss of an upper limb exerts a negative influence on an individual's ability to perform their activities of daily living (ADLs), reducing quality of life and self-esteem. A prosthesis capable of performing basic ADLs functions has the capability of restoring independence and autonomy to amputees. However, current technologies present in robotic prostheses are based on rigid actuators with several drawbacks, such as high weight and low compliance. Recent advances in robotics have allowed for the development of flexible actuators and artificial muscles to overcome the limitations of rigid actuators. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) consist of a thin elastomer membrane arranged between two compliant electrodes capable of changing dimensions when stimulated with an electrical potential difference. In this work, we present the design and testing of a finger prosthesis driven by two DEAs arranged as agonist-antagonist pairs as artificial muscles. The soft actuators are designed as fiber-constrained dielectric elastomers (FCDE), enabling displacement in just one direction as natural muscles. The finger prosthesis was designed and modeled to show bend movement using just one pair of DEAs and was made of PLA in an FDM 3D printer to be lightweight. The experimental results show great agreement with the proposed model and indicate that the proposed finger prosthesis is promising in overcoming the limitations of the current rigid based actuators.

Exploring interactions between parasites and their hosts in the Pantanal floodplain using an ecological network approach

The study of host-parasite interactions is essential to understand the role of each host species in the parasitic transmission cycles in a given community. The use of ecological network highlights the patterns of interactions between hosts and parasites, allowing us to evaluate the underlying structural features and epidemiological roles of different species within this context. Through network analysis, we aimed to understand the epidemiological roles of mammalian hosts species (n = 67) and their parasites (n = 257) in the Pantanal biome. Our analysis revealed a modular pattern within the network, characterized by 14 distinct modules, as well as nestedness patterns within these modules. Some key nodes, such as the multi-host parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and T. evansi, connect different modules and species. These central nodes showed us that various hosts species, including those with high local abundances, contribute to parasite maintenance. Ectoparasites, such as ticks and fleas, exhibit connections that reflect their roles as vectors of certain parasites. Overall, our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the structure of host-parasite interactions in the Pantanal ecosystem, highlighting the importance of network analysis as a tool to identifying the main transmission routes and maintenance of parasites pathways. Such insights are valuable for parasitic disease control and prevention strategies and shed light on the broader complexities of ecological communities.

Potential Pathways and Pathophysiological Implications of Viral Infection-Driven Activation of Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS)

Microcirculatory and coagulation disturbances commonly occur as pathological manifestations of systemic viral infections. Research exploring the role of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in flavivirus infections has recently linked microvascular dysfunctions to bradykinin (BK)-induced signaling of B2R, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) constitutively expressed by endothelial cells. The relevance of KKS activation as an innate response to viral infections has gained increasing attention, particularly after the reports regarding thrombogenic events during COVID-19. BK receptor (B2R and B1R) signal transduction results in vascular permeability, edema formation, angiogenesis, and pain. Recent findings unveiling the role of KKS in viral pathogenesis include evidence of increased activation of KKS with elevated levels of BK and its metabolites in both intravascular and tissue milieu, as well as reports demonstrating that virus replication stimulates BKR expression. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms triggered by virus replication and by virus-induced inflammatory responses that may stimulate KKS. We also explore how KKS activation and BK signaling may impact virus pathogenesis and further discuss the potential therapeutic application of BKR antagonists in the treatment of hemorrhagic and respiratory diseases.

Neutralizing antibody response after immunization with a COVID-19 bivalent vaccine: Insights to the future

The raising of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants led to the use of COVID-19 bivalent vaccines, which include antigens of the wild-type (WT) virus, and of the Omicron strain. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of bivalent vaccination on the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response. We enrolled 93 volunteers who had received three or four doses of monovalent vaccines based on the original virus (n = 61), or a booster shot with the bivalent vaccine (n = 32). Serum samples collected from volunteers were subjected to neutralization assays using the WT SARS-CoV-2, and Omicron subvariants. In addition, immunoinformatics to quantify and localize highly conserved NAb epitopes were performed. As main result, we observed that the neutralization titers of samples from individuals vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine were higher for the original virus, in comparison to their capacity of neutralizing the Omicron variant and its subvariants. NAb that recognize epitopes mostly conserved in the WT SARS-CoV-2 were boosted, while those that recognize epitopes mostly present in the Omicron variant, and subvariants were primed. These results indicate that formulation of future vaccines shall consider to target present viruses, and not viruses that no longer circulate.

Radiofrequency driving antitumor effect of graphene oxide-based nanocomposites: a Hill model analysis

Aim: This report proposes using the Hill model to assess the benchmark dose, the 50% lethal dose, the cooperativity and the dissociation constant while analyzing cell viability data using nanomaterials to evaluate the antitumor potential while combined with radiofrequency therapy. Materials & methods: A nanocomposite was synthesized (graphene oxide-polyethyleneimine-gold) and the viability was evaluated using two tumor cell lines, namely LLC-WRC-256 and B16-F10. Results: Our findings demonstrated that while the nanocomposite is biocompatible against the LLC-WRC-256 and B16-F10 cancer cell lines in the absence of radiofrequency, the application of radiofrequency enhances the cell toxicity by orders of magnitude. Conclusion: This result points to prospective studies with the tested cell lines using tumor animal models.

Crosslinked Collagen-Hyaluronic Acid Scaffold Enhances Interleukin-10 Under Co-Culture of Macrophages And Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

The skin, the human body's largest organ, possesses a protective barrier that renders it susceptible to various injuries, including burns. Following burn trauma, the inflammatory process triggers both innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to the polarization of macrophages into two distinct phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 and the anti-inflammatory M2. This dual response sets the stage for wound healing and subsequent tissue regeneration. Contributing to this transition from M1 to M2 polarization are human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), which employ paracrine signaling and inflammation suppression to enhance the remodeling phase. ASCs, when combined with biocompatible polymers, can be integrated into functional scaffolds. This study introduces an 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide-crosslinked (EDC-crosslinked) collagen-hyaluronic acid (Col-HA) scaffold assembled with ASCs, designed as a natural biomaterial device to modulate macrophage behavior in vitro under co-culture conditions. This innovation aims to improve wound healing processes. The EDC-crosslinked Col-HA scaffold favored the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines by ASCs, which indicated the M2 prevalence. In tissue engineering, a critical objective lies in the development of functional biomaterials capable of guiding specific tissue responses, notably the control of inflammatory processes. Thus, this research not only presents original findings but also points toward a promising avenue within regenerative medicine.

Biodegradable Polymer Packaging System for 'Benitaka' Table Grapes during Cold Storage

A biodegradable polymer packaging system for 'Benitaka' table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) was developed to inhibit the development of gray mold during refrigerated storage. The system consisted of packages and sachets containing Na2S2O5 to release sulfur dioxide (SO2), both produced with biodegradable films of starch, glycerol, and poly (adipate co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) produced via blown extrusion. The films were characterized in terms of thickness, density, mass loss in water, water vapor permeability, sorption isotherms, and mechanical properties. The table grapes were packed with biodegradable plastic bags containing SO2-releasing sachets inside. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four repetitions and five treatments: (a) control, without sachet containing Na2S2O5 and SiO2; (b) 2 g of Na2S2O5 + 2 g of SiO2; (c) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 1 g of SiO2; (d) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 2 g of SiO2; and (e) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 4 g of SiO2. The bunches were stored in a refrigerated chamber at 1 ± 1 °C and relative humidity above 90%. The treatments were evaluated 30 and 45 days after the beginning of refrigerated storage and 3 days at room temperature. The grapes were evaluated based on the incidence of gray mold, mass loss, stem browning, shattered berries, and berry bleaching. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance, and the means were compared using Tukey's test at 5%. The biodegradable films had good processability during the production via blown extrusion, with good physical properties to be used in the packaging of grapes and the production of SO2-releasing sachets. The biodegradable polymer packaging system (biodegradable plastic bags + SO2-releasing sachets) inhibited the development of gray mold on 'Benitaka' table grapes for 45 days at 1 °C, preserving their quality, with low mass loss, few shattered berries, and rachis freshness.

Tapirira guianensis is Selectively Cytotoxic, Induces Apoptosis to the Glioblastoma and Decreases Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis in vivo

Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor without effective treatment, which makes this work extremely relevant. The study of the bioactive compounds from medicinal plants plays an important role in the discovery of new drugs.This research investigated the constituents of Tapirira guianensis and its antitumor potential (in vitro and in vivo) in glioblastoma. The T. guianensis extracts were characterized by mass spectrometry. The ethyl acetate partition (01ID) and its fractions 01ID-F2 and 01ID-F4 from T. guianensis showed potential antitumor treatment evidenced by selective cytotoxicity for GAMG with IC50 14.1 µg/mL, 83.07 µg/mL, 59.27 µg/mL and U251 with IC50 25.92 µg/mL, 37.3 µg/mL and 18.84 µg/mL. Fractions 01ID-F2 and 01ID-F4 were 10 times more selective when compared to TMZ and 01ID for the two evaluated cell lines. T. guianensis also reduced matrix metalloproteinases 2 - 01ID-F2 (21.84%), 01ID-F4 (29.6%) and 9 - 01ID-F4 (73.42%), ID-F4 (53.84%) activities, and induced apoptosis mainly through the extrinsic pathway. Furthermore, all treatments significantly reduced tumor size (01ID p < 0,01, 01ID-F2 p < 0,01 and 01ID-F4 p < 0,0001) and caused blood vessels to shrink in vivo. The present findings highlight that T. guianensis exhibits considerable antitumor potential in preclinical studies of glioblastoma. This ability may be related to the phenolic compounds and sesquiterpene derivatives identified in the extracts. This study deserves further in vivo research, followed by clinical investigation.

Effect of adenosine treatment on ionizing radiation toxicity in zebrafish early life stages

The danger of ionizing radiation exposure to human health is a concern. Since its wide use in medicine and industry, the development of radioprotectors has been very significant. Adenosine exerts anti-inflammatory actions and promotes tissue protection and repair, by activating the P1 receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an appropriate tool in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology, including the evaluation of radiobiological outcomes and in the search for radioprotector agents. This study aims to evaluate the effect of adenosine in the toxicity induced by radiation in zebrafish. Embryos were treated with 1, 10, or 100 µM adenosine, 30 min before the exposure to 15 Gy of gamma radiation. Adenosine potentiated the effects of radiation in heart rate, body length, and pericardial edema. We evaluated oxidative stress, tissue remodeling and inflammatory. It was seen that 100 µM adenosine reversed the inflammation induced by radiation, and that A2A2 and A2B receptors are involved in these anti-inflammatory effects. Our results indicate that P1R activation could be a promising pharmacological strategy for radioprotection.

Differential expression of genes potentially related to the callogenesis and in situ hybridization of SERK gene in macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart

For the purpose of understanding the molecular processes triggered during callus formation in macaw palm, the expression of seven genes potentially involved in this process, identified in previous studies and from the literature, was investigated by RT-qPCR. In addition, in situ hybridization of the SERK gene was performed. Leaf tissues from adult plants from two macaw palm accession were inoculated in a medium combined with Picloram at a concentration of 450 μM to induce callus. The expression analysis was performed from leaf samples from two accessions of different origins (Municipalities of Tiros, MG, and Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brazil), which are characterized as non-responsive (NR) and responsive (R), respectively. The material was collected before callus induction (0 DAI, initial day) and 120 days after callus induction (120 DAI). Genes related to development (SERK, OASA, EF1, ANN1) and stress (LEA, CAT2, and MDAR5) were evaluated. The results obtained showed that all the genes involved with the development had their expressions downregulated at 0 DAI when the accession R was compared with the accession NR. On the other hand, it was possible to observe that these genes were upregulated at 120 DAI. The LEA stress gene showed a tendency to increase expression in the NR accession, while the R accession showed decreased expression and the CAT2 and MDAR5 genes showed upregulation in both accessions. In situ hybridization showed SERK transcripts in the vascular bundles, indicating the expression of SERK in this region, in addition to its expression in calluses. The results obtained in this study support our hypothesis that the regulation of genes involved in the control of oxidative stress and development is crucial for the formation of calluses in macaw palm.

Genomic Analysis of a Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 1 Associated with Caprine Mastitis

This study aimed to investigate the genomic and epidemiological features of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 1 (MRSA ST1) strain associated with caprine subclinical mastitis. An S. aureus strain was isolated from goat's milk with subclinical mastitis in Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil, by means of aseptic procedures and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk-diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. After genome assembly and annotation, in silico analyses, including multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial resistance and stress-response genes, virulence factors, and plasmids detection were performed. A comparative SNP-based phylogenetic analysis was performed using publicly available MRSA genomes. The strain showed phenotypic resistance to cefoxitin, penicillin, and tetracycline and was identified as sequence type 1 (ST1) and spa type 128 (t128). It harbored the SCCmec type IVa (2B), as well as the lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes. The strain was phylogenetically related to six community-acquired MRSA isolates (CA-MRSA) strains associated with human clinical disease in North America, Europe, and Australia. This is the first report of a CA-MRSA strain associated with milk in the Americas. The structural and epidemiologic features reported in the MRSA ST1 carrying a mecA-SCCmec type IVa suggest highly complex mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in MRSA. The SNP-based phylogenetic analysis suggests a zooanthroponotic transmission, i.e., a strain of human origin.

Metalloproteomic Investigation of Hg-Binding Proteins in Renal Tissue of Rats Exposed to Mercury Chloride

Results obtained from rat studies indicate that, even at low concentrations, mercurial species cause harmful effects on the kidneys, by inducing the nephrotic oxidative stress response. In the present work, Hg-associated proteins were identified as possible mercury-exposure biomarkers in rat kidneys exposed to low mercury chloride concentrations for 30 days (Hg-30) and 60 days (Hg-60), using metalloproteomic strategies. The renal proteomic profile was fractioned by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the mercury determinations in kidney samples, protein pellets and protein spots were performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The characterization of Hg-associated protein spots and the analysis of differentially expressed proteins were performed by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Eleven Hg-associated protein spots with a concentration range of 79 ± 1 to 750 ± 9 mg kg-1 in the Hg-60 group were identified. The characterization and expression analyses allowed the identification of 53 proteins that were expressed only in the Hg-60 group, 13 "upregulated" proteins (p > 0.95) and 47 "downregulated" proteins (p < 0.05). Actin isoforms and hemoglobin subunits were identified in protein spots of the Hg-60 group, with mercury concentrations in the range of 138 to 750 mg kg-1, which qualifies these proteins as potential mercury-exposure biomarkers.

Sulfur-Doped g-C3N4 Heterojunctions for Efficient Visible Light Degradation of Methylene Blue

The discharge of synthetic dyes from different industrial sources has become a global issue of concern. Enormous amounts are released into wastewater each year, causing concerns due to the high toxic consequences. Photocatalytic semiconductors appear as a green and sustainable form of remediation. Among them, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been widely studied due to its low cost and ease of fabrication. In this work, the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic study over methylene blue of undoped, B/S-doped, and exfoliated heterojunctions of g-C3N4 are presented. The evaluation of the photocatalytic performance showed that exfoliated undoped/S-doped heterojunctions with 25, 50, and 75 mass % of S-doped (g-C3N4) present enhanced activity with an apparent reaction rate constant (kapp) of 1.92 × 10-2 min-1 for the 75% sample. These results are supported by photoluminescence (PL) experiments showing that this heterojunction presents the less probable electron-hole recombination. UV-vis diffuse reflectance and valence band-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VB-XPS) allowed the calculation of the band-gap and the valence band positions, suggesting a band structure diagram describing a type I heterojunction. The photocatalytic activities calculated demonstrate that this property is related to the surface area and porosity of the samples, the semiconductor nature of the g-C3N4 structure, and, in this case, the heterojunction that modifies the band structure. These results are of great importance considering that scarce reports are found concerning exfoliated B/S-doped heterojunctions.

Phenotypical Screening of an MMV Open Box Library and Identification of Compounds with Antiviral Activity against St. Louis Encephalitis Virus

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a neglected mosquito-borne Flavivirus that may cause severe neurological disease in humans and other animals. There are no specific treatments against SLEV infection or disease approved for human use, and drug repurposing may represent an opportunity to accelerate the development of treatments against SLEV. Here we present a scalable, medium-throughput phenotypic cell culture-based screening assay on Vero CCL81 cells to identify bioactive compounds that could be repurposed against SLEV infection. We screened eighty compounds from the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) COVID Box library to identify nine (11%) compounds that protected cell cultures from SLEV-induced cytopathic effects, with low- to mid-micromolar potencies. We validated six hit compounds using viral plaque-forming assays to find that the compounds ABT-239, Amiodarone, Fluphenazine, Posaconazole, Triparanol, and Vidofludimus presented varied levels of antiviral activity and selectivity depending on the mammalian cell type used for testing. Importantly, we identified and validated the antiviral activity of the anti-flavivirus nucleoside analog 7DMA against SLEV. Triparanol and Fluphenazine reduced infectious viral loads in both Vero CCL81 and HBEC-5i cell cultures and, similar to the other validated compounds, are likely to exert antiviral activity through a molecular target in the host.

Oxidative stress associated with proteomic and fatty acid profiles of sperm from Nellore bulls at rest†

Sexual rest is a transient condition, which compromises conception rates, characterized by large volumes of ejaculate with high percentages of dead sperm observed in bulls. The biochemical mechanisms leading to this ejaculate pattern are not fully understood. Six adult resting Nellore bulls were submitted to Breeding Soundness Evaluation by four consecutive semen collections through the electroejaculation method during a 30 min period. Each ejaculate had its semen phenotypic parameters; morphology and physical aspects were evaluated. To assess enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase), lipid peroxidation (concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide), fatty acid, and proteomic profile aliquots of spermatozoa from the first and fourth ejaculates were used. All sperm parameters differed between the first and fourth ejaculates. Spermatozoa from the first ejaculate showed lower enzymatic activity and a higher concentration of lipid peroxidation markers. Among the 19 identified fatty acids, 52.7% are polyunsaturated. Relative abundance analysis showed that C12:0 and C18:0 fatty acids differed between the first and fourth ejaculates, being the fourth ejaculate richer in spermatozoa. The proteomics analysis identified a total of 974 proteins in both sample groups (first and fourth ejaculates). The majority of identified proteins are related to cellular processes and signaling. Quantitative proteomics showed 36 differentially abundant proteins, 6 up-regulated proteins in the first ejaculate, and 30 up-regulated proteins in the fourth ejaculate. Spermatozoa from bulls at sexual rest have less antioxidant capacity, causing changes in their fatty acid composition and protein profile, which generates the observed sperm pattern and lower fertilization capacity.

Architecture of the inferior parietal cortex in capuchin monkey

We studied the organization of the inferior parietal cortex (IPC) in five capuchin monkey (6 hemispheres) using cytoarchitectonic (Nissl), myeloarchitectonic (Gallyas), and immune-architectonic (SMI-32 monoclonal antibody) techniques. We partitioned the IPC into five distinct areas: PFG, PG, Opt, PFop, and PGop. Since we used parasagittal sections, we were not able to study area PF due to its far lateral position, which yielded slices that were tangential to the pial surface. Areas PFG, PG, and Opt were in the convexity close to the lateral sulcus, while PFop and PGop were positioned more posteriorly, in the opercular region of IPC. Of all the five regions, area Opt was the one most similar to its analogue in the macaque, especially as revealed with SMI-32 staining. Namely, in both primate species area Opt showed a low density of large pyramidal neurons. Additionally, the apical dendrites of these neurons were sparse and vertically orientated, resembling columns. We also found area PG to be similar: both species exhibited cell body layers with a radial arrangement. On the other hand, Nissl staining revealed area PFG to be architectonically different between New and Old-World monkeys: PFG in the capuchin showed a comparatively higher cell density than in macaques, especially in layers II and IV. These results suggest that evolution may have enabled the functional specialization of these brain regions based on behavioral demands of upper limb use. The small differences in the IPC of the two primates may be linked to interspecies variability.

Chronic hypoparathyroidism is associated with increased cortical bone density evaluated using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography

PURPOSE

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess bone mineral density (BMD), bone microarchitecture and fracture prevalence in women with chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism (hypoPT).

METHODS

Twenty-seven women with postsurgical hypoPT and 44 age-matched healthy women were included. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate areal BMD and vertebral fracture assessment. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography assessed microarchitecture and volumetric BMD at the distal radius and tibia. Biochemical parameters, including fibroblast growth factor 23, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), were also measured. Previous low-impact fractures were assessed and the 10-year fracture risk was estimated using the FRAX tool for the Brazilian population.

RESULTS

No participant had prevalent clinical fractures, and both groups showed low risk for major and hip based on FRAX tool, but two hypoPT patients had moderate to severe morphometric vertebral fractures. Women with hypoPT had increased aBMD in the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip (p < 0.05) and higher cortical vBMD in the radius (p = 0.020) and tibia (p < 0.001). Trabecular bone was not affected. Both P1NP and ICTP suggested low bone turnover rates, but no significant correlation was observed between bone density or microstructure and any of the biochemical parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of fragility fractures was low in HypoPT women and compatible with low fracture risk estimated by the FRAX tool. Patients had a higher aBMD and cortical vBMD than those of healthy control women, but the association with decreased bone turnover remains unclear.

Berberine-fluconazole microparticle-based combination therapy to treat candidiasis infections

AIM

This study aims to incorporate alginate microparticles containing berberine and fluconazole into two different types of pharmaceutical formulations, to subsequently evaluate the antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Alginate microparticles containing BBR (berberine) and FLU (fluconazole) were produced by the spray-drying technique, characterized and incorporated in two pharmaceutical formulations, a vaginal cream and artificial saliva. Broth microdilution, checkerboard, time-kill curve, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to determine the antifungal effects of BBR and FLU against C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of free BBR were 125 μg ml-1. Synergism between BBR and FLU was demonstrated by a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) = 0.0762. The time-kill curve for the combination BBR + FLU showed a more pronounced decrease in fungal growth in comparison to free drugs, and an antibiofilm effect of BBR occurred in the formation and preformed biofilm.

CONCLUSION

Alginate microparticles containing BBR and FLU were obtained and incorporated in a vaginal cream and artificial saliva. Both formulations showed good stability, antifungal effects, and organoleptic characteristics, which suggest that BBR-FLU microparticles in formulations have potential as antifungal therapy.

Nanosilver-Functionalized Hybrid Hydrogels of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) with Antibacterial Activity for Prevention and Therapy of Infections of Diabetic Chronic Wounds

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are considered one of the most severe chronic complications of diabetes and can lead to amputation in severe cases. In addition, bacterial infections in diabetic chronic wounds aggravate this scenario by threatening human health. Wound dressings made of polymer matrices with embedded metal nanoparticles can inhibit microorganism growth and promote wound healing, although the current clinical treatments for diabetic chronic wounds remain unsatisfactory. In this view, this research reports the synthesis and characterization of innovative hybrid hydrogels made of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) chemically crosslinked by citric acid (CA) functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) generated in situ using an eco-friendly aqueous process. The results assessed through comprehensive in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that these hybrid polymer hydrogels functionalized with AgNPs possess physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, bioadhesion, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility suitable for wound dressings to support chronic wound healing process as well as preventing and treating bacterial infections. Hence, it can be envisioned that, with further research and development, these polymer-based hybrid nanoplatforms hold great potential as an important tool for creating a new generation of smart dressings for treating chronic diabetic wounds and opportunistic bacterial infections.

Bio-functionalized nanocolloids of ZnS quantum dot/amine-rich polypeptides for bioimaging cancer cells with antibacterial activity: "seeing is believing"

Among almost 200 types of cancers, glioma is considered one of the most common forms of malignant tumors located in the central nervous system (CNS). Glioblastoma (GBM), one of the deadliest types of brain cancer, remains one of the challenges faced by oncologists. Thus, smartly designed nanomaterials biofunctionalized with polypeptides can offer disruptive strategies relying on the earliest possible diagnosis ("seeing is believing") combined with more efficient therapies for fighting cancer cells. To worsen this scenario, bacteria infections very often pose a serious challenge to cancer-immunodeficient patients under chemotherapy. Thus, in this research, we report for the first time the design and synthesis of novel nanoconjugates composed of photoluminescent ZnS quantum dots (ZnS QDs), which were directly surface biofunctionalized with epsilon-poly-l-lysine (εPL), acting as an amine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) and antimicrobial peptide agent (AMP). These nanoconjugates (named ZnS@CPP-AMP) were produced through a one-step facile, eco-friendly, and biocompatible colloidal aqueous process to be applied as a proof of concept as nanoprobes for bioimaging GBM cancer cells (U87-MG) associated with synergic antibacterial activity. They were characterized regarding their physicochemical and optical properties associated with the biological activity. The results demonstrated that chemically stable aqueous colloidal nanoconjugates were effectively formed, resembling core-shell (inorganic, ZnS, organic, εPL) nanostructures with positively surface-charged features due to the cationic nature of the amine-rich polypeptide. More importantly, they demonstrated photoluminescent activity, cytocompatibility in vitro, and no significant intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These ZnS@CPP-AMP nanocolloids behaved as fluorescent nanoprobes for bioimaging GBM cancer cells, where the polycationic nature of the εPL biomolecule may have enhanced the cellular uptake. Additionally, they displayed mild antibacterial growth inhibition due to electrostatic interactions with bacterial membranes. Thus, it can be envisioned that these novel photoluminescent colloidal nanoconjugates offer novel nanoplatforms that can be specifically targeted with biomolecules for bioimaging to diagnose highly lethal cancers, such as GBM, and as an adjuvant in antibacterial therapy.

Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Enhanced the Intranasal Bioavailability of Silybin in Rats

Silybin (SLB), an important flavonoid from silymarin, displays significant hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by its low solubility and bioavailability. To address these challenges, we engineered bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (NP) loaded with SLB (BSA-NP/SLB) using the coacervation method. BSA-SLB NP exhibited a spherical shape, a mean size of 197 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.275, a zeta potential of -34 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 67%. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated amorphization of SLB upon encapsulation. Formulation stability was upheld over 180 days. In vitro release assays demonstrated controlled diffusion-erosion release, with approximately 40% SLB released within 0.5 h and 100% over 12 h. Intranasal administration of BSA-NP/SLB in rats improved SLB bioavailability by fourfold compared to free SLB. These findings highlight the promising potential of intranasally administered BSA-NP/SLB as an alternative approach to enhance SLB bioavailability, paving the way for innovative therapeutic applications.

Exploring CD39 and CD73 Expression as Potential Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most diagnosed tumor in males and ranks as the second leading cause of male mortality in the western world. The CD39 and CD73 enzymes play a crucial role in cancer regulation by degrading nucleotides and forming nucleosides. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the CD39 and CD73 enzymes as potential therapeutic targets for PC. The initial part of this study retrospectively analyzed tissue samples from 23 PC patients. Using the TissueFAXSTM cytometry platform, we found significantly higher levels of CD39-labeling its intensity compared to CD73. Additionally, we observed a correlation between the Gleason score and the intensity of CD39 expression. In the prospective arm, blood samples were collected from 25 patients at the time of diagnosis and after six months of treatment to determine the expression of CD39 and CD73 in the serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) and to analyze nucleotide hydrolysis. Notably, the expression of CD39 in the EVs was significantly increased compared to the CD73 and/or combined CD39/CD73 expression levels at initial collection. Furthermore, our results demonstrated positive correlations between ADP hydrolysis and the transurethral resection and Gleason score. Understanding the role of ectonucleotidases is crucial for identifying new biomarkers in PC.

Red clays indicate sub-aerial exposure of the Rio Grande Rise during the Eocene volcanic episode

Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) mapping of the western Rio Grande Rise (RGR), South Atlantic, and subsequent exploration and photography of horizontal lava flows exposed in near vertical, faulted escarpments, showed occurrences of red clays/weathered volcanic tops trapped between successive alkaline lava flows. These red clays indicate a hiatus in successive volcanic eruptions. Here, we report detailed mineralogical, geochemical, and rock magnetic characteristics of one such distinct red clay dredged from ~ 650 m water depth in the western RGR. The mineral constituents of the red clay are kaolinite, magnetite, oxidized magnetite (/maghemite), hematite, and goethite, with biogenic calcite and halite occupying voids or precipitated on the surface of the red clay. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) has a value of 93, showing that red clay is a product of extreme chemical weathering of the lava flows. The alkaline volcanic rocks recovered from nearby show an age of ~ 44 Ma, indicating an Eocene age for the volcanism. We show that the red clays are a product of sub-aerial chemical weathering of these Eocene volcanic rocks, in a warm-wet climate, before the thermal subsidence of the RGR to its modern-day bathymetric depth.

Secretome of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and its extracellular vesicles improves keratinocytes migration, viability, and attenuation of H2 O2 -induced cytotoxicity

Therapies for wound healing using the secretome and extracellular vesicles (EVs) of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have been shown to be successful in preclinical studies. This study aimed to characterise the protein content of the secretome from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and analyse the in vitro effects of SHED-conditioned medium (SHED-CM) and SHED extracellular vesicles (SHED-EVs) on keratinocytes. EVs were isolated and characterised. The keratinocyte viability and migration of cells treated with SHED-EVs and conditioned medium (CM) were evaluated. An HaCaT apoptosis model induced by H2 O2 in vitro was performed with H2 O2 followed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and live/dead assays. Finally, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in keratinocytes treated with secretome and EVs was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and confirmed with RT-qPCR. SHED-EVs revealed a cup-shaped morphology with expression of the classical markers for exosomes CD9 and CD63, and a diameter of 181 ± 87 nm. The internalisation of EVs by HaCaT cells was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Proteomic analysis identified that SHED-CM is enriched with proteins related to stress response and development, including cytokines (CXCL8, IL-6, CSF1, CCL2) and growth factors (IGF2, MYDGF, PDGF). The results also indicated that 50% CM and 0.4-0.6 μg/mL EVs were similarly efficient for improving keratinocyte viability, migration, and attenuation of H2 O2 -induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, expression of VEGF on keratinocytes increased when treated with SHED secretome and EVs. Furthermore, VEGF gene expression in keratinocytes increased significantly when treated with SHED secretome and EVs. Both SHED-CM and SHED-EVs may therefore be promising therapeutic tools for accelerating re-epithelialization in wound healing.

Investigations into Annona fruit consumption as a potential source of dietary higenamine intake in the context of sports drug testing

Higenamine is prohibited in sports as a β2 -agonist by the World Anti-Doping Agency. As a key component of a great variety of plants, including the Annonaceae family, one aim of this research project was to evaluate whether the ingestion of Annona fruit could lead to higenamine adverse analytical findings. Single-dose administration studies including three Annona species (i.e., Annona muricata, Annona cherimola, and Annona squamosa) were conducted, leading to higenamine findings below the established minimum reporting level (MRL) of 10 ng/mL in urine. In consideration of cmax values (7.8 ng/mL) observed for higenamine up to 24 h, a multidose administration study was also conducted, indicating cumulative effects, which can increase the risk of exceeding the applicable MRL doping after Annona fruit ingestion. In this study, however, the MRL was not exceeded at any time point. Further, the major urinary excretion of higenamine in its sulfo-conjugated form was corroborated, its stability in urine was assessed, and in the absence of reference material, higenamine sulfo-conjugates were synthesized and comprehensively characterized, suggesting the predominant presence of higenamine 7-sulfate. In addition, the option to include complementary biomarkers of diet-related higenamine intake into routine doping controls was investigated. A characteristic urinary pattern attributed to isococlaurine, reticuline, and a yet not fully characterized bismethylated higenamine glucuronide was observed after Annona ingestion but not after supplement use, providing a promising dataset of urinary biomarkers, which supports the discrimination between different sources of urinary higenamine detected in sports drug testing programs.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Low Molecular Mass Organoselenium Molecules

Selenium is an essential trace element in living organisms, and is present in selenoenzymes with antioxidant activity, like glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). The search for small selenium-containing molecules that mimic selenoenzymes is a strong field of research in organic and medicinal chemistry. In this review, we review the synthesis and bioassays of new and known organoselenium compounds with antioxidant activity, covering the last five years. A detailed description of the synthetic procedures and the performed in vitro and in vivo bioassays is presented, highlighting the most active compounds in each series.

Circulation of Dengue Virus Serotype 1 Genotype V and Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Genotype III in Tocantins State, Northern Brazil, 2021-2022

In Brazil, the state of Tocantins, located in north-central Brazil, has experienced a significant number of cases of arboviral disease, particularly Dengue virus (DENV). This study aimed to deepen the knowledge on DENV circulation within that state by conducting full genome sequencing of viral genomes recovered from 61 patients between June 2021 and July 2022. There were a total of 8807 and 20,692 cases in 2021 and 2022, respectively, as reported by the state's Secretary of Health. Nucleotide sequencing confirmed the circulation of DENV serotype 1, genotype V and DENV serotype 2, genotype III in the State. Younger age groups (4 to 43 years old) were mostly affected; however, no significant differences were detected regarding the gender distribution of cases in humans. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating viruses belong to DENV-1 genotype V American and DENV-2 genotype III Southeast Asian/American. The Bayesian analysis of DENV-1 genotype V genomes sequenced here are closely related to genomes previously sequenced in the state of São Paulo. Regarding the DENV-2 genotype III genomes, these clustered in a distinct, well-supported subclade, along with previously reported isolates from the states of Goiás and São Paulo. The findings reported here suggest that multiple introductions of these genotypes occurred in the Tocantins state. This observation highlights the importance of major population centers in Brazil on virus dispersion, such as those observed in other Latin American and North American countries. In the SNP analysis, DENV-1 displayed 122 distinct missense mutations, while DENV-2 had 44, with significant mutations predominantly occurring in the envelope and NS5 proteins. The analyses performed here highlight the concomitant circulation of distinct DENV-1 and -2 genotypes in some Brazilian states, underscoring the dynamic evolution of DENV and the relevance of surveillance efforts in supporting public health policies.

Visible Light and Triselenium Dicyanide (TSD): New Horizons in the Synthesis of Organic Selenocyanates

Herein, we describe a new method for the synthesis of α-carbonyl selenocyanates by reacting triselenium dicyanide (TSD) and styrenes under blue light irradiation and O2 atmosphere. The reactions are triggered by the formation of Se-centered radical species, followed by the addition/oxidation of the styrene π-bond. α-Carbonyl selenocyanates and α-hydroxy selenocyanates were obtained in moderate to excellent yields from aryl- and alkyl-substituted alkenes, respectively. It was demonstrated that α-carbonyl selenocyanates could be used as a synthetic platform in a multicomponent reaction strategy to prepare 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, which were evaluated for their photophysical properties. Overall, this new method provides a useful tool for synthesizing α-carbonyl selenocyanates, and demonstrates their potential for use in the synthesis of other compounds, thus giving new synthetic opportunities to construct organic selenocyanate compounds.

A molecular landscape of quiescence and proliferation highlights the role of Pten in mammary gland acinogenesis

Cell context is key for cell state. Using physiologically relevant models of laminin-rich extracellular matrix (lrECM) induction of mammary epithelial cell quiescence and differentiation, we provide a landscape of the key molecules for the proliferation-quiescence decision, identifying multiple layers of regulation at the mRNA and protein levels. Quiescence occurred despite activity of Fak (also known as PTK2), Src and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), suggesting the existence of a disconnecting node between upstream and downstream proliferative signalling. Pten, a lipid and protein phosphatase, fulfils this role, because its inhibition increased proliferation and restored signalling via the Akt, mTORC1, mTORC2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Pten and laminin levels were positively correlated in developing murine mammary epithelia, and Pten localized apicolaterally in luminal cells in ducts and near the nascent lumen in terminal end buds. Consistently, in three-dimensional acinogenesis models, Pten was required for triggering and sustaining quiescence, polarity and architecture. The multilayered regulatory circuitry that we uncovered provides an explanation for the robustness of quiescence within a growth-suppressive microenvironment, which could nonetheless be disrupted by perturbations in master regulators such as Pten.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Promotes state-dependent Effects on Neuroinflammatory and Behavioral Parameters in rats Chronically Exposed to Stress and a Hyper-Palatable Diet

Chronic stress is a common condition affecting health, often associated with unhealthy eating habits. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed to address these issues. Thus, this research investigated the effects of tDCS on biometric, behavioral, and neurochemical parameters in chronically stressed rats fed a hyper-palatable cafeteria diet (CAFD). The study lasted 8 weeks, with CAFD exposure and/or chronic restraint stress model (CRS - 1 h/day, 5 days/week, for 7 weeks) started concurrently. tDCS or sham sessions were applied between days 42 and 49 (0.5 mA, 20 min/day). CAFD increased body weight, caloric consumption, adiposity, and liver weight. It also altered central parameters, reducing anxiety and cortical levels of IL-10 and BDNF. In turn, the CRS resulted in increased adrenals in rats with standard diet (SD), and anxiety-like and anhedonic behaviors in rats with CAFD. tDCS provided neurochemical shifts in CAFD-fed stressed rats increasing central levels of TNF-α and IL-10, while in stressed rats SD-fed induced a decrease in the adrenals weight, relative visceral adiposity, and serum NPY levels. These data demonstrated the anxiolytic effect of CAFD and anxiogenic effect of stress in CAFD-fed animals. In addition, tDCS promoted state-dependent effects on neuroinflammatory and behavioral parameters in rats chronically exposed to stress and a hyper-palatable diet. These findings provide primary evidence for additional mechanistic and preclinical studies of the tDCS technique for stress-related eating disorders, envisioning clinical applicability.

SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test Based on a New Anti-Nucleocapsid Protein Monoclonal Antibody: Development and Real-Time Validation

SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests have become an important tool for pandemic control. Among the alternatives for COVID-19 diagnosis, antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) are very convenient and widely used. However, as SARS-CoV-2 variants may continuously emerge, the replacement of tests and reagents may be required to maintain the sensitivity of Ag-RDTs. Here, we describe the development and validation of an Ag-RDT during an outbreak of the Omicron variant, including the characterization of a new monoclonal antibody (anti-DTC-N 1B3 mAb) that recognizes the Nucleocapsid protein (N). The anti-DTC-N 1B3 mAb recognized the sequence TFPPTEPKKDKKK located at the C-terminus of the N protein of main SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Accordingly, the Ag-RDT prototypes using the anti-DTC-N 1B3 mAB detected all the SARS-CoV-2 variants-Wuhan, Alpha, Gamma, Delta, P2 and Omicron. The performance of the best prototype (sensitivity of 95.2% for samples with Ct ≤ 25; specificity of 98.3% and overall accuracy of 85.0%) met the WHO recommendations. Moreover, results from a patients' follow-up study indicated that, if performed within the first three days after onset of symptoms, the Ag-RDT displayed 100% sensitivity. Thus, the new mAb and the Ag-RDT developed herein may constitute alternative tools for COVID-19 point-of-care diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance.

The Effects of Gluconacin on Bacterial Tomato Pathogens and Protection against Xanthomonas perforans, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Spot Disease

As agricultural practices become more sustainable, adopting more sustainable practices will become even more relevant. Searching for alternatives to chemical compounds has been the focus of numerous studies, and bacteriocins are tools with intrinsic biotechnological potential for controlling plant diseases. We continued to explore the biotechnological activity of the bacteriocin Gluconacin from Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, PAL5 strain, by investigating this protein's antagonism against important tomato phytopathogens and demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing bacterial spots caused by Xanthomonas perforans. In addition to this pathogen, the bacteriocin Gluconacin demonstrated bactericidal activity in vitro against Ralstonia solanacearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, agents that cause bacterial wilt and bacterial spots, respectively. Bacterial spot control tests showed that Gluconacin reduced disease severity by more than 66%, highlighting the biotechnological value of this peptide in ecologically correct formulations.

Epidemiological and genomic investigation of chikungunya virus in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, between 2015 and 2018

Since 2014, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented epidemic caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), with several waves of East-Central-South-African (ECSA) lineage transmission reported across the country. In 2018, Rio de Janeiro state, the third most populous state in Brazil, reported 41% of all chikungunya cases in the country. Here we use evolutionary and epidemiological analysis to estimate the timescale of CHIKV-ECSA-American lineage and its epidemiological patterns in Rio de Janeiro. We show that the CHIKV-ECSA outbreak in Rio de Janeiro derived from two distinct clades introduced from the Northeast region in mid-2015 (clade RJ1, n = 63/67 genomes from Rio de Janeiro) and mid-2017 (clade RJ2, n = 4/67). We detected evidence for positive selection in non-structural proteins linked with viral replication in the RJ1 clade (clade-defining: nsP4-A481D) and the RJ2 clade (nsP1-D531G). Finally, we estimate the CHIKV-ECSA's basic reproduction number (R0) to be between 1.2 to 1.6 and show that its instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) displays a strong seasonal pattern with peaks in transmission coinciding with periods of high Aedes aegypti transmission potential. Our results highlight the need for continued genomic and epidemiological surveillance of CHIKV in Brazil, particularly during periods of high ecological suitability, and show that selective pressures underline the emergence and evolution of the large urban CHIKV-ECSA outbreak in Rio de Janeiro.

Development of Fiber-Bragg-Grating-Integrated Artificial Embedded Tendon for Multifunctional Assessment of Temperature, Strain, and Curvature

This paper presents the development and application of an optical fiber-embedded tendon based on biomimetic multifunctional structures. The tendon was fabricated using a thermocure resin (polyurethane) and the three optical fibers with one fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in each fiber. The first step in the FBG-integrated artificial tendon analysis is the mechanical properties assessment through stress-strain curves, which indicated the customization of the proposed device, since it is possible to tailor the Young's modulus and strain limit of the tendon as a function of the integrated optical fibers, where the coated and uncoated fibers lead to differences in both parameters, i.e., strain limits and Young's modulus. Then, the artificial tendon integrated with FBG sensors undergoes three types of characterization, which assesses the influence of temperature, single-axis strain, and curvature. Results show similarities in the temperature responses in all analyzed FBGs, where the variations are related to the heterogeneity on the polyurethane matrix distribution. In contrast, the FBGs embedded in the tendon presented a reduction in the strain sensitivity when compared with the bare FBGs (i.e., without the integration in the artificial tendon). Such results demonstrated a reduction in the sensitivity as high as 77% when compared with the bare FBGs, which is related to strain field distributions in the FBGs when embedded in the tendon. In addition, the curvature tests indicated variations in both optical power and wavelength shift, where both parameters are used on the angle estimation using the proposed multifunctional artificial tendon. To that extent, root mean squared error of around 3.25° is obtained when both spectral features are considered. Therefore, the proposed approach indicates a suitable method for the development of smart structures in which the multifunctional capability of the device leads to the possibility of using not only as a structural element in tendon-driven actuators and devices, but also as a sensor element for the different structures.

Molecular Interplay between Non-Host Resistance, Pathogens and Basal Immunity as a Background for Fatal Yellowing in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Plants

An oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) bud rod disorder of unknown etiology, named Fatal Yellowing (FY) disease, is regarded as one of the top constraints with respect to the growth of the palm oil industry in Brazil. FY etiology has been a challenge embraced by several research groups in plant pathology throughout the last 50 years in Brazil, with no success in completing Koch's postulates. Most recently, the hypothesis of having an abiotic stressor as the initial cause of FY has gained ground, and oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) damaging the root system has become a candidate for stress. Here, a comprehensive, large-scale, single- and multi-omics integration analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome profiles on the leaves of oil palm plants contrasting in terms of FY symptomatology-asymptomatic and symptomatic-and collected in two distinct seasons-dry and rainy-is reported. The changes observed in the physicochemical attributes of the soil and the chemical attributes and metabolome profiles of the leaves did not allow the discrimination of plants which were asymptomatic or symptomatic for this disease, not even in the rainy season, when the soil became waterlogged. However, the multi-omics integration analysis of enzymes and metabolites differentially expressed in asymptomatic and/or symptomatic plants in the rainy season compared to the dry season allowed the identification of the metabolic pathways most affected by the changes in the environment, opening an opportunity for additional characterization of the role of hypoxia in FY symptom intensification. Finally, the initial analysis of a set of 56 proteins/genes differentially expressed in symptomatic plants compared to the asymptomatic ones, independent of the season, has presented pieces of evidence suggesting that breaks in the non-host resistance to non-adapted pathogens and the basal immunity to adapted pathogens, caused by the anaerobic conditions experienced by the plants, might be linked to the onset of this disease. This set of genes might offer the opportunity to develop biomarkers for selecting oil palm plants resistant to this disease and to help pave the way to employing strategies to keep the safety barriers raised and strong.

Association of 3p21.31 Locus (CXCR6 and LZTFL1) with COVID-19 Outcomes in Brazilian Hospitalyzed Subjects

The 3p21.31 locus has been associated with severe COVID-19 prognosis in GWAS studies. Here, we evaluated whether three polymorphisms (LZTFL1 rs10490770, CXCR6 rs2234355 and rs2234358) in the reported locus were associated with the need for mechanical ventilation, hospitalization length and death in 102 COVID-19 hospitalized Brazilian subjects. No genetic association was found with the need for mechanical ventilation and hospitalization length. CXCR6 rs2234355 was associated with mortality under the codominance model, with carriers of the A/A genotype having a greater chance of death than A/G (OR: 10.5; 95% CI: 1.55-70.76). Our results further suggest that the CXCR6 genetic variant contributes to COVID-19 outcomes.