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Li J, Chen B, Fu Z, Mao J, Liu L, Chen X, Zheng M, Wang CY, Wang C, Guo YW, Xu B. Discovery of a terpene synthase synthesizing a nearly non-flexible eunicellane reveals the basis of flexibility. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5940. [PMID: 39009563 PMCID: PMC11250809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Eunicellane diterpenoids, containing a typical 6,10-bicycle, are bioactive compounds widely present in marine corals, but rarely found in bacteria and plants. The intrinsic macrocycle exhibits innate structural flexibility resulting in dynamic conformational changes. However, the mechanisms controlling flexibility remain unknown. The discovery of a terpene synthase, MicA, that is responsible for the biosynthesis of a nearly non-flexible eunicellane skeleton, enable us to propose a feasible theory about the flexibility in eunicellane structures. Parallel studies of all eunicellane synthases in nature discovered to date, including 2Z-geranylgeranyl diphosphate incubations and density functional theory-based Boltzmann population computations, reveale that a trans-fused bicycle with a 2Z-configuration alkene restricts conformational flexibility resulting in a nearly non-flexible eunicellane skeleton. The catalytic route and the enzymatic mechanism of MicA are also elucidated by labeling experiments, density functional theory calculations, structural analysis of the artificial intelligence-based MicA model, and mutational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Bao Chen
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China
| | - Zunyun Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Pignataro L, Piarulli U. A Long Journey through Organic Chemistry – Celebrating Cesare Gennari's 70th Birthday. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Via Valleggio, 11 I-22100 Como Italy
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3
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Chatterjee S, Kuilya TK, Goswami RK. Studies Directed toward the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cytospolide E. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1041-1059. [PMID: 31457947 PMCID: PMC6641448 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our exhaustive effort toward the total synthesis of cytotoxic marine nonanolide cytospolide E has been detailed. To achieve this synthesis, we have explored both the ring-closing metathesis and lactonization-based macrocyclization strategies using a variety of precursors. Unfortunately, none of them provided the desired product. The ring-closing metathesis approach provided mainly the macrocycle with Z-olefin, whereas the macrolactonization strategy culminated in 8-epi-9-epi-cytospolide E following the regioselective formation of a 10-membered macrocycle over a 9-membered macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamba Chatterjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Kuilya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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4
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Cao YN, Zheng LL, Wang D, Liang XX, Gao F, Zhou XL. Recent advances in microtubule-stabilizing agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:806-828. [PMID: 29223097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly dynamic mitotic spindle microtubules are superb therapeutic targets for a group of chemically diverse and clinically successful anticancer drugs. Microtubule-targeted drugs disrupt microtubule dynamics in distinct ways, and they are primarily classified into two groups: microtubule destabilizing agents (MDAs), such as vinblastine, colchicine, and combretastatin-A4, and microtubule stabilizing agents (MSAs), such as paclitaxel and epothilones. Systematic discovery and development of new MSAs have been aided by extensive research on paclitaxel, yielding a large number of promising anticancer compounds. This review focuses on the natural sources, structural features, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship (SAR) and chemical synthesis of MSAs. These MSAs mainly include paclitaxel, taccalonolides, epothilones, FR182877 (cyclostreptin), dictyostatin, discodermolide, eleutherobin and sarcodictyins, zampanolide, dactylolide, laulimalides, peloruside and ceratamines from natural sources, as well as small molecular microtubule stabilizers obtained via chemical synthesis. Then we discuss the application prospect and development of these anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Cao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Ling-Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Xiao-Xia Liang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
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5
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Rao HSP, Rafi S, Ratish Kumar P, Guravaiah C, Muthanna N. On the stereochemistry of the olefinic double bond in 13-membered heterocyclic rings accessible by ring-closing metathesis reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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7
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Xie M, Feng C, Zhang J, Liu C, Fang K, Shu G, Zuo W. CuI-catalyzed tandem carbomagnesiation/carbonyl addition of Grignard reagents with acetylenic ketones: Convenient access to tetrasubstituted allylic alcohols. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Berrué F, McCulloch MWB, Kerr RG. Marine diterpene glycosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6702-19. [PMID: 21783368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Marine diterpene glycosides (MDGs) respresent a small but highly significant group of the much larger class of marine diterpenes. The three well-studied examples of MDGs are eleutherobins, pseudopterosins and fuscosides, all of which exhibit extremely promising biological activity. The eleutherobins are potent anti-mitotic agents, and the pseudopterosins and fuscosides are potent anti-inflammatory agents. This review discusses the structures and biological activities of these compounds, as well as their biosynthesis and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Berrué
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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9
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Ciupa A, Griffiths NJ, Light SK, Wood PJ, Caggiano L. Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity of urocanic-chalcone hybrid derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Nandurdikar RS, Subrahmanyam AV, Kaliappan KP. Synthesis of a Novel Taxa-Oxa-Sugar Hybrid Core Structure by Tandem Cross-Enyne Metathesis/IMDA. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Xie M, Lin G, Zhang J, Li M, Feng C. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted allylic alcohols by three-component reaction of acetylenic sulfone, dialkylzinc, and aldehyde. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Tannert R, Milroy LG, Ellinger B, Hu TS, Arndt HD, Waldmann H. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Correlation of Natural-Product Inspired Cyclodepsipeptides Stabilizing F-Actin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3063-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9095126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- René Tannert
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ellinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tai-Shan Hu
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, and Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Wong LSM, Turner KA, White JM, Holmes AB, Ryan JH. Asymmetric Synthesis of a Hydroxylated Nine-membered Lactone from Tartaric Acid using the Claisen Rearrangement. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a hydroxylated vinyl-appended lactone, in five synthetic steps from tartaric acid, is reported. The C2-symmetrical bis-vinyl diol 12 was converted into the ketene acetal 14 via methylenation of the cyclic carbonate 13 or thermal elimination of benzeneselenenic acid from the selenoxide 17. In both cases, the in situ generated ketene acetal 14 underwent spontaneous Claisen rearrangement to give the nine-membered lactone (+)-15. Lactones of this type are potentially advanced precursors to simplified eleutherobin analogues or other medium-ring lactone natural products.
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14
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Nakamura T, Tsuboi K, Oshida M, Nomura T, Nakazaki A, Kobayashi S. Total synthesis of (–)-diversifolin. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Muñoz-Hernández L, Soderquist JA. Asymmetric γ-Methoxyallylation with the Robust 10-TMS-9-Borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes. Org Lett 2009; 11:2571-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900865y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John A. Soderquist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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16
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Frankie Mak S, Chiang GC, Davidson JE, Davies JE, Ayscough A, Pain G, Burton JW, Holmes AB. Synthesis of simplified analogues of eleutherobin via a Claisen rearrangement/RCM strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Dalby SM. From nature to the laboratory and into the clinic. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2290-303. [PMID: 19028103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural products possess a broad diversity of structure and function, and they provide inspiration for chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this review article, we highlight and place in context our laboratory's total syntheses of, and related studies on, complex secondary metabolites that were clinically important drugs, or have since been developed into useful medicines, namely amphotericin B (1), calicheamicin gamma(1)(I) (2), rapamycin (3), Taxol (4), the epothilones [e.g., epothilones A (5) and B (6)], and vancomycin (7). We also briefly highlight our research with other selected inspirational natural products possessing interesting biological activities [i.e., dynemicin A (8), uncialamycin (9), eleutherobin (10), sarcodictyin A (11), azaspiracid-1 (12), thiostrepton (13), abyssomicin C (14), platensimycin (15), platencin (16), and palmerolide A (17)].
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC408, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Waldmann H, Hu TS, Renner S, Menninger S, Tannert R, Oda T, Arndt HD. Total Synthesis of Chondramide C and Its Binding Mode to F-Actin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6473-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Waldmann H, Hu TS, Renner S, Menninger S, Tannert R, Oda T, Arndt HD. Totalsynthese von Chondramid C und Bindung an F-Aktin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Matsuya Y, Takayanagi SI, Nemoto H. Kinetically Controlled Ring-Closing Metathesis: Synthesis of a Potential Scaffold for 12-Membered Salicylic Macrolides. Chemistry 2008; 14:5275-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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22
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Nakamura T, Oshida M, Nomura T, Nakazaki A, Kobayashi S. Synthetic Study of Diversifolin: The Construction of 11-Oxabicyclo[6.2.1]undec-3-ene Core Using Ring-Closing Metathesis. Org Lett 2007; 9:5533-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol7025119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Motoko Oshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nomura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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23
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Sandoval C, López-Pérez JL, Bermejo F. Synthesis of a 10-membered ring with eleutheside functionality by Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi coupling. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
Terpenes represent one of the largest and most diverse classes of secondary metabolites, with over 55,000 members isolated to date. The terpene cyclase enzymes used in nature convert simple, linear hydrocarbon phosphates into an exotic array of chiral, carbocyclic skeletons. Further oxidation and rearrangement results in an almost endless number of conceivable structures. The enormous structural diversity presented by this class of natural products ensures a broad range of biological properties-ranging from anti-cancer and anti-malarial activities to tumor promotion and ion-channel binding. The marked structural differences of terpenes also largely thwart the development of any truly general strategies for their synthetic construction. This review focuses on synthetic strategies directed toward some of the most complex, biologically relevant terpenes prepared by total synthesis within the past decade. Of crucial importance are both the obstacles that modern synthetic chemists must confront when trying to construct such natural products and the key chemical transformations and strategies that have been developed to meet these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2005. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Chai Z, Liu XY, Zhang JK, Zhao G. Enantioselective addition of alkenylzinc reagents to aldehydes with organoboronates as the alkenyl source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Fürstner A, Nagano T, Müller C, Seidel G, Müller O. Total Synthesis and Evaluation of the Actin-Binding Properties of Microcarpalide and a Focused Library of Analogues. Chemistry 2007; 13:1452-62. [PMID: 17124714 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A comparative investigation shows that hydroxylated 10-membered lactones modeled around the fungal metabolites microcarpalide (1) and pinolidoxin (2) are endowed with selective actin-binding properties. Although less potent than the marine natural product latrunculin A, which represents the standard in the field, nonenolides of this type are significantly less toxic and accommodate substantial structural editing. Most notable is the fact that even an intramolecular transesterification with formation of a hydroxylated butanolide skeleton does not annihilate their microfilament disrupting capacity. This finding calls for a reinvestigation of the biological profile of other fungal metabolites that embody a similar motif. Microcarpalide (1) serving as the calibration point for this comparative study was prepared by total synthesis based on ring-closing metathesis (RCM) as the key step. The chosen route favorably compares to previous approaches to this target and provides further support for the notion that the (E,Z)-configuration of a medium-sized cycloalkene can be controlled by proper choice of the catalyst as previously outlined by our group. 9-epi-Microcarpalide 26 and furanone 27 as representative examples of the "natural productlike" compounds investigated herein have been characterized by crystal structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
An overview of marine natural products synthesis during 2005 is provided. In a similar vein to earlier installments in this series, the emphasis is on total syntheses of molecules of contemporary interest, new total syntheses, and syntheses that have resulted in structure confirmation or stereochemical assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Morris
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
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Natural products with taxol-like anti-tumor activity: Synthetic approaches to eleutherobin and dictyostatin. PURE APPL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200779020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eleutherobin and dictyostatin are antimitotic compounds which exert their cytotoxic activity by a taxol-like mode of action, i.e., hypernucleating tubulin assembly and interfering with the dynamic instability of the cytoskeleton during mitosis. A formal total synthesis of eleutherobin was accomplished by accessing a key intermediate reported by Danishefsky and coworkers in their 1998 synthesis of the natural product. The key step of our strategy, used for obtaining the [8.4.0] fused bicyclic ring system, is a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of a densely functionalized diene under forcing conditions, using Grubbs' second-generation catalyst. Synthetic approaches to dictyostatin are also described, and in particular the preparation of the C15-C23 fragment of the macrolide, containing 5 of its 11 stereocenters.
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:872-93. [PMID: 16404760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induktion von Apoptose durch einen Naturstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jin
- Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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Castoldi D, Caggiano L, Panigada L, Sharon O, Costa AM, Gennari C. A Formal Total Synthesis of Eleutherobin Using the Ring-Closing Metathesis (RCM) Reaction of a Densely Functionalized Diene as the Key Step: Investigation of the Unusual Kinetically Controlled RCM Stereochemistry. Chemistry 2006; 12:51-62. [PMID: 16173100 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric oxyallylation reactions and ring-closing metathesis have been used to synthesize compound 3, a key advanced intermediate used in the total synthesis of eleutherobin reported by Danishefsky and co-workers. The aldehyde 6, which is readily prepared from commercially available R-(-)-carvone in six steps in 30 % overall yield on multigram quantities, was converted into the diene 5 utilizing two stereoselective titanium-mediated Hafner-Duthaler oxyallylation reactions. The reactions gave the desired products (8 and 12) in high yields (73 and 83 %, respectively) as single diastereoisomers, with the allylic alcohol already protected as the p-methoxyphenyl (PMP) ether, which previous work has demonstrated actually aids ring-closing metathesis compared to other protective groups and the corresponding free alcohol. Cyclization under forcing conditions, using Grubbs' second-generation catalyst 13, gave the ten-membered carbocycle (E)-14 in 64 % yield. This result is in sharp contrast to similar, but less functionalized, dienes, which have all undergone cyclization to give the Z stereoisomers exclusively. A detailed investigation of this unusual cyclization stereochemistry by computational methods has shown that the E isomer of the ten-membered carbocycle is indeed less thermodynamically stable than the corresponding Z isomer. In fact, the selectivity is believed to be due to the dense functionality around the ruthenacyclobutane intermediate that favors the trans-ruthenacycle, which ultimately leads to the less stable E isomer of the ten-membered carbocycle under kinetic control. During the final synthetic manipulations the double bond of enedione (E)-16 isomerized to the more thermodynamically stable enedione (Z)-4, giving access to the advanced key-intermediate 3, which was spectroscopically and analytically identical to the data reported by Danishefsky and co-workers, and thereby completing the formal synthesis of eleutherobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Castoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I. Università degli Studi di Milano, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM) del CNR, Via G. Venezian, 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Efficient metathesis route to the B-ring of eleutherobin and other medium-sized cyclic ethers. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Friedel M, Golz G, Mayer P, Lindel T. Oxidative cyclization of a seco-cladiellane diterpenoid. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Castoldi D, Caggiano L, Bayón P, Costa AM, Cappella P, Sharon O, Gennari C. Synthesis of novel, simplified, C-7 substituted eleutheside analogues with potent microtubule-stabilizing activity. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The first total synthesis of (+)-aspercyclide C (1) is reported using a kinetically controlled RCM reaction to form the 11-membered, unsaturated lactone ring of this bioactive diaryl ether macrolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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