1
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Wetzl C, Silvestri A, Garrido M, Hou HL, Criado A, Prato M. The Covalent Functionalization of Surface-Supported Graphene: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212857. [PMID: 36279191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of graphene supported on solid surfaces has broadened its scope and applications, and graphene has acquire a promising role as a major component of high-performance electronic devices. In this context, the chemical modification of graphene has become essential. In particular, covalent modification offers key benefits, including controllability, stability, and the facility to be integrated into manufacturing operations. In this Review, we critically comment on the latest advances in the covalent modification of supported graphene on substrates. We analyze the different chemical modifications with special attention to radical reactions. In this context, we review the latest achievements in reactivity control, tailoring electronic properties, and introducing active functionalities. Finally, we extended our analysis to other emerging 2D materials supported on surfaces, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and elemental analogs of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hui-Lei Hou
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Wei T, Liu X, Kohring M, Al‐Fogra S, Moritz M, Hemmeter D, Paap U, Papp C, Steinrück H, Bachmann J, Weber HB, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Molecular Stacking on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201169. [PMID: 35647672 PMCID: PMC9540619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Xin Liu
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Malte Kohring
- Department of Physics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Staudtstr. 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sabrin Al‐Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Moritz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Daniel Hemmeter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ulrike Paap
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Hans‐Peter Steinrück
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Saint-Petersburg State University Universitetskii pr. 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Heiko B. Weber
- Department of Physics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Staudtstr. 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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3
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Xia Y, Sun L, Eyley S, Daelemans B, Thielemans W, Seibel J, De Feyter S. Grafting Ink for Direct Writing: Solvation Activated Covalent Functionalization of Graphene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105017. [PMID: 35419972 PMCID: PMC9259721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene (CFG) has shown attractive advantages in tuning the electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of graphene. However, facile, large-scale, controllable, and highly efficient CFG remains challenging and often involves highly reactive and volatile compounds, requiring complex control of the reaction conditions. Here, a diazonium-based grafting ink consisting of only two components, i.e., an aryl diazonium salt and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is presented. The efficient functionalization is attributed to the combination of the solvation of the diazonium cations by DMSO and n-doping of graphene by DMSO, thereby promoting electron transfer (ET) from graphene to the diazonium cations, resulting in the generation of aryl radicals which subsequently react with the graphene. The grafting density of CFG is controlled by the reaction time and very high levels of functionalization, up to the failing of the Tuinstra-Koenig (T-K) relation, while the functionalization layer remains at monolayer height. The grafting ink, effective for days at room temperature, can be used at ambient conditions and renders the patterning CFG by direct writing as easy as writing on paper. In combination with thermal sample treatment, reversible functionalization is possible by subsequent writing/erasing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Brent Daelemans
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
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4
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Wei T, Liu X, Kohring M, Al-Fogra S, Moritz M, Hemmeter D, Paap U, Papp C, Steinrück HP, Bachmann J, Weber HB, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Molecular Stacking on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Xin Liu
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Malte Kohring
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Physics Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Sabrin Al-Fogra
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Michael Moritz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Daniel Hemmeter
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Ulrike Paap
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Christian Papp
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Heiko B. Weber
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Physics Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Frank Hauke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen GERMANY
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5
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Lombardi L, Kovtun A, Mantovani S, Bertuzzi G, Favaretto L, Bettini C, Palermo V, Melucci M, Bandini M. Visible-Light Assisted Covalent Surface Functionalization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets with Arylazo Sulfones. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200333. [PMID: 35319124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an environmentally benign methodology for the covalent functionalization (arylation) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with arylazo sulfones. A variety of tagged aryl units were conveniently accommodated at the rGO surface via visible-light irradiation of suspensions of carbon nanostructured materials in aqueous media. Mild reaction conditions, absence of photosensitizers, functional group tolerance and high atomic fractions (XPS analysis) represent some of the salient features characterizing the present methodology. Control experiments for the mechanistic elucidation (Raman analysis) and chemical nanomanipulation of the tagged rGO surfaces are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Kovtun
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Mantovani
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Favaretto
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Bettini
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Bao L, Zhao B, Assebban M, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalent 2D Patterning, Local Electronic Structure and Polarization Switching of Graphene at the Nanometer Level. Chemistry 2021; 27:8709-8713. [PMID: 33769649 PMCID: PMC8252423 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A very facile and efficient protocol for the covalent patterning and properties tuning of graphene is reported. Highly reactive fluorine radicals were added to confined regions of graphene directed by laser writing on graphene coated with 1‐fluoro‐3,3‐dimethylbenziodoxole. This process allows for the realization of exquisite patterns on graphene with resolutions down to 200 nm. The degree of functionalization, ranging from the unfunctionalized graphene to extremely high functionalized graphene, can be precisely tuned by controlling the laser irradiation time. Subsequent substitution of the initially patterned fluorine atoms afforded an unprecedented graphene nanostructure bearing thiophene groups. This substitution led to a complete switch of both the electronic structure and the polarization within the patterned graphene regions. This approach paves the way towards the precise modulation of the structure and properties of nanostructured graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer Material, Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mhamed Assebban
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer Material, Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Dang X, Zhao H. Graphdiyne: A promising 2D all-carbon nanomaterial for sensing and biosensing. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Edelthalhammer KF, Dasler D, Jurkiewicz L, Nagel T, Al‐Fogra S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Kovalente 2D‐Strukturierung von Graphen durch räumlich aufgelöstes Laserschreiben/Lesen/Löschen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Felix Edelthalhammer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Daniela Dasler
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Lisa Jurkiewicz
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tamara Nagel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Sabrin Al‐Fogra
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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9
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Edelthalhammer KF, Dasler D, Jurkiewicz L, Nagel T, Al‐Fogra S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalent 2D-Engineering of Graphene by Spatially Resolved Laser Writing/Reading/Erasing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23329-23334. [PMID: 32808699 PMCID: PMC7756404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile and efficient method for the covalent 2D‐patterning of monolayer graphene via laser irradiation. We utilized the photo‐cleavage of dibenzoylperoxide (DBPO) and optimized the subsequent radical additions to non‐activated graphene up to that level where controlled covalent 2D‐patterning of graphene initiated by spatially resolved laser writing is possible. The covalent 2D‐functionalization of graphene, which is monitored by scanning Raman microscopy (SRM) is completely reversible. This new concept enables write/read/erase control over the covalent chemical information stored on the graphene surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Felix Edelthalhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniela Dasler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lisa Jurkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tamara Nagel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sabrin Al‐Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
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