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Cheng M, Cao N, Wang Z, Wang K, Pu T, Li Y, Sun T, Yue X, Ni W, Dai W, He Y, Shi Y, Zhang P, Zhu Y, Xie P. Strain-Induced Self-Assembly at Interface of Two-Dimensional Heterostructures Boosts CO 2 Reduction to Methanol by H 2O. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10582-10595. [PMID: 38564712 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
CO2 conversion with pure H2O into CH3OH and O2 driven by solar energy can supply fuels and life-essential substances for extraterrestrial exploration. However, the effective production of CH3OH is significantly challenging. Here we report an organozinc complex/MoS2 heterostructure linked by well-defined zinc-sulfur covalent bonds derived by the structural deformation and intensive coupling of dx2 - y2(Zn)-p(S) orbitals at the interface, resulting in distinctive charge transfer behaviors and excellent redox capabilities as revealed by experimental characterizations and first-principle calculations. The synthesis strategy is further generalized to more organometallic compounds, achieving various heterostructures for CO2 photoreduction. The optimal catalyst delivers a promising CH3OH yield of 2.57 mmol gcat-1 h-1 and selectivity of more than 99.5%. The reverse water gas shift mechanism is identified for methanol formation. Meanwhile, energy-unfavorable adsorption of methanol on MoS2, where the photogenerated holes accumulate, ensures the selective oxidation of water over methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning Cao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Tiancheng Pu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yukun Li
- State Center for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials School of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tulai Sun
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xuanyu Yue
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenkang Ni
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenxin Dai
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi He
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Shi
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Center for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials School of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
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Li FR, Ji T, Chen WC, Du W, Hao YJ, Sun YL, Chen WL. Photosynthetic System Based on a Polyoxometalate-Based Dehydrated Metal-Organic Framework for Nitrogen Fixation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:593-601. [PMID: 38103019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In nature, biological nitrogen fixation is accomplished through the π-back-bonding mechanism of nitrogenase, which poses significant challenges for mimic artificial systems, thanks to the activation barrier associated with the N≡N bond. Consequently, this motivates us to develop efficient and reusable photocatalysts for artificial nitrogen fixation under mild conditions. We employ a charge-assisted self-assembly process toward encapsulating one polyoxometalate (POM) within a dehydrated Zr-based metal-organic framework (d-UiO-66) exhibiting nitrogen photofixation activities, thereby constructing an enzyme-mimicking photocatalyst. The dehydration of d-UiO-66 is favorable for facilitating nitrogen chemisorption and activation via the unpaired d-orbital electron at the [Zr6O6] cluster. The incorporation of POM guests enhanced the charge separation in the composites, thereby facilitating the transfer of photoexcited electrons into the π* antibonding orbital of chemisorbed N2 for efficient nitrogen fixation. Simultaneously, the catalytic efficiency of SiW9Fe3@d-UiO-66 is enhanced by 9.0 times compared to that of d-UiO-66. Moreover, SiW9Fe3@d-UiO-66 exhibits an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 0.254% at 550 nm. The tactics of "working-in-tandem" achieved by POMs and d-UiO-66 are extremely vital for enhancing artificial ammonia synthesis. This study presents a paradigm for the development of an efficient artificial catalyst for nitrogen photofixation, aiming to mimic the process of biological nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Rui Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Wei-Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Yi-Jia Hao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Yan-Li Sun
- Harbin No.13 High School, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
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Balan B, Xavier MM, Mathew S. MoS 2-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Carbon Dioxide Reduction. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25649-25673. [PMID: 37521597 PMCID: PMC10373465 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a facile and sustainable approach for energy conversion and environmental remediation by generating solar fuels from water splitting. Due to their two-dimensional (2D) layered structure and excellent physicochemical properties, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been effectively utilized in photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER) and CO2 reduction. The photocatalytic efficiency of MoS2 greatly depends on the active edge sites present in their layered structure. Modifications like reducing the layer numbers, creating defective structures, and adopting different morphologies produce more unsaturated S atoms as active edge sites. Hence, MoS2 acts as a cocatalyst in nanocomposites/heterojunctions to facilitate the photogenerated electron transfer. This review highlights the role of MoS2 as a cocatalyst for nanocomposites in H2 evolution reaction and CO2 reduction. The H2 evolution activity has been described comprehensively as binary (with metal oxide, carbonaceous materials, metal sulfides, and metal-organic frameworks) and ternary composites of MoS2. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is a more complex and challenging process that demands an efficient light-responsive semiconductor catalyst to tackle the thermodynamic and kinetic factors. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using MoS2 is an emerging topic and would be a cost-effective substitute for noble catalysts. Herein, we also exclusively envisioned the possibility of layered MoS2 and its composites in this area. This review is expected to furnish an understanding of the diverse roles of MoS2 in solar fuel generation, thus endorsing an interest in utilizing this unique layered structure to create nanostructures for future energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyalakshmi Balan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
| | - Marilyn Mary Xavier
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
| | - Suresh Mathew
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
- Advanced
Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
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4
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Wang JM, Zhu QY, Lee JH, Woo TG, Zhang YX, Jang WD, Kim TK. Asymmetric gradient orbital interaction of hetero-diatomic active sites for promoting C - C coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3808. [PMID: 37369676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatomic-site catalysts (DACs) garner tremendous attention for selective CO2 photoreduction, especially in the thermodynamical and kinetical mechanism of CO2 to C2+ products. Herein, we first engineer a novel Zn-porphyrin/RuCu-pincer complex DAC (ZnPor-RuCuDAC). The heteronuclear ZnPor-RuCuDAC exhibits the best acetate selectivity (95.1%), while the homoatomic counterparts (ZnPor-Ru2DAC and ZnPor-Cu2DAC) present the best CO selectivity. In-situ spectroscopic measurements reveal that the heteronuclear Ru-Cu sites easily appear C1 intermediate coupling. The in-depth analyses confirm that due to the strong gradient orbital coupling of Ru4d-Cu3d resonance, two formed *CO intermediates of Ru-Cu heteroatom show a significantly weaker electrostatic repulsion for an asymmetric charge distribution, which result from a side-to-side absorption and narrow dihedral angle distortion. Moreover, the strongly overlapped Ru/Cu-d and CO molecular orbitals split into bonding and antibonding orbitals easily, resulting in decreasing energy splitting levels of C1 intermediates. These results collectively augment the collision probability of the two *CO intermediates on heteronuclear DACs. This work first provides a crucial perspective on the symmetry-forbidden coupling mechanism of C1 intermediates on diatomic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Qin Yao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Heon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Xing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Guo F, Li RX, Yang S, Zhang XY, Yu H, Urban JJ, Sun WY. Designing Heteroatom-Codoped Iron Metal-Organic Framework for Promotional Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216232. [PMID: 36748922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rational engineering active sites and vantage defects of catalysts are promising but grand challenging task to enhance photoreduction CO2 to high value-added C2 products. In this study, we designed an N,S-codoped Fe-based MIL-88B catalyst with well-defined bipyramidal hexagonal prism morphology via a facile and effective process, which was synthesized by addition of appropriate 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and acetic acid to the reaction solution. Under simulated solar irradiation, the designed catalyst exhibits high C2 H4 evolution yield of 17.7 μmol g-1 ⋅h, which has been rarely achieved in photocatalytic CO2 reduction process. The synergistic effect of Fe-N coordinated sites and reasonable defects in the N,S-codoped photocatalyst can accelerate the migration of photogenerated carriers, resulting in high electron density, and this in turn helps to facilitate the formation and dimerization of C-C coupling intermediates for C2 H4 effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China.,Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Xia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Sizhuo Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei-Yin Sun
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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Metallocavitins as Advanced Enzyme Mimics and Promising Chemical Catalysts. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular approach is becoming increasingly dominant in biomimetics and chemical catalysis due to the expansion of the enzyme active center idea, which now includes binding cavities (hydrophobic pockets), channels and canals for transporting substrates and products. For a long time, the mimetic strategy was mainly focused on the first coordination sphere of the metal ion. Understanding that a highly organized cavity-like enzymatic pocket plays a key role in the sophisticated functionality of enzymes and that the activity and selectivity of natural metalloenzymes are due to the effects of the second coordination sphere, created by the protein framework, opens up new perspectives in biomimetic chemistry and catalysis. There are two main goals of mimicking enzymatic catalysis: (1) scientific curiosity to gain insight into the mysterious nature of enzymes, and (2) practical tasks of mankind: to learn from nature and adopt from its many years of evolutionary experience. Understanding the chemistry within the enzyme nanocavity (confinement effect) requires the use of relatively simple model systems. The performance of the transition metal catalyst increases due to its retention in molecular nanocontainers (cavitins). Given the greater potential of chemical synthesis, it is hoped that these promising bioinspired catalysts will achieve catalytic efficiency and selectivity comparable to and even superior to the creations of nature. Now it is obvious that the cavity structure of molecular nanocontainers and the real possibility of modifying their cavities provide unlimited possibilities for simulating the active centers of metalloenzymes. This review will focus on how chemical reactivity is controlled in a well-defined cavitin nanospace. The author also intends to discuss advanced metal–cavitin catalysts related to the study of the main stages of artificial photosynthesis, including energy transfer and storage, water oxidation and proton reduction, as well as highlight the current challenges of activating small molecules, such as H2O, CO2, N2, O2, H2, and CH4.
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Zhao J, Xiong Z, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhang J. Two-dimensional heterostructures for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114699. [PMID: 36351474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalysis conversion of CO2 into fuels has become an encouraging method to address climate and energy issues as a long-term solution. Single material suffers poor yield due to low light energy utilization and high recombination rate of photoinduced electron-hole pairs. It is an efficient approach to construct heterojunction through two or three materials to improve the photocatalytic performance. Recently, 2D-based heterojunction is getting popular for outstanding properties, such as special light collecting structure to enhance light harvest, intimate interface to facilitate charge transfer and separation, and large specific surface area to provide abundant reactive sites. Recently, some new 2D-based heterostructures materials (both structure and composition) have been developed with excellent performance. 2D materials exert structural and functional advantages in these fine composite photocatalysts. In this review, the literatures about the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 are mainly summarized based on overall structure, interface type and material type of 2D-based heterojunction, with special attention given to the preparation, characterization, structural advantages and reaction mechanism of novel 2D-based heterojunction. This work is in hope of offering a basis for designing improved composite photocatalyst for CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Yongchun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, United States.
| | - Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Feng X, Ma L, Lei J, Ouyang Q, Zeng Y, Luo Y, Zhang X, Song Y, Li G, Tan L, Liu X, Yang C. Piezo-Augmented Sonosensitizer with Strong Ultrasound-Propelling Ability for Efficient Treatment of Osteomyelitis. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2546-2557. [PMID: 35044741 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The successful treatment of osteomyelitis remains a great challenge in the field of orthopedics. The clinical method for treating refractory bone infection requires a combination therapy of long-term systemic antibiotics administration and surgical debridement. It is highly desirable to develop an antibiotic-free, noninvasive, rapid strategy to eradicate osteomyelitis. Herein, we fabricate a piezoelectric-enhanced sonosensitizer that consists of a porphyrin-based hollow metal-organic framework (HNTM), MoS2 nanosheets, and a red cell (RBC) membrane. We find that the ultrasound (US)-induced piezoelectric polarization of MoS2 can improve the charge transfer of HNTM at the heterointerface of HNTM-MoS2, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides, MoS2 increases the asymmetric shape of HNTM, leading to the strong US-propelling ability of HNTM-MoS2. The produced ROS and strong mechanical force can kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with an antibacterial efficiency of 98.5% under 15 min of US treatment, resulting in intracellular DNA damage and increased oxidative stress and disturbance of purine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis of MRSA. Together with the toxin neutralization ability, the RBC-HNTM-MoS2 successfully eliminates the bone infection and suppresses inflammation and bone loss. This work provides another strategy for developing an efficient sonosensitizer through piezoelectric-assisted sonocatalysis and enhancing US-propelling ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qunle Ouyang
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yuxuan Zeng
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gaocai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Avenue 5340, Beichen District, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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