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Chowdhury MSI, Kras EA, Turowski SG, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Liposomal MRI probes containing encapsulated or amphiphilic Fe(III) coordination complexes. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5942-5954. [PMID: 37470467 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00029j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes containing high-spin Fe(III) coordination complexes were prepared towards the production of T1 MRI probes with improved relaxivity. The amphiphilic Fe(III) complexes were anchored into the liposome with two alkyl chains to give a coordination sphere containing mixed amide and hydroxypropyl pendant groups. The encapsulated complex contains a macrocyclic ligand with three phosphonate pendants, [Fe(NOTP)]3-, which was chosen for its good aqueous solubility. Four types of MRI probes were prepared including those with intraliposomal Fe(III) complex (LipoA) alone, amphiphilic Fe(III) complex (LipoB), both intraliposomal and amphiphilic complex (LipoC) or micelles formed with amphiphilic complex. Water proton relaxivities r1 and r2 were measured and compared to a small molecule macrocyclic Fe(III) complex containing similar donor groups. Micelles of the amphiphilic Fe(III) complex had proton relaxivity values (r1 = 2.6 mM-1 s-1) that were four times higher than the small hydrophilic analog. Liposomes with amphiphilic Fe(III) complex (LipoB) have a per iron relaxivity of 2.6 mM-1 s-1 at pH 7.2, 34 °C at 1.4 T whereas liposomes containing both amphiphilic and intraliposomal Fe(III) complexes (lipoC) have r1 of 0.58 mM-1 s-1 on a per iron basis consistent with quenching of the interior Fe(III) complex relaxivity. Liposomes containing only encapsulated [Fe(NOTP)]3- have a lowered r1 of 0.65 mM-1 s-1 per iron complex. Studies show that the biodistribution and clearance of the different types liposomal nanoparticles differ greatly. LipoB is a blood pool agent with a long circulation time whereas lipoC is cleared more rapidly through both renal and hepatobiliary pathways. These clearance differences are consistent with lower stability of LipoC compared to LipoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful I Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Kras
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Steven G Turowski
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA.
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Morrow JR, Raymond JJ, Chowdhury MSI, Sahoo PR. Redox-Responsive MRI Probes Based on First-Row Transition-Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14487-14499. [PMID: 36067522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of multiple oxidation and spin states of first-row transition-metal complexes facilitates the development of switchable MRI probes. Redox-responsive probes capitalize on a change in the magnetic properties of the different oxidation states of the paramagnetic metal ion center upon exposure to biological oxidants and reductants. Transition-metal complexes that are useful for MRI can be categorized according to whether they accelerate water proton relaxation (T1 or T2 agents), induce paramagnetic shifts of 1H or 19F resonances (paraSHIFT agents), or are chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents. The various oxidation state couples and their properties as MRI probes are summarized with a focus on Co(II)/Co(III) or Fe(II)/Fe(III) complexes as small molecules or as liposomal agents. Solution studies of these MRI probes are reviewed with an emphasis on redox changes upon treatment with oxidants or with enzymes that are physiologically important in inflammation and disease. Finally, we outline the challenges of developing these probes further for in vivo MRI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jaclyn J Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Md Saiful I Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Priya Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
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Kras EA, Abozeid SM, Eduardo W, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Comparison of phosphonate, hydroxypropyl and carboxylate pendants in Fe(III) macrocyclic complexes as MRI contrast agents. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111594. [PMID: 34517167 PMCID: PMC9124524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fe(III) macrocyclic complexes containing a macrocycle and three pendant groups including phosphonate (NOTP =1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triyl-tris(methylenephosphonic acid), carboxylate (NOTA = 1,4,7 - triazacyclononane - N,N',N″ - triacetate) or hydroxypropyl (NOHP =(2S,2'S,2"S)-1,1',1″-(1,4,7-triazonane-1,4,7-triyl)tris(propan-2-ol)) were studied in order to compare the effect of these donor groups on solution chemistry and water proton relaxivity. All three complexes, Fe(NOTP), Fe(NOHP) and Fe(NOTA), display a large degree of kinetic inertness to dissociation in the presence of phosphate and carbonate, under acidic conditions of 100 mM HCl or 1 M HCl or to trans-metalation with Zn(II). The r1 proton relaxivity of the complexes at 1.4 T, 33 °C is compared over the pH range of 1 to 10. At pH 7.4, 33 °C, 1.4 T, Fe(NOHP) has the largest relaxivity (1.5 mM-1 s-1), Fe(NOTP) is second at 1.0 mM-1 s-1, whereas Fe(NOTA) is the lowest at 0.61 mM-1 s-1. Fe(NOTP), Fe(NOHP) and Fe(NOTA) all show an increase in relaxivity at very acidic pH values (< 3) that is consistent with an acid-catalyzed process. Variable temperature 17O NMR studies at near neutral pH are consistent with the absence of an inner-sphere water molecule for Fe(NOTP) and Fe(NOHP), supporting second-sphere or outer-sphere water contributions to proton relaxation. Fe(NOTP) shows contrast enhancement in T1 weighted MRI studies in mice and clears through a renal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kras
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Samira M Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Waldine Eduardo
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States of America
| | - Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America.
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Abozeid SM, Chowdhury MSI, Asik D, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Liposomal Fe(III) Macrocyclic Complexes with Hydroxypropyl Pendants as MRI Probes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7951-7960. [PMID: 35006776 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic liposomes containing Fe(III) complexes were prepared by incorporation of mononuclear (Fe(L1) or Fe(L3)) or dinuclear (Fe2(L2)) coordination complexes of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocycles containing 2-hydroxypropyl pendant groups. Two different types of paramagnetic liposomes were prepared. The first type, LipoA, has the mononuclear Fe(L1) complex loaded into the internal aqueous core. The second type, LipoB, has the amphiphilic Fe(L3) complex inserted into the liposomal bilayer and the internal aqueous core loaded with either Fe(L1) (LipoB1) or Fe2(L2) (LipoB2). LipoA enhances both T1 and T2 water proton relaxation rates. Treatment of LipoA with osmotic gradients to produce a nonspherical liposome produces a liposome with a chemical exchange saturation transfer effect as shown by an asymmetry analysis but only at high osmolarity. LipoB1, which contains an amphiphilic complex in the liposomal bilayer, produced a broadened Z-spectrum upon treatment of the liposome with osmotic gradients. The r1 relaxivity of LipoB1 and LipoB2 were higher than the r1 relaxivity of LipoA on a per Fe basis, suggesting an important contribution from the amphiphilic Fe(III) center. The r1 relaxivities of paramagnetic liposomes are relatively constant over a range of magnetic field strengths (1.4-9.4 T), with the ratio of r2/r1 substantially increasing at high field strengths. MRI studies of LipoB1 in mice showed prolonged contrast enhancement in blood compared to the clinically employed Gd(DOTA), which was injected at a 2-fold higher dose per metal than the Fe(III)-loaded liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Md Saiful I Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Didar Asik
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Asik D, Abozeid SM, Turowski SG, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Dinuclear Fe(III) Hydroxypropyl-Appended Macrocyclic Complexes as MRI Probes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8651-8664. [PMID: 34110140 PMCID: PMC9942924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Four high-spin Fe(III) macrocyclic complexes, including three dinuclear and one mononuclear complex, were prepared toward the development of more effective iron-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. All four complexes contain a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocyclic backbone with two hydroxypropyl pendant groups, an ancillary aryl or biphenyl group, and a coordination site for a water ligand. The pH potentiometric titrations support one or two deprotonations of the complexes, most likely deprotonation of hydroxypropyl groups at near-neutral pH. Variable-temperature 17O NMR studies suggest that the inner-sphere water ligand is slow to exchange with bulk water on the NMR time scale. Water proton T1 relaxation times measured for solutions of the Fe(III) complexes at pH 7.2 showed that the dinuclear complexes have a 2- to 3-fold increase in r1 relaxivity in comparison to the mononuclear complex per molecule at field strengths ranging from 1.4 T to 9.4 T. The most effective agent, a dinuclear complex with macrocycles linked through para-substitution of an aryl group (Fe2(PARA)), has an r1 of 6.7 mM-1 s-1 at 37 °C and 4.7 T or 3.3 mM-1 s-1 per iron center in the presence of serum albumin and shows enhanced blood pool and kidney contrast in mice MRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didar Asik
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Samira M. Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Steven G. Turowski
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York 14263 United States
| | - Joseph A. Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York 14263 United States
| | - Janet R. Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
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