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Rubio A, Thomas A, Euler L, Geyer H, Krug O, Reis G, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, Muniz-Santos R, Cameron LC, Stojanovic B, Kuehne D, Lagojda A, McLeod MD, Thevis M. Investigations into Annona fruit consumption as a potential source of dietary higenamine intake in the context of sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1488-1502. [PMID: 37525530 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Higenamine is prohibited in sports as a β2 -agonist by the World Anti-Doping Agency. As a key component of a great variety of plants, including the Annonaceae family, one aim of this research project was to evaluate whether the ingestion of Annona fruit could lead to higenamine adverse analytical findings. Single-dose administration studies including three Annona species (i.e., Annona muricata, Annona cherimola, and Annona squamosa) were conducted, leading to higenamine findings below the established minimum reporting level (MRL) of 10 ng/mL in urine. In consideration of cmax values (7.8 ng/mL) observed for higenamine up to 24 h, a multidose administration study was also conducted, indicating cumulative effects, which can increase the risk of exceeding the applicable MRL doping after Annona fruit ingestion. In this study, however, the MRL was not exceeded at any time point. Further, the major urinary excretion of higenamine in its sulfo-conjugated form was corroborated, its stability in urine was assessed, and in the absence of reference material, higenamine sulfo-conjugates were synthesized and comprehensively characterized, suggesting the predominant presence of higenamine 7-sulfate. In addition, the option to include complementary biomarkers of diet-related higenamine intake into routine doping controls was investigated. A characteristic urinary pattern attributed to isococlaurine, reticuline, and a yet not fully characterized bismethylated higenamine glucuronide was observed after Annona ingestion but not after supplement use, providing a promising dataset of urinary biomarkers, which supports the discrimination between different sources of urinary higenamine detected in sports drug testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rubio
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luisa Euler
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriel Reis
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD - LADETEC/IQ - UFRJ) - Chemistry Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD - LADETEC/IQ - UFRJ) - Chemistry Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Muniz-Santos
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Dirk Kuehne
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | | | - Malcolm Donald McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Krug O, Guddat S, Görgens C, Piper T, Möller T, Thevis M. Determination of urinary deanol-N-oxide excretion profiles after ingestion of nutritional supplements containing deanol. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1312-1318. [PMID: 37735938 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
2-(Dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol (Deanol) is a widely produced chemical used by both industry and consumers in a variety of applications. Meclofenoxate, a stimulant classified on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List, metabolizes into deanol and, presumably, its main metabolite deanol-N-oxide. Hence, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a quantitative detection method for deanol-N-oxide in urine was developed. Subsequently, the urinary excretion of deanol-N-oxide after oral application of 130 mg of deanol was determined in six volunteers, and urine samples of a cohort of 180 male and female athletes from different sports were analyzed. In addition, urinary deanol-N-oxide was determined in an exploratory study with one volunteer ingesting 250 mg of meclofenoxate. The developed test method allowed for limits of detection and quantification for deanol-N-oxide at 0.05 and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively. Urinary deanol-N-oxide cmax levels were found between 100 and 250 μg/mL 2-5 h post-administration of 130 mg of deanol. Similarly, urine samples collected after the administration of 250 mg of meclofenoxate exhibited cmax levels of 115 μg/mL. In contrast, deanol-N-oxide urine concentrations of pre-administration specimens and 180 routine doping control urine sample were between 0.3 and 1.3 μg/mL and below limit of quantification and 1.8 μg/mL, respectively. The study suggests that the use of deanol and meclofenoxate results in significantly elevated urinary deanol-N-oxide levels. Whether or not monitoring deanol-N-oxide in doping controls can support decision-making processes concerning the detection of meclofenoxate use necessitates further investigations taking into consideration the elimination kinetics of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, the main metabolite of meclofenoxate, and deanol-N-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tristan Möller
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Naumann N, Paßreiter A, Thomas A, Krug O, Walpurgis K, Thevis M. Analysis of Potential Gene Doping Preparations for Transgenic DNA in the Context of Sports Drug Testing Programs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15835. [PMID: 37958821 PMCID: PMC10648417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene doping has been classified as a prohibited method by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for over two decades. As gene therapeutic approaches improve and, concomitantly, safety concerns regarding clinical applications decline, apprehensions about their illicit use in elite sports continue to grow. Two products available via Internet-based providers and advertised as EPO-gene- and IGF1-gene-containing materials were analyzed for the presence of potential gene doping agents using a newly developed analytical approach, allowing for the detection of transgenic DNA corresponding to seven potential targets (EPO, FST, GH1, MSTN (Propeptide), IGF1, VEGFA, and VEGFD). Panel detection was based on a 20-plex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by a single base extension (SBE) reaction and subsequent SBE product analyses via matrix-assisted time-of-flight laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Extracts of both products were found to contain transgenic EPO-DNA, while transgenic DNA for IGF-1 was not detected. The results were confirmed using SYBR Green qPCR with primer sets directed against EPO and IGF1 cDNA, and the CMV promotor sequence. In this case study, the detection of authentic (whilst low concentrated) transgenes, potentially intended for gene doping practices in readily available products, is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Naumann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
| | - Alina Paßreiter
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany (M.T.)
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Möller T, Wen HC, Naumann N, Krug O, Thevis M. Identification and Synthesis of Selected In Vitro Generated Metabolites of the Novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) 2f. Molecules 2023; 28:5541. [PMID: 37513414 PMCID: PMC10385812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Among anabolic agents, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent a new class of potential drugs that can exhibit anabolic effects on muscle and bone with reduced side effects due to a tissue-selective mode of action. Besides possible medical applications, SARMs are used as performance-enhancing agents in sports. Therefore, they are prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in and out of competition. Since their inclusion into the WADA Prohibited List in 2008, there has been an increase in not only the number of adverse analytical findings, but also the total number of SARMs, making continuous research into SARMs an ongoing topic in the field of doping controls. 4-((2R,3R)-2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-5-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (SARM 2f) is a novel SARM candidate and is therefore of particular interest for sports drug testing. This study describes the synthesis of SARM 2f using a multi-step approach, followed by full characterization using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). To provide the first insights into its biotransformation in humans, SARM 2f was metabolized using human liver microsomes and the microsomal S9 fraction. A total of seven metabolites, including phase I and phase II metabolites, were found, of which three metabolites were chemically synthesized in order to confirm their structure. Those can be employed in testing procedures for routine doping controls, further improving anti-doping efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Möller
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hui-Chung Wen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4-6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nana Naumann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Rubio A, Görgens C, Krug O, Okano M, Fedoruk M, Ahrens B, Geyer H, Thevis M. Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the urinary metabolite profile of chlorphenesin observed after dermal application of chlorphenesin-containing sunscreen. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e9183. [PMID: 34431558 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chlorphenesin is an approved biocide frequently used in cosmetics, and its carbamate ester is an approved skeletal muscle relaxant in certain countries for the treatment of discomfort related to skeletal muscle trauma and inflammation. A major urinary metabolite is 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA), also known as para-chlorophenoxyacetate, which is also employed as a target analyte in sports drug testing to detect the use of the prohibited nootropic stimulant meclofenoxate. To distinguish between 4-CPA resulting from chlorphenesin, chlorphenesin carbamate, and meclofenoxate, urinary metabolite profiles of chlorphenesin after legitimate use were investigated. METHODS Human administration studies with commercially available sunscreen containing 0.25% by weight of chlorphenesin were conducted. Six study participants dermally applied 8 g of sunscreen and collected urine samples before and up to 7 days after application. Another set of six study participants applied 8 g of sunscreen on three consecutive days, and urine samples were also taken for up to 5 days after the last dosing. Urine specimens were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution (tandem) mass spectrometry, and urinary metabolites were identified in accordance with literature data by accurate mass analysis of respective precursor and characteristic product ions. RESULTS In accordance with literature data, chlorphenesin yielded the characteristic urinary metabolites, chlorphenesin glucuronide, chlorphenesin sulfate, and 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (4-CPP), as well as the common metabolite 4-CPA. 4-CPA and 4-CPP were observed at similar abundances, with urinary concentrations of 4-CPA reaching up to ~1500 and 2300 ng/mL after single and multiple sunscreen applications, respectively. CONCLUSION 4-CPA is a common metabolite of meclofenoxate, chlorphenesin, and chlorphenesin carbamate. Monitoring the diagnostic urinary metabolites of chlorphenesin provides conclusive supporting evidence of whether chlorphenesin or the prohibited nootropic meclofenoxate was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rubio
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Mareck U, Geyer H, Schertel T, Petring S, Krug O, Thevis M. Detection of undeclared doping substances in nutritional supplements in the context of follow-up investigations concerning adverse analytical findings. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1911-1914. [PMID: 34476910 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mareck
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Schertel
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Petring
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Krug O, Thomas A, Thevis M. Mass spectrometric identification and characterization of urinary metabolites of isopropylnorsynephrine for doping control purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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Garzinsky AM, Thomas A, Krug O, Thevis M. Probing for the presence of doping agents in exhaled breath using chromatographic/mass spectrometric approaches. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e8939. [PMID: 32881194 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exhaled breath (EB) has been demonstrated to be a promising alternative matrix in sports drug testing due to its non-invasive and non-intrusive nature compared with urine and blood collection protocols. In this study, a pilot-test system was employed to create drug-containing aerosols simulating EB in support of the analytical characterization of EB sampling procedures, and the used analytical method was extended to include a broad spectrum of prohibited substances. METHODS Artificial and authentic EB samples were collected using sampling devices containing an electret filter, and doping agents were detected by means of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with unispray ionization. The analytical approach was characterized with regard to specificity, limits of detection, carry-over, recovery and matrix effects, and the potential applicability to routine doping controls was shown using authentic EB samples collected after single oral dose applications of glucocorticoids and stimulants. RESULTS The analytical method was found to be specific for a total of 49 model substances relevant in sports drug testing, with detection limits ranging from 1 to 500 pg per cartridge. Both ion suppression (-62%) and ion enhancement (+301%) effects were observed, and all model compounds applied to EB sampling devices were still detected after 28 days of storage at room temperature. Authentic EB samples collected after the oral administration of 10 mg of prednisolone resulted in prednisolone findings in specimens obtained from 3 out of 6 participants up to 2 h. In octodrine, dimethylamylamine (DMAA) and isopropylnorsynephrine post-administration EB samples, the drugs were detected over a period of 50, 48, and 8 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS With the analytical approach developed within this study, the identification of a broad spectrum of prohibited doping agents in EB samples was accomplished. Application studies and stability tests provided information to characterize EB as a potential matrix in sports drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Garzinsky
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Walpurgis K, Rubio A, Wagener F, Krug O, Knoop A, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thevis M. Elimination profiles of microdosed ostarine mimicking contaminated products ingestion. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1570-1580. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Ana Rubio
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Felicitas Wagener
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Andre Knoop
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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Garzinsky AM, Walpurgis K, Krug O, Thevis M. Does oral fluid contribute to exhaled breath samples collected by means of an electret membrane? Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1764-1770. [PMID: 30927335 PMCID: PMC6973055 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, blood (and serum) as well as urine samples are the most commonly collected specimens for routine doping controls, which allow for the analytical coverage of an extensive set of target analytes relevant to sports drug testing programs. In the course of studies to identify potential alternative matrices to complement current testing approaches, exhaled breath (EB) has been found to offer advantageous properties especially with regard to the sample collection procedure, which is less invasive, less intrusive, and less time‐consuming when compared to conventional blood and urine testing. A yet unaddressed question has been the potential contribution of oral fluid (OF) to EB samples. The current investigation focused on characterizing an electret membrane‐based EB collection device concerning a potential introduction of OF during the sampling procedure. For that purpose, EB and OF samples collected under varying conditions from a total of 14 healthy volunteers were tested for the presence of abundant salivary proteins using bottom‐up proteomics approaches such as SDS‐PAGE followed by tryptic digestion and chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis. The trapping baffles integrated into the mouthpiece of the EB collection device were found to effectively retain OF introduced into the unit during sample collection as no saliva breakthrough was detectable using the established analytical approach targeting predominantly the highly abundant salivary α‐amylase. Since α‐amylase was found unaffected by storage, smoking, food intake, and exercise, it appears to be a useful marker to reveal possible OF contaminations of EB collection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Garzinsky
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Hoffmeister T, Schwenke D, Krug O, Wachsmuth N, Geyer H, Thevis M, Byrnes WC, Schmidt WFJ. Effects of 3 Weeks of Oral Low-Dose Cobalt on Hemoglobin Mass and Aerobic Performance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1289. [PMID: 30283349 PMCID: PMC6157393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cobalt ions (Co2+) stabilize HIFα and increase endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production creating the possibility that Co2+ supplements (CoSupp) may be used as performance enhancing substances. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a small oral dosage of CoSupp on hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and performance with the objective of providing the basis for establishing upper threshold limits of urine [Co2+] to detect CoSupp misuse in sport. Methods: Twenty-four male subjects participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Sixteen received an oral dose of 5 mg of ionized Co2+ per day for 3 weeks, and eight served as controls. Blood and urine samples were taken before the study, during the study and up to 3 weeks after CoSupp. Hbmass was determined by the CO-rebreathing method at regular time intervals, and VO2max was determined before and after the CoSupp administration period. Results: In the Co2+ group, Hbmass increased by 2.0 ± 2.1% (p < 0.001) while all the other analyzed hematological parameters did not show significant interactions of time and treatment. Hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (Hct) tended to increase (p = 0.16, p = 0.1) and also [EPO] showed a similar trend (baseline: 9.5 ± 3.0, after 2 weeks: 12.4 ± 5.2 mU/ml). While mean VO2max did not change, there was a trend for a positive relationship between changes in Hbmass and changes in VO2max immediately after CoSupp (r = 0.40, p = 0.11). Urine [Co2+] increased from 0.4 ± 0.3 to 471.4 ± 384.1 ng/ml (p < 0.01) and remained significantly elevated until 2 weeks after cessation. Conclusion: An oral Co2+ dosage of 5 mg/day for 3 weeks effectively increases Hbmass with a tendency to increase hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (Hct). Because urine Co2+ concentration remains increased for 2 weeks after cessation, upper limit threshold values for monitoring CoSupp can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Hoffmeister
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwenke
- Institute of Doping Analysis und Sports Biochemistry, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Wachsmuth
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - William C Byrnes
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Walter F J Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Hoffmeister T, Schwenke D, Wachsmuth N, Krug O, Thevis M, Byrnes WC, Schmidt WF. Erythropoietic effects of low-dose cobalt application. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:200-207. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Hoffmeister
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology; University of Bayreuth; Germany
| | - Dirk Schwenke
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry; University of Dresden; Germany
| | - Nadine Wachsmuth
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology; University of Bayreuth; Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sports University; Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry; German Sports University; Cologne Germany
| | - William C. Byrnes
- Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Walter F.J. Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology; University of Bayreuth; Germany
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Krug O, Thomas A, Malerød-Fjeld H, Dehnes Y, Laussmann T, Feldmann I, Sickmann A, Thevis M. Analysis of new growth promoting black market products. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 41:1-6. [PMID: 29864719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Detecting agents allegedly or evidently promoting growth such as human growth hormone (GH) or growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) in doping controls has represented a pressing issue for sports drug testing laboratories. While GH is a recombinant protein with a molecular weight of 22 kDa, the GHRPs are short (3-6 amino acids long) peptides with GH releasing properties. The endogenously produced GH (22 kDa isoform) consists of 191 amino acids and has a monoisotopic molecular mass of 22,124 Da. Within this study, a slightly modified form of GH was discovered consisting of 192 amino acids carrying an additional alanine at the N-terminus, leading to a monoisotopic mass of 22,195 Da. This was confirmed by top-down and bottom-up experiments using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. Additionally, three analogues of GHRPs were identified as Gly-GHRP-6, Gly-GHRP-2 and Gly-Ipamorelin, representing the corresponding GHRP extended by a N-terminal glycine residue. The structure of these peptides was characterised by means of high resolution (tandem) mass spectrometry, and for Gly-Ipamorelin and Gly-GHRP-2 their identity was additionally confirmed by custom synthesis. Further, established in-vitro experiments provided preliminary information considering the potential metabolism after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krug
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf, 50933 Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Helle Malerød-Fjeld
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tim Laussmann
- Centre of Education and Science of the Federal Revenue Administration, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Feldmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf, 50933 Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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14
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Thevis M, Krug O, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Expanding analytical options in sports drug testing: Mass spectrometric detection of prohibited substances in exhaled breath. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2017; 31:1290-1296. [PMID: 28508503 PMCID: PMC5519941 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Continuously refining and advancing the strategies and methods employed in sports drug testing is critical for efficient doping controls. Besides improving and expanding the spectrum of target analytes, alternative test matrices have warranted in-depth evaluation as they commonly allow for minimal-/non-invasive and non-intrusive sample collection. In this study, the potential of exhaled breath (EB) as doping control specimen was assessed. METHODS EB collection devices employing a non-woven electret-based air filter unit were used to generate test specimens, simulating a potential future application in doping controls. A multi-analyte sports drug testing approach configured for a subset of 12 model compounds that represent specific classes of substances prohibited in sports (anabolic agents, hormone and metabolic modulators, stimulants, and beta-blockers) was established using unispray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and applied to spiked and elimination study EB samples. The test method was characterized concerning specificity, assay imprecision, and limits of detection. RESULTS The EB collection device allowed for retaining and extracting all selected model compounds from the EB aerosol. Following elution and concentration, LC/MS/MS analysis enabled detection limits between 5 and 100 pg/filter and imprecisions ranging from 3% to 20% for the 12 selected model compounds. By means of EB samples from patients and participants of administration studies, the elimination of relevant compounds and, thus, their traceability in EB for doping control purposes, was investigated. Besides stimulants such as methylhexaneamine and pseudoephedrine, also the anabolic-androgenic steroid dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, the metabolic modulator meldonium, and the beta-blocker bisoprolol was detected in exhaled breath. CONCLUSIONS The EB aerosol has provided a promising proof-of-concept suggesting the expansion of this testing strategy as a complement to currently utilized sports drug testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)Cologne/Bonn
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)Cologne/Bonn
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)Cologne/Bonn
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
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15
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Eichner D, Van Wagoner RM, Brenner M, Chou J, Leigh S, Wright LR, Flippin LA, Martinelli M, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. lmplementation of the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Roxadustat (FG‐4592) and its main metabolites into routine doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1768-1778. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory 560 Arapeen Drive Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Ryan M. Van Wagoner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory 560 Arapeen Drive Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Mitch Brenner
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - James Chou
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Scott Leigh
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Lee R. Wright
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Lee A. Flippin
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | | | - Oliver Krug
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne/Bonn Germany
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Substances developed for therapeutic use are also known to be misused by athletes as doping agents and, outside of regulated sport, for image-enhancement. This has generated a market for counterfeit doping substances. Counterfeit doping agents may be of poor pharmaceutical quality and therefore constitute health risks to consumers. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the pharmaceutical quality of 1,190 doping products seized at the Swiss border. METHODS Swiss customs authorities seize incoming shipments potentially containing doping agents. Qualitative and semiquantitative analyses were performed in order to test for prohibited doping substances. The main analytical methods utilized for characterizing confiscated compounds were liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with subsequent in-gel tryptic digestion and identification of peptidic compounds using nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and electrochemiluminescence immuno assay. RESULTS For 889 (75%) of the analyzed products, the label suggested the content of anabolic agents, for 146 samples (12%) peptide hormones or growth factors, and for 113 items (9%) antiestrogens, aromatase inhibitors or other metabolic modulators. For the majority of the investigated products, the pharmaceutical quality was an unsatisfactory standard: nonapproved substances were detected and less than 20% of the products contained the claimed substance in the respective amount. CONCLUSION A comprehensive sample of confiscated doping products was analyzed, allowing for monitoring of developments regarding the use of doping substances in Switzerland and for anticipating future trends and challenges in sports drug testing. An alarming number of tested products was of substandard pharmaceutical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Krug
- b Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents , Cologne/Bonn , Germany
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- b Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents , Cologne/Bonn , Germany
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17
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Thevis M, Machnik M, Schenk I, Krug O, Piper T, Schänzer W, Düe M, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Nickel in equine sports drug testing - pilot study results on urinary nickel concentrations. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:982-984. [PMID: 26969941 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The issue of illicit performance enhancement spans human and animal sport in presumably equal measure, with prohibited substances and methods of doping conveying both ways. Due to the proven capability of unbound ionic cobalt (Co(2) (+) ) to stimulate erythropoiesis in humans, both human and equine anti-doping regulations have listed cobalt as a banned substance, and in particular in horse drug testing, thresholds for cobalt concentrations applying to plasma and urine have been suggested or established. Recent reports about the finding of substantial amounts of undeclared nickel in arguably licit performance- and recovery-supporting products raised the question whether the ionic species of this transition metal (Ni(2) (+) ), which exhibits similar prolyl hydroxylase inhibiting properties to Co(2) (+) , has been considered as a substitute for cobalt in doping regimens. METHODS Therefore, a pilot study with 200 routine post-competition doping control horse urine samples collected from animals participating in equestrian, gallop, and trotting in Europe was conducted to provide a first dataset on equine urinary Ni(2) (+) concentrations. All specimens were analyzed by conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to yield quantitative data for soluble nickel. RESULTS Concentrations ranging from below the assay's limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.5 ng/mL) up to 33.4 ng/mL with a mean value (± standard deviation) of 6.1 (±5.1) ng/mL were determined for the total nickel content. CONCLUSIONS In horses, nickel is considered a micronutrient and feed supplements containing nickel are available; hence, follow-up studies are deemed warranted to consolidate potential future threshold levels concerning urine and blood nickel concentrations in horses using larger sets of samples for both matrices and to provide in-depth insights by conducting elimination studies with soluble Ni(2) (+) -salt species. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - M Machnik
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - I Schenk
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - O Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - T Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - W Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Düe
- Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V. (FN), 48231, Warendorf, Germany
| | - U Bondesson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Hedeland
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Thevis M, Krug O, Piper T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Solutions Advertised as Erythropoiesis-stimulating Products were Found to Contain Undeclared Cobalt and Nickel Species. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37:82-4. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1569350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany
| | - O. Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany
| | - T. Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany
| | - H. Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany
| | - W. Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany
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Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Krug O, Thomas A, Wigger T, Karst U, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Identification of selected in vitro generated phase-I metabolites of the steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator MK-0773 for doping control purposes. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2016; 22:49-59. [PMID: 27419898 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Research into developing anabolic agents for various therapeutic purposes has been pursued for decades. As the clinical utility of anabolic-androgenic steroids has been found to be limited because of their lack of tissue selectivity and associated off-target effects, alternative drug entities have been designed and are commonly referred to as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). While most of these SARMs are of nonsteroidal structure, the drug candidate MK-0773 comprises a 4-aza-steroidal nucleus. Besides the intended therapeutic use, SARMs have been found to be illicitly distributed and misused as doping agents in sport, necessitating frequently updated doping control analytical assays. As steroidal compounds reportedly undergo considerable metabolic transformations, the phase-I metabolism of MK-0773 was simulated using human liver microsomal (HLM) preparations and electrochemical conversion. Subsequently, major metabolic products were identified and characterized employing liquid chromatography-high-resolution/high- accuracy tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. MK-0773 produced numerous phase-I metabolites under the chosen in vitro incubation reactions, mostly resulting from mono- and bisoxygenation of the steroid. HLM yielded at least 10 monooxygenated species, while electrochemistry-based experiments resulted predominantly in three monohydroxylated metabolites. Elemental composition data and product ion mass spectra were generated for these analytes, ESI/APCI measurements corroborated the formation of at least two N-oxygenated metabolites, and NMR data obtained from electrochemistry-derived products supported structures suggested for three monohydroxylated compounds. Hereby, the hydroxylation of the A-ring located N- bound methyl group was found to be of particular intensity. In the absence of controlled elimination studies, the produced information enables the implementation of new target analytes into routine doping controls and expands the focus of anti-doping efforts concerning this new anabolic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany.
| | - Dirk Kuehne
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred- Nobel-Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany.
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Tina Wigger
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48419 Münster, Germany.
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms- Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48419 Münster, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
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Knoop A, Krug O, Vincenti M, Schänzer W, Thevis M. In vitro metabolism studies on the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) LG121071 and its implementation into human doping controls using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2015; 21:27-36. [PMID: 25906032 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
LG121071 is a member of the tetrahydroquinolinone-based class of selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) drug candidates. These nonsteroidal compounds are supposed to act as full anabolic agents with reduced androgenic properties. As SARMs provide an alternative to anabolic androgenic steroids, they represent an emerging class of potential doping substances abused by athletes for illicit performance enhancement. According to the World Anti-Doping Agency's regulations, SARMs are banned substances and part of the Prohibited List since 2008. In consideration of the increasing number of adverse analytical findings in doping controls caused by SARMs abuse, potential drug candidates such as LG121071 have been proactively investigated to enable a timely integration into routine testing procedures even though clinical trials are not yet complete. In the present approach, the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of LG121071 was characterized by means of electrospray ionization-high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry, MS(n), and isotope labeling experiments. Interestingly, the even-electron precursor ion [M + H](+) at m/z 297 was found to produce a radical cation at m/z 268 under CID conditions, violating the even-electron rule that commonly applies. For doping control purposes, metabolites were generated in vitro and a detection method for urine samples based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established. The overall metabolic conversion of LG121071 was modest, yielding primarily mono-, bis- and trishydroxylated species. Notable, however, was the identification of a glucuronic acid conjugate of the intact drug, attributed to an N-glucuronide structure. The sample preparation procedure included the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides prior to liquid-liquid extraction, allowing intact LG121071 to be measured, as well as the corresponding phase-I metabolites. The method was characterized concerning inter alia lower limit of detection (0.5 ng mL(-1) in urine), recovery (40%), and intra-/interday precision (2.3% to 11.7%) to assess its fitness for purpose. Prospectively, the assay can serve as detection method for LG121071 in drug testing and/or doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Knoop
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany..
| | - Oliver Krug
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany..
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute for Biochemistry- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Walpurgis K, Krug O, Thomas A, Laussmann T, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Detection of an unknown fusion protein in confiscated black market products. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1117-24. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Tim Laussmann
- Centre for Education and Science of the Federal Revenue Administration; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
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Krug O, Kutscher D, Piper T, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Quantifying cobalt in doping control urine samples - a pilot study. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1186-90. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krug
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | | | - Thomas Piper
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Piper T, Krug O, Delahaut P, Schänzer W. Liquid chromatography-high resolution/ high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry-based identification of in vivo generated metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulator ACP-105 for doping control purposes. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2014; 20:73-83. [PMID: 24881457 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent an emerging class of therapeutics which have been prohibited in sport as anabolic agents according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2008. Within the past three years, numerous adverse analytical findings with SARMs in routine doping control samples have been reported despite missing clinical approval of these substances. Hence, preventive doping research concerning the metabolism and elimination of new therapeutic entities of the class of SARMs are vital for efficient and timely sports drug testing programs as banned compounds are most efficiently screened when viable targets (for example, characteristic metabolites) are identified. In the present study, the metabolism of ACP-105, a novel SARM drug candidate, was studied in vivo in rats. Following oral administration, urine samples were collected over a period of seven days and analyzed for metabolic products by Liquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry. Samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis prior to liquid-liquid extraction and a total of seven major phase-I metabolites were detected, three of which were attributed to monohydroxylated and four to bishydroxylated ACP-105. The hydroxylation sites were assigned by means of diagnostic product ions and respective dissociation pathways of the analytes following positive or negative ionization and collisional activation as well as selective chemical derivatization. The identified metabolites were used as target compounds to investigate their traceability in a rat elimination urine samples study and monohydroxylated and bishydroxylated species were detectable for up to four and six days post-administration, respectively.
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Thomas A, Vogel M, Piper T, Krug O, Beuck S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Quantification of AICAR-ribotide concentrations in red blood cells by means of LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9703-9. [PMID: 23828211 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AICAR (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxyamide ribonucleoside) arguably provides performance-enhancing properties even in the absence of physical exercise and, therefore, the substance is banned in elite sports since 2009. Due to the natural presence of AICAR in human blood and urine, uncovering the misuse by direct qualitative analysis is not possible. Entering the circulation, the riboside is immediately incorporated into red blood cells (RBCs) and transformed into the corresponding ribotide (5'-monophosphate) form. Within the present study, an analytical method was developed to determine AICAR-ribotide concentrations in RBC concentrates by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated enabling quantitative result interpretation considering the parameters specificity, precision (intra- and interday), linearity, recovery, accuracy (LOD/LOQ), stability and ion suppression. By analysing 99 RBC samples of young athletes, normal physiological levels of AICAR-ribotide were determined (10-500 ng/mL), and individual levels were found to be stable for several days. Employing in vitro incubation experiments with AICAR riboside in fresh whole blood samples, the ribotide concentrations were observed to increase significantly within 30 min from baseline to 1-10 μg/mL. These levels are considered conserved for the lifetime of the erythrocyte and, thus, the results of the in vitro model strongly support the hypothesis that measuring abnormally high AICAR-ribotide concentrations in RBC of elite athletes has the potential to uncover the misuse of this substance for a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf, 50933, Cologne, Germany,
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Thevis M, Krug O, Schänzer W. Monitoring phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors using liquid chromatography/(tandem) mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:993-1004. [PMID: 23592202 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recent discovery of resveratrol's capability to inhibit cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and, as a consequence, to enhance particularly the activity of Sirt1 in animal models has reinforced the interest of preventive doping research organizations, especially in PDE4 inhibitors. Among these, the archetypical PDE4-inhibitor rolipram significantly increased the number of mitochondria in laboratory rodents, which further demonstrated a performance increase in a treadmill-test (time-to-exhaustion) of approximately 40%. Besides rolipram, a variety of new PDE4-inhibiting substances including cilomilast, roflumilast, and numerous additional new drug entities were described, with roflumilast being the first-in-class having received clinical approval for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to the availability of these substances, and the fact that a misuse of such compounds in sport cannot be excluded, it deems relevant to probe for the prevalence of these compounds in sports drug testing programs. METHODS Known urinary phase-I metabolites of rolipram, roflumilast, and cilomilast were generated by in vitro incubations employing human liver microsomal preparations. The metabolites obtained were studied by liquid chromatography with high-resolution/high-accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the reference product ion mass spectra of established and most relevant metabolites were utilized to provide the information necessary for comprehensive doping controls. The analytical procedure was based on conventional routine doping control assays employing enzymatic hydrolysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction and subsequent LC/MS/MS measurement. RESULTS Structures of diagnostic product ions and dissociation pathways of target analytes were elucidated, providing the information required for implementation into an existing test method for routine sports drug testing. The established method allowed for detection limits for the intact drugs of 1-5 ng/mL, and further assay characteristics (intraday precision 1.5-13.7%, interday precision 7.3-18.6%, recovery 20-100%, ion suppression/enhancement, and specificity) were determined. In addition, proof-of-concept analyses concerning roflumilast were conducted with a urine sample obtained from a COPD patient under roflumilast treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry-Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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26
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Thevis M, Krug O, Geyer H, Wenzel F, Bux J, Stahl L, Hollmann W, Thom A, Schänzer W. Monitoring drug residues in donor blood/plasma samples using LC-(MS)/MS--a pilot study. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:380-3. [PMID: 23338984 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quality assurance of pharmaceutical products is of particular importance and thoroughly controlled. Among these, the preparation of human plasma follows strict guidelines from the point of donor selection to product processing. While various precautions particularly concerning antiviral treatment as well as quality assessment are standard procedure, tests for drug residues are rarely, if at all, conducted with fresh frozen plasma products. With the constantly increasing sensitivity and specificity of modern analytical instruments, the detection of trace amounts of therapeutics in plasma is feasible and can be applied to blood products where considered appropriate. To estimate the prevalence of a selection of commonly prescribed and over-the-counter drugs (including diuretics, beta-receptor blocking agents, contraceptives, β2 -agonists, antibiotics, antidepressants, analgesics, opioids, glucocorticosteroids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, and oral anti-diabetics) as well as cannabinoids in human donor plasma, a total of 100 specimens (61 female, 39 male) collected at the German Red Cross Organization in 2012 was subjected to an established analytical approach. The methodology was based on protein precipitation followed by liquid chromatographic-high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric analysis. Following initial test results, confirmatory analyses were conducted with respective reference substances employing a conventional liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) apparatus. Out of one hundred samples, five were found to contain diuretics (four hydrochlorothiazide and one torasemide), five contained beta-receptor blocking agents (four bisoprolol and one metoprolol), one was found with residues of pseudoephedrine (stimulant) and one with drosperinone (contraceptive). Overall, 12% of samples yielded detectable amounts of drug residues at concentrations estimated to levels common to individuals under therapeutic treatment. In addition, six aliquots of different lots of commercially available plasma preparations with solvent-detergent processing were tested. Here, no drug residues of the targeted therapeutics were detected.
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Rydevik A, Thevis M, Krug O, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. The fungusCunninghamella eleganscan produce human and equine metabolites of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Xenobiotica 2012; 43:409-20. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.729102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour, 8, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
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Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Determination of prohibited, small peptides in urine for sports drug testing by means of nano-liquid chromatography/benchtop quadrupole orbitrap tandem-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Krug O, Thomas A, Beuck S, Schenk I, Machnik M, Schänzer W, Bondesson U, Hedeland M, Thevis M. Characterization of In Vitro Synthesized Equine Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators S24 and S4. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Möller I, Wintermeyer A, Bender K, Jübner M, Thomas A, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:609-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thomas A, Guddat S, Kohler M, Krug O, Schänzer W, Petrou M, Thevis M. Comprehensive plasma-screening for known and unknown substances in doping controls. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:1124-1132. [PMID: 20301105 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Occasionally, doping analysis has been recognized as a competitive challenge between cheating sportsmen and the analytical capabilities of testing laboratories. Both have made immense progress during the last decades, but obviously the athletes have the questionable benefit of frequently being able to switch to new, unknown and untested compounds to enhance their performance. Thus, as analytical counteraction and for effective drug testing, a complementary approach to classical targeted methods is required in order to implement a comprehensive screening procedure for known and unknown xenobiotics. The present study provides a new analytical strategy to circumvent the targeted character of classical doping controls without losing the required sensitivity and specificity. Using 50 microL of plasma only, the method potentially identifies illicit drugs in low ng/mL concentrations. Plasma provides the biological fluid with the circulating, unmodified xenobiotics; thus the identification of unknown compounds is facilitated. After a simple protein precipitation, liquid chromatographic separation and subsequent detection by means of high resolution/high accuracy orbitrap mass spectrometry, the procedure enables the determination of numerous compounds from different classes prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). A new hyphenated mass spectrometry technology was employed without precursor ion selection for higher collision energy dissociation (HCD) fragmentation experiments. Thus the mass spectra contained all the desired information to identify unknown substances retrospectively. The method was validated for 32 selected model compounds for qualitative purposes considering the parameters specificity, selectivity, limit of detection (<0.1-10 ng/mL), precision (9-28%), robustness, linearity, ion suppression and recovery (80-112%). In addition to the identification of unknown compounds, the plasma samples were simultaneously screened for known prohibited targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Krug O, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometric characterization of efaproxiral (RSR13) and its implementation into doping controls using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2006; 41:332-8. [PMID: 16421876 DOI: 10.1002/jms.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Efaproxiral (2-[4-[[(3,5-dimethylanilino)carbonyl]methyl]phenoxyl]-2-methylpropionic acid, formerly referred to as RSR13) is prohibited in sports according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The drug as well as structurally related compounds and a stable isotope-labeled derivative have been synthesized to elucidate the fragmentation pathway of efaproxiral, using electrospray ionization (ESI) and tandem mass spectrometry by employing a novel linear ion trap--orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer--in positive and negative ionization modes. The elimination of 2-methyl acrylic acid (-86 u) has been identified as a major fragmentation process in both charge states. Negative ionization and collision-induced dissociation (CID) caused an additional release of carbon dioxide (-44 u), and positive ionization the loss of formic acid (-46 u). Efaproxiral was incorporated into an existing screening procedure for doping controls using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, enabling a limit of detection of 2.5 ng/ml and interday precisions ranging from 7.9 to 13.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and the Competence Center for Preventive Anti-Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Opfermann G, Krug O, Schänzer W. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric characterization and quantitation of xanthine derivatives using isotopically labelled analogues: an application for equine doping control analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004; 18:1553-1560. [PMID: 15282779 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry has been employed successfully in numerous fields of analytical chemistry enabling the establishment of fast and reliable procedures. In equine sports, xanthine derivatives such as caffeine and theobromine are prohibited, and doping control laboratories analyze horse urine specimens regarding these illicit performance-enhancing drugs. Theobromine has to exceed a threshold level of 2 microg/mL, hence a robust and reliable quantitation is required. Stably deuterated theobromine and caffeine were synthesized by the reaction of xanthine or theobromine with iodomethane-d3 in the presence of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide or potassium carbonate in acetonitrile, respectively. Both compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and a robust and fast assay for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of theobromine in equine urine samples was validated. Urine specimens were extracted by means of solid-phase extraction cartridges, and concentrated extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography interfaced to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. In addition, the dissociation behavior of deuterated analogues to caffeine and theobromine allowed proposals for fragmentation routes of xanthine derivatives after atmospheric pressure ionization and collisionally activated dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, Cologne, Germany.
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Bourcart N, Destombes P, Krug O. Experimental transmission of human leprosy to the golden hamster. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1966; 34:351-66. [PMID: 6006067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Krug O, Dember CF. The diagnostic and therapeutic utilization of reactions to the President's death in a children's psychiatric inpatient center. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1965; 4:638-54. [PMID: 5835675 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-7138(09)62161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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König J, Lacour H, Staiger G, Hirt W, Krug O, Wüstenfeld H, Krause E, Stirnus, Bömer A, Mach F, Lederle P, Metge G, Fresenius R. Literatur. Anal Bioanal Chem 1926. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02423420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Krug O, Fießelmann G. Die 1925-er Weinernte in der Pfalz. Eur Food Res Technol 1926. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01689894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Krug O, Fiesselmann G. Die 1921-er Weinernte in der Pfalz. Eur Food Res Technol 1921. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02037721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Krug O, Fiesselmann G. Die Weinernte 1920 in der Pfalz. Eur Food Res Technol 1921. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02038710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Schätzlein C, Krug O. Untersuchungen über den Säurerückgang bei 1913-er Pfalzweinen. Eur Food Res Technol 1918. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02036801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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