1
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Becker T, Hermann A, Saritas N, Hoffmann A, Herres-Pawlis S. Open- and Closed-Loop Recycling: Highly Active Zinc Bisguanidine Polymerization Catalyst for the Depolymerization of Polyesters. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400933. [PMID: 38870083 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the aliphatic N,N-bisguanidine zinc complex [Zn(DMEG2ch)2](OTf)2 ⋅ THF is introduced as a promising candidate for the chemical recycling of (bio) polyesters. This catalyst is highly active in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA) and ϵ-caprolactone (CL). The combination of polymerization and depolymerization activity creates new pathways towards a sustainable circular economy. The catalytic activity of [Zn(DMEG2ch)2](OTf)2 ⋅ THF for the chemical recycling of polylactide (PLA) via alcoholysis was investigated by detailed kinetic and thermodynamic studies. It is shown that various high value-added alkyl lactates can be obtained efficiently under mild reaction conditions. Catalyst recycling was successfully tested using ethanol for the degradation of PLA. In addition, LA can be recovered directly from PLA, enabling either open- or closed-loop recycling. Selective PLA degradation from mixtures with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polymer blends are presented. For the first time, a cascade recycling reaction of a PLA/polycaprolactone (PCL) blend is tested with a zinc-based bisguanidine catalyst, whereby PLA is degraded selectively at first and subsequent modification of the reaction conditions leads to efficient degradation of the remaining PCL. The highly active, universally applicable benign zinc catalyst allows the implementation of a circular plastics economy and thus the reduction of plastic pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Becker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - A Hermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nazik Saritas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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2
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Guo K, Wang J, Shi Z, Wang Y, Xie X, Xue Z. One-Step In Situ Polymerization: A Facile Design Strategy for Block Copolymer Electrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213606. [PMID: 36509706 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To optimize the rapid transport of lithium ions (Li+ ) inside lithium metal batteries (LMBs), block copolymer electrolytes (BCPEs) have been fabricated in situ in LMBs via a one-step method combining reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and carboxylic acid-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The BCPEs balanced the Li+ coordination characteristics of the polyether- and polyester-based electrolytes to achieve a rapid Li+ migration in the SPEs. The carboxylic acid played a dual role since it both catalyzed the ROP and stabilized the interface. Furthermore, the in situ assembly of LMBs did effectively enable an efficient intercalation/de-intercalation of Li+ at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The in situ assembled Li/BCPE4/LFP exhibited high-capacity retention of 92 % after 400 cycles at 1 C. The one-step in situ fabrication of BCPEs provides a new direction for the design of polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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3
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Rittinghaus RD, Herres-Pawlis S. Catalysts as Key Enablers for the Synthesis of Bioplastics with Sophisticated Architectures. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202222. [PMID: 36173968 PMCID: PMC10098652 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are one of the answers to environmental pollution and linear material flows. The most promising bioplastic polylactide (PLA) is already replacing conventional plastics in a number of applications. The properties of PLA, however, do not fit for all potential application areas, but they can be altered by the introduction of comonomers. The copolymerization of lactide (LA) with other lactones like ϵ-caprolactone (CL) has been established for several years. Nevertheless, controlling copolymerizations remains a challenge due to the high complexity of the system. Copolymerization of LA with other monomer classes is much less investigated, but has the chance to overcome the limitations in material properties that occur when only lactones are used. The crucial factor for all copolymerizations is the catalyst. It dominates the reaction kinetics and determines the resulting microstructure. In this review, copolymerization catalysts for LA are presented divided into catalysts for the synthesis of lactone block copolymers, lactone random copolymers, and multimechanistically synthesized copolymers. The selected catalysts are highlighted either owing to their industrially applicable polymerization conditions or their non-standard mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Hermann A, Becker T, Schäfer MA, Hoffmann A, Herres‐Pawlis S. Effective Ligand Design: Zinc Complexes with Guanidine Hydroquinoline Ligands for Fast Lactide Polymerization and Chemical Recycling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201075. [PMID: 35803895 PMCID: PMC9795895 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of two new guanidine hydroquinoline ligands served as basis for six new zinc guanidine complexes. Two of these complexes showed very high activity in the lactide polymerization under industrial conditions. The lactide polymerization was demonstrated in solution and melt conditions observing high activity and molar masses up to 90 000 g mol-1 . Density functional theory studies elucidated the high activity of the complexes associated with the influence of the ligand backbone and the use of triflate counterions. On the way towards a circular economy, polymerization and depolymerization go hand in hand. So far, guanidine complexes have only shown their good activity in the ring opening polymerization of esters, and guanidine complexes with pure N donors have not been tested in recycling processes. Herein, the excellent ability of zinc guanidine complexes to catalyze both polymerization and depolymerization was demonstrated. The two most promising zinc complexes efficiently mediated the methanolysis of polylactide into methyl lactate under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Hermann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Tabea Becker
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Martin A. Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
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5
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Rittinghaus RD, Zenner J, Pich A, Kol M, Herres‐Pawlis S. Master of Chaos and Order: Opposite Microstructures of PCL‐
co
‐PGA‐
co
‐PLA Accessible by a Single Catalyst**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112853. [PMID: 34984790 PMCID: PMC9305917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One catalyst, two reaction set‐ups, three monomers and unlimited macromolecular microstructural designs: The iron guanidine complex [FeCl2(TMG5NMe2asme)] (1) polymerizes lactide faster than the industrially used Sn(Oct)2 and shows high activity towards glycolide and ϵ‐caprolactone. Its distinguished features enable the synthesis of both block and random‐like copolymers in the melt by a simple change of the polymerization set‐up. Sequential addition of monomers yields highly ordered block copolymers including the symmetrical PLA‐b‐PGA‐b‐PCL‐b‐PGA‐b‐PLA pentablock copolymers, while polymerizations of monomer mixtures feature enhanced transesterifications and pave the way to di‐ and terpolymers with highly dispersed repeating unit distributions. A robust catalyst active under industrially applicable conditions and producing copolymers with desired microstructures is a major step towards biocompatible polymers with tailor‐made properties as alternatives for traditional plastics on the way towards a sustainable, circular material flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Johannes Zenner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Moshe Kol
- The School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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6
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Fuchs M, Walbeck M, Jagla E, Hoffmann A, Herres-Pawlis S. Guanidine Carboxy Zinc Complexes for the Chemical Recycling of Renewable Polyesters. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200029. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fuchs
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Marcel Walbeck
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Eveline Jagla
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- RWTH Aachen Fakultät 1, Institut für Anorganische Chemie Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen GERMANY
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7
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Rittinghaus RD, Zenner J, Pich A, Kol M, Herres‐Pawlis S. Kontrolle über Chaos und Ordnung: Gegensätzliche Mikrostrukturen von PCL‐
co
‐PGA‐
co
‐PLA durch einen einzigen Katalysator zugänglich**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Johannes Zenner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Moshe Kol
- The School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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8
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English LE, Jones MD, Liptrot D. N‐Heterocyclic Phosphines as Precatalysts for the Highly Selective Degradation of Poly(lactic acid). ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Liptrot
- University of Bath Chemistry Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UNITED KINGDOM
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9
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Santulli F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M. A Single Catalyst for Promoting Reverse Processes: Synthesis and Chemical Degradation of Polylactide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5470-5475. [PMID: 34612598 PMCID: PMC9298063 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple zinc catalyst showing high activity for both the synthesis of polylactide, a biodegradable polymer produced from renewable feedstock, and its degradation was described. In the ring-opening polymerization of lactides, the zinc catalyst showed one of the highest activities reported in the literature for reactions carried out in solution at room temperature. This excellent performance was preserved even when the process was performed under industrial conditions: at high temperature, in the absence of solvent, and by using a low catalyst loading with unpurified monomers. The same complex revealed high efficiency also in depolymerization of polylactide by alcoholysis, a process that occurred efficiently at room temperature and in the absence of solvent, conditions that reduce costs and guarantee low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Santulli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”University of Salernovia Giovanni Paolo IISA 132-84084FiscianoItaly
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”University of Salernovia Giovanni Paolo IISA 132-84084FiscianoItaly
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”University of Salernovia Giovanni Paolo IISA 132-84084FiscianoItaly
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10
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Wang Y, Li M, Chen J, Tao Y, Wang X. O-to-S Substitution Enables Dovetailing Conflicting Cyclizability, Polymerizability, and Recyclability: Dithiolactone vs. Dilactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22547-22553. [PMID: 34424604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing chemically recyclable polymers represents a greener alternative to landfill and incineration and offers a closed-loop strategy toward a circular materials economy. However, the synthesis of chemically recyclable polymers is still plagued with certain fundamental limitations, including trade-offs between the monomer's cyclizability and polymerizability, as well as between polymer's depolymerizability and properties. Here we describe the subtle O-to-S substitution, dithiolactone monomers derived from abundant feedstock α-amino acids can demonstrate appealing chemical properties different from those of dilactone, including accelerated ring closure, augmented kinetics polymerizability, high depolymerizability and selectivity, and thus constitute a unique class of polythioester materials exhibiting controlled molecular weight (up to 100.5 kDa), atactic yet high crystallinity, structurally diversity, and chemical recyclability. These polythioesters well addresses the formidable challenges of developing chemically recyclable polymers by having an unusual set of desired properties, including easy-to-make monomer from ubiquitous feedstock, and high polymerizability, crystallinity and precise tunability of physicochemical performance, as well as high depolymerizability and selectivity. Computational studies explain why O-to-S modification of polymer backbone enables dovetailing desirable, but conflicting, performance into one polymer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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11
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Rittinghaus RD, Karabulut A, Hoffmann A, Herres‐Pawlis S. Nachtaktiv: Eisen‐Guanidin‐Komplex katalysiert ROP auf der schlafenden Seite der ATRP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Aylin Karabulut
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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12
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Rittinghaus RD, Karabulut A, Hoffmann A, Herres‐Pawlis S. Active in Sleep: Iron Guanidine Catalyst Performs ROP on Dormant Side of ATRP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21795-21800. [PMID: 34270162 PMCID: PMC8518923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Copolymers are the answer to property limitations of homopolymers. In order to use the full variety of monomers available, catalysts active in more than one polymerization mechanism are currently investigated. Iron guanidine catalysts have shown to be extraordinarily active in ROP of lactide and herein prove their versatility by also promoting ATRP of styrene. The presented iron complex is the first polymerizing lactide and styrene simultaneously to a defined block copolymer in a convenient one-pot synthesis. Both mechanisms work hand in hand with ROP using the dominantly present FeII species on the dormant side of the ATRP equilibrium. This orthogonal copolymerization by a benign iron catalyst opens up new pathways to biocompatible polymerization procedures broadening the scope of ATRP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Aylin Karabulut
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
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13
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Wang Y, Li M, Chen J, Tao Y, Wang X. O‐to‐S Substitution Enables Dovetailing Conflicting Cyclizability, Polymerizability, and Recyclability: Dithiolactone vs. Dilactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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