1
|
Zhang C, Cummins CC, Gilliard RJ. Synthesis and reactivity of an N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized diazoborane. Science 2024; 385:327-331. [PMID: 39024440 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Diazo compounds and organic azides are widely used as reagents for accessing valuable molecules in multiple areas of fundamental and applied chemistry. Their capacity to undergo versatile chemical transformations arises from the reactive nature of an incipient dinitrogen molecule at the terminal position. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilized diazoborane-a boron-centered analog of organic azides and diazoalkanes. The diazoborane displays a strong tendency to release dinitrogen, thus serving as a borylene source, in analogy to organic azides and diazoalkanes serving as nitrene and carbene sources, respectively. Also reminiscent of diazoalkane and organic azide reactivity, the diazoborane serves as a 1,3-dipole that undergoes uncatalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition with an unactivated terminal alkyne, affording a five-membered heterocycle after a two-step rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonghe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng J, You F, Zhu J. Screening seven-electron boron-centered radicals for dinitrogen activation. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:648-654. [PMID: 38073508 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The activation of dinitrogen is significant as nitrogen-containing compounds play an important role in industries. However, the inert NN triple bond caused by its large HOMO-LUMO gap (10.8 eV) and high bond dissociation energy (945 kJ mol-1 ) renders its activation under mild conditions particularly challenging. Recent progress shows that a few main group species can mimic transition metal complexes to activate dinitrogen. Here, we demonstrate that a series of seven-electron (7e) boron-centered radical can be used to activate N2 via density functional theory calculations. It is found that boron-centered radicals containing amine ligand perform best on the thermodynamics of dinitrogen activation. In addition, when electron-donating groups are introduced at the boron atom, these radicals can be used to activate N2 with low reaction barriers. Further analysis suggests that the electron transfer from the boron atom to the π* orbitals of dinitrogen is essential for its activation. Our findings suggest great potential of 7e boron radicals in the field of dinitrogen activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiying You
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Major CJ, Chen SM, Stephan DW. Boron diamide derivatives containing N-N and N-P molecular fragments. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2159-2166. [PMID: 38189199 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The cationic and neutral boron-diamide precursors are employed to target the inclusion of N2 and N-P molecular fragments. The species (HCN(Dipp))2BNH25, and (H2CN(Dipp))2BNH26 were prepared. While efforts to oxidize with [NO]+ gave mixtures of products, reactions with N2H4 gave the salts [(HCN(Dipp))2B(NHNH3)][O3SCF3] 7 [(H2CN(Dipp))2B(NHNH3)][O3SCF3] 8. Excess N2H4 gave the neutral species (HCN(Dipp))2B(NHNH2) 9 and (H2CN(Dipp))2B(NHNH2) 10, respectively. The species (H2CN(Dipp))2B(N3) 11 was prepared for comparative purposes. Turning to related NP species, compound 6 was converted to (HCN(Dipp))2B(NHPCl2) 12, while (HCN(Dipp))2BNK(SiMe3) 14 was used to give (HCN(Dipp))2BN(SiMe3)PCl215. Replacement of one of the chlorides gave (HCN(Dipp))2BN(SiMe3)PCl(OSO2CF3) 16 which converts to [(HCN(Dipp))2BNPCl]217. Similarly heating 15 afforded 17. The insights for the synthesis of further boron-N2 and boron-NP derivatives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Major
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta D, Keck C, Tönshoff C, Bhagat V, Strobel R, Eder M, Baylère P, Labat S, Chrostowska A, Bettinger HF. Direct Spectroscopic Identification of BN-Arynes and Subtle Steric Effects on Nitrogen Fixation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302444. [PMID: 37932038 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Azaborinines are the BN analogues of arynes through exchange of the formal CC triple bond by an isoelectronic BN bond. The BN-arynes are an underexplored class of reactive intermediates. Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinine (10,9-BN-phenanthryne) 1 was inferred as reactive intermediate by trapping reactions. Here it is shown that 1 can be generated in the gas phase by thermolysis from the pyridine adduct of 9-azido-9-borafluorene by cleavage of the dative bond with pyridine and dinitrogen extrusion. The ionization potential of 1 is 8.2 eV with ionization resulting from the π HOMO. Under cryogenic matrix isolation conditions, 9-azido-9-borafluorene photolysis results in isomerization to the dinitrogen adduct of 1 without involvement of a triplet borylnitrene intermediate. Photochemical nitrogen extrusion from 1 ⋅ N2 is not possible and nitrogen fixation is irreversible under cryogenic conditions. In contrast, 2,4,7,9-tetra-tert-butyldibenzo[c,e][1,2]azaborinine can be photogenerated from the corresponding azidoborole precursor under cryogenic matrix isolation conditions, and nitrogen fixation is precluded due to steric hindrance. The BN stretching vibration at about 1750 cm-1 is much weaker than in typical linear diaryl iminoboranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divanshu Gupta
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christina Tönshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Virinder Bhagat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Strobel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Eder
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Baylère
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Stéphane Labat
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Anna Chrostowska
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong S, Zhu J. Predicting Small Molecule Activation including Catalytic Hydrogenation of Dinitrogen Promoted by a Dual Lewis Acid. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202200991. [PMID: 36353939 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, N2 activation and functionalization have required the use of transition metal complexes. Thus, it is one of the most challenging projects to activate the abundant dinitrogen through metal-free systems under mild conditions. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept study on the catalytic hydrogenation of dinitrogen (with activation energy as low as 15.3 kcal mol-1 ) initiated by a dual Lewis acid (DLA) via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, such a DLA could be also used to activate a series of small molecules including carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, N-ethylenemethylamine, and acetonitrile. It is found that aromaticity plays an important role in stabilizing intermediates and products. Our findings provide an alternative approach to N2 activation and functionalization, highlighting a great potential of DLA for small molecule activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu TT, Zhai DD, Guan BT, Shi ZJ. Nitrogen fixation and transformation with main group elements. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3846-3861. [PMID: 35481498 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation is essential for the maintenance of life and development of society, however, the large bond dissociation energy and nonpolarity of the triple bond constitute a considerable challenge. The transition metals, by virtue of their combination of empty and occupied d orbitals, are prevalent in the nitrogen fixation studies and are continuing to receive a significant focus. The main group metals have always been considered incapable in dinitrogen activation owing to the absence of energetically and symmetrically accessible orbitals. The past decades have witnessed significant breakthroughs in the dinitrogen activation with the main group elements and compounds via either matrix isolation, theoretical calculations or synthetic chemistry. The successful reactions of the low-valent species of the main group elements with inert dinitrogen have been reported via the π back-donation from either the d orbitals (Ca, Sr, Ba) or p orbitals (Be, B, C…). Herein, the significant achievements have been briefly summarized, along with predicting the future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fantuzzi F, Moral R, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H, Phukan AK. Probing the Potential of Hitherto Unexplored Base‐Stabilized Borylenes in Dinitrogen Binding. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104123. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Physical Sciences Ingram Building University of Kent Park Wood Rd Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rubi Moral
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ashwini K. Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Napaam 784028 Assam India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng J, Dong S, Dai C, Zhu J. Predicting Dinitrogen Activation by Five-Electron Boron-Centered Radicals. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2234-2241. [PMID: 35044758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high bond dissociation energy (945 kJ mol-1) and the large highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap (10.8 eV), dinitrogen activation under mild conditions is extremely challenging. On the other hand, the conventional Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis under harsh conditions consumes more than 1% of the world's annual energy supply. Thus, it is important and urgent to develop an alternative approach for dinitrogen activation under mild conditions. In comparison with transition metals, main group compounds are less explored for nitrogen activation. Here, we carry out density functional theory calculation to screen boron radicals for dinitrogen activation. As a result, the experimentally available seven-electron boron-centered radicals are found to be inactive to N2 activation, whereas some five-electron boron-centered radicals become favorable for dinitrogen activation, inviting experimental chemists' examination. The principal interacting spin-orbital analyses suggest that a five-electron boron-centered radical can mimic a transition metal on a synergic interaction with dinitrogen in the transition states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tarannam N, Shukla R, Kozuch S. Yet another perspective on hole interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19948-19963. [PMID: 34514473 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hole interactions are known by different names depending on the key atom of the bond (halogen bond, chalcogen bond, hydrogen bond, etc.), and the geometry of the interaction (σ if in line, π if perpendicular to the Lewis acid plane). However, its origin starts with the creation of a Lewis acid by an underlying covalent bond, which forms an electrostatic depletion and a virtual antibonding orbital, which can create non-covalent interactions with Lewis bases. In this (maybe subjective) perspective, we will claim that hole interactions must be defined via the molecular orbital origin of the molecule. Under this premise we can better explore the richness of such bonding patterns. For that, we will study old, recent and new systems, trying to pinpoint some misinterpretations that are often associated with them. We will use as exemplars the triel bonds, a couple of metal complexes, a discussion on convergent σ-holes, and many cases of anti-electrostatic hole interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deng G, Pan S, Dong X, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. CO-Induced Dinitrogen Fixation and Cleavage Mediated by Boron. Chemistry 2021; 27:2131-2137. [PMID: 32990332 PMCID: PMC7898689 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The boron atoms react with carbon monoxide and dinitrogen forming the end-on bonded NNBCO complex in solid neon or in nitrogen matrices. The NNBCO complex rearranges to the (η2 -N2 )BCO isomer with a more activated side-on bonded dinitrogen ligand upon visible light excitation. (η2 -N2 )BCO and its weakly CO-coordinated complexes further isomerize to the NBNCO and B(NCO)2 molecules with N-N bond being completely cleaved under UV light irradiation. The geometries, energies and vibrational spectra of the molecules are calculated with quantum chemical methods and the electronic structures are analyzed with charge- and energy-partitioning methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Xuelin Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deng G, Pan S, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Beryllium Atom Mediated Dinitrogen Activation via Coupling with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18201-18207. [PMID: 32583528 PMCID: PMC7589277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of laser-ablated beryllium atoms with dinitrogen and carbon monoxide mixtures form the end-on bonded NNBeCO and side-on bonded (η2 -N2 )BeCO isomers in solid argon, which are predicted by quantum chemical calculations to be almost isoenergetic. The end-on bonded complex has a triplet ground state while the side-on bonded isomer has a singlet electronic ground state. The complexes rearrange to the energetically lowest lying NBeNCO isomer upon visible light excitation, which is characterized to be an isocyanate complex of a nitrene derivative with a triplet electronic ground state. A bonding analysis using a charge- and energy decomposition procedure reveals that the electronic reference state of Be in the NNBeCO isomers has an 2s0 2p2 excited configuration and that the metal-ligand bonds can be described in terms of N2 →Be←CO σ donation and concomitant N2 ←Be→CO π backdonation. The results demonstrate that the activation of N2 with the N-N bond being completely cleaved can be achieved via coupling with carbon monoxide mediated by a main group atom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deng G, Pan S, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Beryllium Atom Mediated Dinitrogen Activation via Coupling with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Deng G, Pan S, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Side-On Bonded Beryllium Dinitrogen Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10603-10609. [PMID: 32196126 PMCID: PMC7317369 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and spectroscopic identification of the complexes NNBe(η2 -N2 ) and (NN)2 Be(η2 -N2 ) and the energetically higher lying isomers Be(NN)2 and Be(NN)3 are reported. NNBe(η2 -N2 ) and (NN)2 Be(η2 -N2 ) are the first examples of covalently side-on bonded N2 adducts of a main-group element. The analysis of the electronic structure using modern methods of quantum chemistry suggests that NNBe(η2 -N2 ) and (NN)2 Be(η2 -N2 ) should be classified as π complexes rather than metalladiazirines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Deng G, Pan S, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Side‐On Bonded Beryllium Dinitrogen Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Yuan R, Wu W, Mo Y. Two Push–Pull Channels Enhance the Dinitrogen Activation by Borylene Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:2619-2625. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Material ScienceHebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Institute of Computational Quantum ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Material ScienceHebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and ComputationalChemistryState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringiChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of ChemistryWestern Michigan University Kalamazoo MI 49008 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shan C, Yao S, Driess M. Where silylene–silicon centres matter in the activation of small molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6733-6754. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00815j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules such as H2, N2, CO, NH3, O2 are ubiquitous stable species and their activation and role in the formation of value-added products are of fundamental importance in nature and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Shan
- Department of Chemistry
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry
- Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Edel K, Ishibashi JSA, Liu SY, Bettinger HF. Superelectrophilicity of 1,2-Azaborine: Formation of Xenon and Carbon Monoxide Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4061-4064. [PMID: 30786120 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The BN analogue of ortho-benzyne, 1,2-azaborine, is shown to bind carbon monoxide and a xenon atom under matrix isolation conditions, demonstrating its strongly Lewis acidic superelectrophilic nature. The Lewis acid-base complexes involving CO and Xe can be cleaved photochemically and reformed by mildly annealing the matrices. The interaction energy of 1,2-azaborine with Xe is 3 kcal mol-1 according to quantum chemical computations, and is similar to that of the superelectrophilic carbene difluorovinylidene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jacob S A Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3860, USA
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3860, USA
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Edel K, Ishibashi JSA, Liu S, Bettinger HF. Superelektrophilie des 1,2‐Azaborins: Bildung von Addukten mit Xenon und Kohlenmonoxid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | | | - Shih‐Yuan Liu
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts 02467-3860 USA
| | - Holger F. Bettinger
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The study of main-group molecules that behave and react similarly to transition-metal (TM) complexes has attracted significant interest in recent decades. Most notably, the attractive idea of replacing the all-too-often rare and costly metals from catalysis has motivated efforts to develop main-group-element-mediated reactions. Main-group elements, however, lack the electronic flexibility of TM complexes that arises from combinations of empty and filled d orbitals and that seem ideally suited to bind and activate many substrates. In this review, we look at boron, an element that despite its nonmetal nature, low atomic weight, and relative redox staticity has achieved great milestones in terms of TM-like reactivity. We show how in interelement cooperative systems, diboron molecules, and hypovalent complexes the fifth element can acquire a truly metallomimetic character. As we discuss, this character is powerfully demonstrated by the reactivity of boron-based molecules with H2, CO, alkynes, alkenes and even with N2.
Collapse
|
20
|
Habraken ERM, van Leest NP, Hooijschuur P, de Bruin B, Ehlers AW, Lutz M, Slootweg JC. Aryldiazonium Salts as Nitrogen-Based Lewis Acids: Facile Synthesis of Tuneable Azophosphonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11929-11933. [PMID: 30051582 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the commercially available azoimidazolium dyes (e.g., Basic Red 51) that can be obtained from aryldiazonium salts and N-heterocyclic carbenes, we developed the synthesis of a unique set of arylazophosphonium salts. A range of colours were obtained by applying readily tuneable phosphine donor ligands and para-substituted aryldiazonium salts as nitrogen-based Lewis acids. With cyclic voltammetry, a general procedure was designed to establish whether the reaction between a Lewis acid and a Lewis base occurs by single-electron transfer or electron-pair transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi R M Habraken
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P van Leest
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Hooijschuur
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W Ehlers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 254, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Chris Slootweg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Weetman
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstraße 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstraße 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Habraken ERM, van Leest NP, Hooijschuur P, de Bruin B, Ehlers AW, Lutz M, Slootweg JC. Aryldiazonium Salts as Nitrogen-Based Lewis Acids: Facile Synthesis of Tuneable Azophosphonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evi R. M. Habraken
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P. van Leest
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pim Hooijschuur
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 254 Auckland Park, Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904, PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ruddy AJ, Ould DMC, Newman PD, Melen RL. Push and pull: the potential role of boron in N2 activation. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:10377-10381. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in main group chemistry towards the activation and conversion of N2 have lead to the revelation that boron can greatly affect these processes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Esrafili MD, Mousavian P. The Key Role of Orbital Interaction in Cooperativity between B⋅⋅⋅N and Hydrogen/Lithium Bonding: An ab initio Study. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi D. Esrafili
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Maragheh, P.O. Box: 5513864596; Maragheh Iran
| | - Parisasadat Mousavian
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Maragheh, P.O. Box: 5513864596; Maragheh Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Simonneau A, Turrel R, Vendier L, Etienne M. Group 6 Transition-Metal/Boron Frustrated Lewis Pair Templates Activate N2
and Allow its Facile Borylation and Silylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12268-12272. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Simonneau
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Raphaël Turrel
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laure Vendier
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Michel Etienne
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Simonneau A, Turrel R, Vendier L, Etienne M. Group 6 Transition-Metal/Boron Frustrated Lewis Pair Templates Activate N2
and Allow its Facile Borylation and Silylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Simonneau
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Raphaël Turrel
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laure Vendier
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Michel Etienne
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Z, Zhou Y, Lee KH, Lam WH, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H, Marder TB, Lin Z. DFT Studies of Dimerization Reactions of Boroles. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28627022 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Boroles undergo dimerization reactions to give Diels-Alder (DA) dimers, bridged-bicyclic (BB) dimers or spiro dimers (SD) depending on the substituents on the borole. We performed DFT calculations to investigate how different substituents at the carbon atoms of the butadiene backbone as well as at the boron atom influence the dimerization reaction pathways. The DFT results show that, in general, both the DA and BB dimers are easily accessible kinetically, and the DA dimers are thermodynamically more stable than the BB dimers. When the substituent-substituent repulsive steric interactions are alleviated to a certain extent, the BB dimers are more stable than the DA dimer, and become accessible. The SD dimers are generally kinetically difficult to obtain. However, we found that aryl substituents promote the formation of the SD dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Han Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Esrafili MD, Mousavian P. Unusual cooperativity effects between halogen bond and donor-acceptor interactions: The role of orbital interaction. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
Yang XY. What dominant factors are responsible for the stability of monocyclic carbon boronyls–boron carbonyls mixed (BCO)6−n(CBO)n(n=0−6)? JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s021963361650067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
By combining group representation theory with density functional theory (DFT) investigations, we reveal that (BCO)[Formula: see text] systems have three nonoverlapping level sequences and the energy level diagrams in each level sequence have the same general arrangement of level. The stability of monocyclic carbon boronyl–boron carbonyl mixed clusters [(BCO)[Formula: see text](CBO)n] ([Formula: see text]–6) systems are theoretically investigated based on DFT. MO analysis reveals that the delocalized nature of delocalized [Formula: see text] valence orbitals within the –CBO groups is a key factor for the increase in the stability of (BCO)[Formula: see text](CBO)n([Formula: see text]–6) with increasing [Formula: see text]. The order of stability of (BCO)[Formula: see text](CBO)n([Formula: see text], 3 and 4) isomers is explained by recursion analysis at charge distribution. The determined order of stability is consistent with the energy order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, QiLu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Edel K, Brough SA, Lamm AN, Liu SY, Bettinger HF. 1,2-Azaborine: The Boron-Nitrogen Derivative of ortho-Benzyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7819-22. [PMID: 26095444 PMCID: PMC4564995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The BN analogue of ortho-benzyne, 1,2-azaborine, is generated by flash vacuum pyrolysis, trapped under cryogenic conditions, and studied by direct spectroscopic techniques. The parent BN aryne spontaneously binds N2 and CO2, thus demonstrating its highly reactive nature. The interaction with N2 is photochemically reversible. The CO2 adduct of 1,2-azaborine is a cyclic carbamate which undergoes photocleavage, thus resulting in overall CO2 splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Sarah A Brough
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Ashley N Lamm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253 (USA)
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860 (USA)
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen (Germany).
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Edel K, Brough SA, Lamm AN, Liu SY, Bettinger HF. 1,2-Azaborine: The Boron-Nitrogen Derivative ofortho-Benzyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
32
|
Légaré MA, Bélanger-Chabot G, De Robillard G, Languérand A, Maron L, Fontaine FG. Insights into the Formation of Borabenzene Adducts via Ligand Exchange Reactions and TMSCl Elimination from Boracyclohexadiene Precursors. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500524j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Légaré
- Département
de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Guillaume Bélanger-Chabot
- Département
de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Guillaume De Robillard
- Département
de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - André Languérand
- Département
de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, LCPNO, CNRS, UMR 5215 CNRS-UPS-INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric-Georges Fontaine
- Département
de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 0A6
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mbarki M, Oettinghaus M, Raabe G. Quantum-chemical Ab Initio Calculations on the Donor–Acceptor Complex Pyridine–Borabenzene (C5H5N–BC5H5). Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The adduct of borabenzene (C5H5B) and pyridine (C5H5N) was studied by means of quantum-chemical ab initio and time-dependent density functional theory calculations at different levels of theory. In the fully optimized structure (MP2/6-311++G**) of the free donor–acceptor complex (C2), the C–B–C angle amounts to 120.6°. The planes of the two aromatic rings enclose a torsion angle of ~40° with a barrier to rotation about the B–N bond of less than 3 kcal mol–1 (1 kcal mol–1 = 4.186 kJ mol–1). The highest computational level applied in this study (complete basis set limit, coupled cluster with single and double excitations (CCSD)) results in an energy associated with the reaction of borabenzene with pyridine of –52.2 kcal mol–1. Natural bond orbital analyses were performed to study the bond between the borabenzene and the pyridine unit of the adduct. The UV-vis spectrum of the adduct was calculated employing time-dependent density functional theory methods and the symmetry-adapted cluster-configuration interaction method. Our calculated electronic excitation spectrum of the pyridine adduct as well as its spectrum of the normal modes qualitatively reproduce the characteristic features of the IR and the UV-vis spectra described by experimentalists and thus allows assignment of the observed absorption bands, which in part agree with those by other authors.
Collapse
|
34
|
Cade IA, Hill AF. 1,1-Bis(N-methylimidazole)-2-(trimethylsilyl)-1-boracyclohexa-1,4-diene Chloride: A Stable Intermediate or Tangent en Route to 1-(N-Methylimidazole)borabenzene? Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300002y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Cade
- Research School
of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Research School
of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barnes SS, Légaré MA, Maron L, Fontaine FG. Reactivity of a Cl-boratabenzene Pt(ii) complex with Lewis bases: generation of the kinetically favoured Cl-boratabenzene anion. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:12439-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11756d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
36
|
Raabe G, Baldofski M. Quantum-Chemical Ab Initio Calculations on Borabenzene (C5H5B) and its Adducts with Ne, Ar, Kr, and N2. Could Free Borabenzene be Observed in Rare Gas Matrices? Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantum-chemical calculations employing different theoretical methods and basis sets have been performed on borabenzene (C5H5B) as well as on its adducts to dinitrogen (N2) and the rare gases Ne, Ar, and Kr. In agreement with previous calculations, the ground state of borabenzene was found to be a planar singlet with six electrons in molecular orbitals of π symmetry and a wide C-B-C bond angle (142.2°). Depending on the method (PUMP2, SAC-CI, CASPT2(8,8)), the lowest triplet state was found to be 28 to 46 kcal mol–1 (1 kcal mol–1 = 4.186 kJ mol–1) higher in energy. The energies associated with the formation of the adducts with N2, Ne, Ar, and Kr were calculated as –14.9, –0.5, –1.4, and –3.5 kcal mol–1 respectively. Our calculated spectrum of the normal modes as well as the electronic excitation spectrum of the N2 adduct reproduce qualitatively the characteristic features of the IR and the UV-vis spectra described by experimentalists. The corresponding calculated spectra (normal modes, UV-vis) of the rare gas adducts were found to be very similar to those of free borabenzene.
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Johnson
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , 90024-1569
| | - M. Frederick Hawthorne
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , 90024-1569
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maier G, Wolf H, Boese R. Hetero‐π‐Systeme, 18
1
Hochsubstituierte 2,4‐Di‐
tert
‐butyl‐1‐boracyclohexadiene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19901230317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günther Maier
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Gießen, Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 58, D‐6300 Gießen
| | - Hans‐Josef Wolf
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Gießen, Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 58, D‐6300 Gießen
| | - Roland Boese
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität‐Gesamthochschule Essen, Universitätsstr. 3–5, D‐430 Essen 1
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu HS, Qin XF, Xu XH, Jiao H, Schleyer PVR. Structures and Energies of Isolobal (BCO)n and (CH)n Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2334-8. [PMID: 15713113 DOI: 10.1021/ja046740f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structures and energies of isolobal (CH)n and (BCO)n polyhedral species, computed at the B3LYP density functional theory level, reveal contrasts in behavior. The strain energies of the (BCO)n cages are much smaller. Also unlike the (CH)n cages, the most stable (BCO)n polyhedra (n > or = 10) prefer structures with the largest number of three-membered rings. The planar (or nearly planar) faces of the cage systems were modeled by computations on planar, isoelectronic (CH2)n (Dnh) and (HBCO)n (Cnv) rings. While the strain energies of all the planar carbon rings, relative to the most stable D5h (CH2)5, were large, the strain energies of all the planar (HBCO)n (Cnv) rings were small. Remarkably, the three-membered (HBCO)3 (C3v) ring was the most stable. Finally, large (BCO)n systems prefer tubelike rather than cage structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sadimenko AP. Organometallic Complexes of B-, Si- (Ge-), and P- (As-, Sb-) Analogues of Pyridine. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(05)89003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
41
|
Herberich G, Baul T, Englert U. Complexes of the (Tetramethylcyclobutadiene)cobalt Fragment with Boratabenzene Ligands and an Unprecedented Formation of a Borabenzene Complex − Structures of (C4Me4)Co(3,5-Me2C5H3BSnMe3) with an Sn−B Bond and of the Dinuclear Complex [(C4Me4)Co(3,5-Me2C5H3B)]2O. Eur J Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0682(20021)2002:1<43::aid-ejic43>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
Streubel R. Phosphaalkin-Cyclooligomere: von Dimeren zu Hexameren – erste Schritte auf dem Weg zu Phosphor-Kohlenstoff-Käfigverbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
|