1
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Naskar G, Jeganmohan M. Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Enabled Cyclization of Substituted Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with Allylic Electrophiles. Org Lett 2024; 26:6580-6585. [PMID: 39052895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed cyclization of the β-C(sp3)-H bond of aliphatic carboxylic acids with allylic electrophiles providing five-membered γ-lactones in good to excellent yields is demonstrated. An acetyl-protected aminoethyl phenyl thioether ligand is used to promote the C-H activation reaction. A diverse range of allylic electrophiles such as allyl alcohols, allyl acetates, allyl sulfones, allyl phosphonate, allyl amine, and allyl ester have been utilized for this reaction. A feasible reaction mechanism has been proposed to account for the present cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouranga Naskar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Pal T, Ghosh P, Islam M, Guin S, Maji S, Dutta S, Das J, Ge H, Maiti D. Tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation of cycloalkyl carboxylic acids via multifold C-H activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5370. [PMID: 38918374 PMCID: PMC11199700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydrogenation chemistry has long been established as a fundamental aspect of organic synthesis, commonly encountered in carbonyl compounds. Transition metal catalysis revolutionized it, with strategies like transfer-dehydrogenation, single electron transfer and C-H activation. These approaches, extended to multiple dehydrogenations, can lead to aromatization. Dehydrogenative transformations of aliphatic carboxylic acids pose challenges, yet engineered ligands and metal catalysis can initiate dehydrogenation via C-H activation, though outcomes vary based on substrate structures. Herein, we have developed a catalytic system enabling cyclohexane carboxylic acids to undergo multifold C-H activation to furnish olefinated arenes, bypassing lactone formation. This showcases unique reactivity in aliphatic carboxylic acids, involving tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation-aromatization sequences, validated by control experiments and key intermediate isolation. For cyclopentane carboxylic acids, reluctant to aromatization, the catalytic system facilitates controlled dehydrogenation, providing difunctionalized cyclopentenes through tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation-allylic acyloxylation sequences. This transformation expands carboxylic acids into diverse molecular entities with wide applications, underscoring its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Premananda Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Minhajul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suman Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suparna Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Das J, Ali W, Ghosh A, Pal T, Mandal A, Teja C, Dutta S, Pothikumar R, Ge H, Zhang X, Maiti D. Access to unsaturated bicyclic lactones by overriding conventional C(sp 3)-H site selectivity. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1626-1635. [PMID: 37563324 PMCID: PMC10624629 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis plays a pivotal role in transforming unreactive C-H bonds. However, regioselective activation of distal aliphatic C-H bonds poses a tremendous challenge, particularly in the absence of directing templates. Activation of a methylene C-H bond in the presence of methyl C-H is underexplored. Here we show activation of a methylene C-H bond in the presence of methyl C-H bonds to form unsaturated bicyclic lactones. The protocol allows the reversal of the general selectivity in aliphatic C-H bond activation. Computational studies suggest that reversible C-H activation is followed by β-hydride elimination to generate the Pd-coordinated cycloalkene that undergoes stereoselective C-O cyclization, and subsequent β-hydride elimination to provide bicyclic unsaturated lactones. The broad generality of this reaction has been highlighted via dehydrogenative lactonization of mid to macro ring containing acids along with the C-H olefination reaction with olefin and allyl alcohol. The method substantially simplifies the synthesis of important bicyclic lactones that are important features of natural products as well as pharmacoactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Tanay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Astam Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Chitrala Teja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suparna Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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4
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Meng G, Hu L, Tomanik M, Yu JQ. β- and γ-C(sp 3 )-H Heteroarylation of Free Carboxylic Acids: A Modular Synthetic Platform for Diverse Quaternary Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214459. [PMID: 36307373 PMCID: PMC10150778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PdII -catalyzed C(sp3 )-H activation of free carboxylic acids represents a significant advance from conventional cyclopalladation initiated reactions. However, developing a modular synthetic platform for diverse quaternary and tertiary carbon centers based on this reactivity, two challenges remain to be addressed: mono-selectivity in each consecutive C-H functionalization step; compatibility with heteroatoms. While the exclusive mono-selectivity was achieved by β-lactonization/nucleophilic attack, the latter limitation remains to be overcome. Herein, we report the PdII -catalyzed β- and γ-C(sp3 )-H heteroarylation of free carboxylic acids using pyridine-pyridone ligands capable of overcoming these limitations. A sequence of three consecutive C(sp3 )-H activation reactions of pivalic acid provides an unique platform for constructing diverse quaternary carbon centers containing heteroaryls which could serve as an enabling tool for escaping the flat land in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin Tomanik
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Zhang LY, Wang NX, Yan Z, Wu YH, Gao XW, Feng K, Lucan D, Xing Y. Efficient Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Methyl Heteroarenes with Indoles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202240. [PMID: 36345123 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct oxidative coupling of inert C(sp3 )-H bond has been a great challenge. Herein, an environmentally friendly aerobic oxidative coupling of α-methyl substituted N-heteroarenes with indoles is reported. A variety of diheteroaryl ketones were prepared in good yields (up to 72 %). This protocol features simple operation and broad substrates scope (26 examples). Significantly, a plausible mechanism about catalytic cycle was proposed, and two key intermediates were confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Yang Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zhan Yan
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hua Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Ke Feng
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Dumitra Lucan
- Technical Sciences Academy of Romania ASTR, Dacia Avenue no.26, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yalan Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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6
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Das J, Pal T, Ali W, Sahoo SR, Maiti D. Pd-Catalyzed Dual-γ-1,1-C(sp 3)–H Activation of Free Aliphatic Acids with Allyl–O Moieties. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Tanay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sumeet Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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7
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Naskar G, Jeganmohan M. Ligand‐Enabled [3+2] Annulation of Aromatic Acids with Maleimides by C(sp
3
)−H and C(sp
2
)−H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200778. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gouranga Naskar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
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8
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Shahid M, Banakar VB, Ganesh PSKP, Gopinath P. Transition‐metal Catalyzed Remote C(sp3)‐H functionalization of carboxylic acid and its derivative. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shahid
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Chemistry Karkambadi Road 517507 Tirupati INDIA
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9
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Font M, Gulías M, Mascareñas JL. Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Annulations Involving the Activation of C(sp
3
)−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Font
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Moisés Gulías
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Luis Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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10
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Font M, Gulías M, Mascareñas JL. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Annulations Involving the Activation of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112848. [PMID: 34699657 PMCID: PMC9300013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of C(sp3 )-H bonds using transition-metal catalysis is among the more attractive transformations of modern synthetic chemistry. In addition to its inherent atom economy, such reactions open unconventional retrosynthetic pathways that can streamline synthetic processes. However, the activation of intrinsically inert C(sp3 )-H bonds, and the selection among very similar C-H bonds, represent highly challenging goals. In recent years there has been notable progress tackling these issues, especially with regard to the development of intermolecular reactions entailing the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. Conversely, the assembly of cyclic products from simple acyclic precursors using metal-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H bond activations has been less explored. Only recently has the number of reports on such annulations started to grow. Herein we give an overview of some of the more relevant advances in this exciting topic.
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Grants
- SAF2016-76689-R Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- PID2019-108624RBI00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- PID2019-110385GB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- IJCI-2017-31450 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- 2021-CP054, ED431C-2021/25 Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia
- ED431G 2019/03 Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia
- 340055 FP7 Ideas: European Research Council
- European Regional Development Fund
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council
- European Regional Development Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Font
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Moisés Gulías
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - José Luis Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
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11
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Das J, Mal DK, Maji S, Maiti D. Recent Advances in External-Directing-Group-Free C–H Functionalization of Carboxylic Acids without Decarboxylation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dibya Kanti Mal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suman Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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12
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Ghiringhelli F, Uttry A, Ghosh KK, van Gemmeren M. Direct β- and γ-C(sp 3 )-H Alkynylation of Free Carboxylic Acids*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23127-23131. [PMID: 32898310 PMCID: PMC7756274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report the identification of a novel class of ligands for palladium-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H activation that enables the direct alkynylation of free carboxylic acid substrates. In contrast to previous synthetic methods, no introduction/removal of an exogenous directing group is required. A broad scope of acids including both α-quaternary and challenging α-non-quaternary can be used as substrates. Additionally, the alkynylation in the distal γ-position is reported. Finally, this study encompasses preliminary findings on an enantioselective variant of the title transformation as well as synthetic applications of the products obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Kiron Kumar Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfalische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
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13
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Ghiringhelli F, Uttry A, Ghosh KK, Gemmeren M. Direkte β‐ und γ‐C(sp
3
)‐H Alkinylierung freier Carbonsäuren**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Kiron Kumar Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
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14
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Bjelopetrović A, Barišić D, Duvnjak Z, Džajić I, Juribašić Kulcsár M, Halasz I, Martínez M, Budimir A, Babić D, Ćurić M. A Detailed Kinetico-Mechanistic Investigation on the Palladium C–H Bond Activation in Azobenzenes and Their Monopalladated Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17123-17133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alen Bjelopetrović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dajana Barišić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Duvnjak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Džajić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Juribašić Kulcsár
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Budimir
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manda Ćurić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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