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Dolenc J, van Gunsteren WF, Prota AE, Steinmetz MO, Missimer JH. Conformational Properties of the Chemotherapeutic Drug Analogue Epothilone A: How to Model a Flexible Protein Ligand Using Scarcely Available Experimental Data. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2218-2230. [PMID: 30855963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones are among the most potent chemotherapeutic drugs used for the treatment of cancer. Epothilone A (EpoA), a natural product, is a macrocyclic molecule containing 34 non-hydrogen atoms and a thiazole side chain. NMR studies of EpoA in aqueous solution, unbound as well as bound to αβ-tubulin, and unbound in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution have delivered sets of nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) atom-atom distance bounds, but no structures based on NMR data are present in structural data banks. X-ray diffraction of crystals has provided structures of EpoA unbound and bound to αβ-tubulin. Since both crystal structures derived from X-ray diffraction intensities do not completely satisfy the three available sets of NOE distance bounds for EpoA, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been employed to obtain conformational ensembles in aqueous and in DMSO solution that are compatible with the respective NOE data. It was found that EpoA displays a larger conformational variability in DMSO than in water and the two conformational ensembles show little overlap. Yet, they both provide conformational scaffolds that are energetically accessible at physiological temperature and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jožica Dolenc
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Wilfred F van Gunsteren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland.,University of Basel, Biozentrum , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - John H Missimer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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2
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Lee JH, Kim MS, Lee HW, Lee IYC, Kim HK, Kim ND, Lee S, Seo H, Paik Y. The Application of REDOR NMR to Understand the Conformation of Epothilone B. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1472. [PMID: 28698492 PMCID: PMC5535963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural information of small therapeutic compounds complexed in biological matrices is important for drug developments. However, structural studies on ligands bound to such a large and dynamic system as microtubules are still challenging. This article reports an application of the solid-state NMR technique to investigating the bioactive conformation of epothilone B, a microtubule stabilizing agent, whose analog ixabepilone was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an anticancer drug. First, an analog of epothilone B was designed and successfully synthesized with deuterium and fluorine labels while keeping the high potency of the drug; Second, a lyophilization protocol was developed to enhance the low sensitivity of solid-state NMR; Third, molecular dynamics information of microtubule-bound epothilone B was revealed by high-resolution NMR spectra in comparison to the non-bound epothilone B; Last, information for the macrolide conformation of microtubule-bound epothilone B was obtained from rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR data, suggesting the X-ray crystal structure of the ligand in the P450epoK complex as a possible candidate for the conformation. Our results are important as the first demonstration of using REDOR for studying epothilones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Moon-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Ihl-Young C Lee
- Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Hyun Kyoung Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 88 Dongnae-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 88 Dongnae-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - SangGap Lee
- Spin Physics & Engineering Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Korea.
| | - Hwajeong Seo
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Younkee Paik
- Spin Physics & Engineering Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Korea.
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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3
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Crotti S, Posocco B, Marangon E, Nitti D, Toffoli G, Agostini M. Mass spectrometry in the pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer natural products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:213-251. [PMID: 26280357 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the history of medicine, nature has represented the main source of medical products. Indeed, the therapeutic use of plants certainly goes back to the Sumerian and Hippocrates and nowadays nature still represents the major source for new drugs discovery. Moreover, in the cancer treatment, drugs are either natural compounds or have been developed from naturally occurring parent compounds firstly isolated from plants and microbes from terrestrial and marine environment. A critical element of an anticancer drug is represented by its severe toxicities and, after administration, the drug concentrations have to remain in an appropriate range to be effective. Anyway, the drug dosage defined during the clinical studies could be inappropriate for an individual patient due to differences in drug absorption, metabolism and excretion. For this reason, personalized medicine, based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), represents one of most important challenges in cancer therapy. Mass spectrometry sensitivity, specificity and fastness lead to elect this technique as the Golden Standard for pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism studies therefore for TDM. This review focuses on the mass spectrometry-based methods developed for pharmacokinetic quantification in human plasma of anticancer drugs derived from natural sources and already used in clinical practice. Particular emphasis was placed both on the pre-analytical and analytical steps, such as: sample preparation procedures, sample size required by the analysis and the limit of quantification of drugs and metabolites to give some insights on the clinical practice applicability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:213-251, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crotti
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Elena Marangon
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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4
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Dasari B, Fufa T, Aeluri M, Gaddam J, Deora GS, Gaunitz F, Kitambi SS, Arya P. Macrocyclic Toolbox from Epothilone Fragment Identifies a Compound Showing Molecular Interactions with Actin and Novel Promoters of Apoptosis in Patient-derived Brain Tumor Cells. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanudas Dasari
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS); University of Hyderabad, Campus; Hyderabad 500046 India
- Sai Advantium Pharma Ltd.; IKP Road Turkapally; Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - Temesgen Fufa
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie; Universitätsklinikum Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Madhu Aeluri
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS); University of Hyderabad, Campus; Hyderabad 500046 India
- GVK Biosciences, Nacharam; IDA Mallapur; Hyderabad 500076 India
| | - Jagan Gaddam
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS); University of Hyderabad, Campus; Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Girdhar Singh Deora
- School of Pharmacy; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Frank Gaunitz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie; Universitätsklinikum Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Satish Srinivas Kitambi
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS); University of Hyderabad, Campus; Hyderabad 500046 India
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5
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Ranade AR, Higgins L, Markowski TW, Glaser N, Kashin D, Bai R, Hong KH, Hamel E, Höfle G, Georg GI. Characterizing the Epothilone Binding Site on β-Tubulin by Photoaffinity Labeling: Identification of β-Tubulin Peptides TARGSQQY and TSRGSQQY as Targets of an Epothilone Photoprobe for Polymerized Tubulin. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3499-514. [PMID: 26986898 PMCID: PMC4845752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling with an epothilone A photoprobe led to the identification of the β-tubulin peptides TARGSQQY and TSRGSQQY as targets of the photoprobe for polymerized tubulin. These peptides represent residues 274-281 in different β-tubulin isotypes. Placing the carbene producing 21-diazo/triazolo moiety of the photoprobe in the vicinity of the TARGSQQY peptide in a homology model of TBB3 predicted a binding pose and conformation of the photoprobe that are very similar to the ones reported for 1) the high resolution cocrystal structure of epothilone A with an α,β-tubulin complex and for 2) a saturation transfer difference NMR and transferred NOESY NMR study of dimeric and polymerized tubulin. Our findings thus provide additional support for these models as physiologically the most relevant among several modes of binding that have been proposed for epothilone A in the taxane pocket of β-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwait R. Ranade
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Todd W. Markowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nicole Glaser
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kashin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Gerhard Höfle
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gunda I. Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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6
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Nicolaou KC, Rhoades D, Wang Y, Totokotsopoulos S, Bai R, Hamel E. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Epothilone B Side Chain Analogues. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1974-9. [PMID: 26447977 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of epothilone analogues with novel side chains equipped with an amino group are described. Their design facilitates potential conjugation to selective drug delivery systems such as antibodies. Their synthesis proceeded efficiently via Stille coupling of a readily available vinyl iodide and heterocyclic stannanes. Cytotoxicity studies and tubulin binding assays revealed two of these analogues to be more potent than epothilones A-D and the anticancer agent ixabepilone, currently in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Derek Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sotirios Totokotsopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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7
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Dasari B, Jimmidi R, Arya P. Selected hybrid natural products as tubulin modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 94:497-508. [PMID: 25455639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Modulators of microtubule dynamics have received increasing attention because of their potential to stop cancer growth. Although it belongs to the category of complex protein-protein interactions (PPIs), which are generally considered difficult to modulate through small molecules, the use of microtubule is considered a well-validated target. There are a number of bioactive natural products and related compounds that are currently in use as drugs or in clinical trials as next generation anti-cancer agents. The present review article is focused on two such bioactive natural products, epothilone and halichondrin B, and covers some of the key papers published after 2005 that outline various synthetic approaches to obtain next generation structural analogs as well as the synthesis of hybrid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanudas Dasari
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Ravikumar Jimmidi
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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8
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Abstract
Epothilones A and B are naturally occurring microtubule stabilizers with nanomolar or even sub-nanomolar activity against human cancer cells in vitro and potent in vivo antitumor activity against multidrug-resistant tumors. Over the last decade, ten epothilonetype agents have entered clinical trials in humans; of these, the epothilone B lactam ixabepilone (BMS-247550; Ixempra®) was approved by the FDA for breast cancer treatment in 2007. Numerous synthetic and semisynthetic analogs of epothilones have been prepared and their in vitro and (in selected cases) in vivo biological activity has been determined, producing a wealth of SAR information on this compound family. This chapter will provide a brief summary of the in vitro and in vivo biological properties of epothilone B (Epo B). The major part of the discussion will then be organized around those epothilone analogs that have entered clinical development. For each analog the underlying synthetic chemistry and the most important preclinical features will be reviewed, together with the properties of some important related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schiess
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich HCI H405, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich HCI H405, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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9
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Jiménez VA, Alderete JB, Navarrete KR. Structural insight into epothilones antitumor activity based on the conformational preferences and tubulin binding modes of epothilones A and B obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:789-803. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.911702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica A. Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 7100 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Joel B. Alderete
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Karen R. Navarrete
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile
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10
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Aeluri M, Chamakuri S, Dasari B, Guduru SKR, Jimmidi R, Jogula S, Arya P. Small Molecule Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions: Selected Case Studies. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4640-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4004049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Aeluri
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Srinivas Chamakuri
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Bhanudas Dasari
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shiva Krishna Reddy Guduru
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ravikumar Jimmidi
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Srinivas Jogula
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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11
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Kim SH, Moon SH. Osteoclast differentiation inhibitors: a patent review (2008 – 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1591-610. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.842556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Sang F, Feng P, Chen J, Ding Y, Duan X, Zhai J, Ma X, Zhang B, Zhang Q, Lin J, Chen Y. Epothilone D and its 9-Methyl analogues: combinatorial syntheses, conformation, and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:321-32. [PMID: 23994325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epothilone D (Epo D) and its 9-Methyl conformational analogues were synthesized through a highly efficient combinatorial approach. The fragment E was synthesized in 11 total steps with 6 longest linear steps, and each aldehyde B was prepared via a 3-step sequence. Starting from the common precursor E and a suitable aldehydes B, each target molecule were obtained in only 4 steps. The 9-(S)-epo D and 9-(R)-epo D demonstrated significant difference in inhibition activities against cancer cell lines and in conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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13
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Abstract
The use of drug-like macrocycles is emerging as an exciting area of medicinal chemistry, with several recent examples highlighting the favorable changes in biological and physicochemical properties that macrocyclization can afford. Natural product macrocycles and their synthetic derivatives have long been clinically useful and attention is now being focused on the wider use of macrocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry in the search for new drugs for increasingly challenging targets. With the increasing awareness of concepts of drug-likeness and the dangers of ‘molecular obesity’, functionalized macrocyclic scaffolds could provide a way to generate ligand-efficient molecules with enhanced properties. In this review we will separately discuss the effects of macrocyclization upon potency, selectivity and physicochemical properties, concentrating on recent case histories in oncology drug discovery. Additionally, we will highlight selected advances in the synthesis of macrocycles and provide an outlook on the future use of macrocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
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14
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Lozynski M. Patupilone and Ixabepilone: The Effect of a Point Structural Change on the Exo–Endo Conformational Profile. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7605-17. [PMID: 22668078 DOI: 10.1021/jp212628v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Lozynski
- Institute of Chemical
Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie
5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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15
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Coderch C, Klett J, Morreale A, Díaz JF, Gago F. Comparative Binding Energy (COMBINE) Analysis Supports a Proposal for the Binding Mode of Epothilones to β-Tubulin. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:836-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Identifying Subsets of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Likely to Benefit From Treatment With the Epothilone B Analog Ixabepilone. Am J Clin Oncol 2010; 33:561-7. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181c4c6ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Li CM, Wang Z, Lu Y, Ahn S, Narayanan R, Kearbey JD, Parke DN, Li W, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Biological activity of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazole: an active microtubule inhibitor. Cancer Res 2010; 71:216-24. [PMID: 21084278 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Formation of microtubules is a dynamic process that involves polymerization and depolymerization of αβ-tubulin heterodimers. Drugs that enhance or inhibit tubulin polymerization can destroy this dynamic process, arresting cells in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle. Although drugs that target tubulin generally demonstrate cytotoxic potency in the subnanomolar range, resistance due to drug efflux is a common phenomenon among the antitubulin agents. We recently reported a class of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles (SMART) that exhibited great in vitro potency and broad spectrum cellular cytotoxicity. Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of 3 SMART compounds, SMART-H (H), SMART-F (F), and SMART-OH (OH), with varying substituents at the 4-position of aryl ring, demonstrated that they bind potently to the colchicine-binding site in tubulin, inhibit tubulin polymerization, arrest cancer cells in G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle, and induce their apoptosis. The SMART compounds also equipotently inhibit the growth of parental and MDR-overexpressing cells in vitro, indicating that they can overcome multidrug resistance. In vivo antitumor efficacy studies in human prostate (PC-3) and melanoma (A375) cancer xenograft models demonstrated that SMART-H and SMART-F treatments resulted in %T/C values ranging from 4% to 30%. In addition, in vivo SMART-H treatment for 21 days at the higher dose (15 mg/kg) failed to produce any apparent neurotoxicity. These studies provide the first in vivo evidence and proof-of-concept that SMART compounds are similarly efficacious to currently FDA approved antitubulin drugs for cancer treatment, but they can circumvent P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Kossoff EB, Ngamphaiboon N, Laudico TJ, O'Connor TL. Weekly ixabepilone administration in heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer patients. Med Oncol 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S115-20. [PMID: 20978949 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ixabepilone 40 mg/m(2) administered on an every 3-week schedule is approved for use in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) as monotherapy, or in combination with capecitabine in anthracycline/taxane resistant tumors. Because the mechanism of action and toxicity profile is similar to the taxanes, it has been suggested that weekly administration (15-20 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, 15 for 28 days/cycle) may provide a therapeutic advantage while minimizing toxicity. We report 24 MBC patients treated with weekly ixabepilone. Demographics, ER/PR/HER-2/neu, ECOG performance status (PS), sites of metastatic disease, lines of previous therapy, dosage, treatment duration, dose reductions/interruptions, hematologic/non-hematologic toxicities, growth factor use, reasons for discontinuation, time to progression (TTP), and response rate were recorded. Median age was 61 years (33-79). 0-1 ECOG PS was 54%. Sixty-seven percent of patients received ≥ 4 previous chemotherapy regimens. Median treatment duration was 1.4 months (0.5-10.8). Median dose was 16 mg/m(2) (15-20). In 37.5% of patients, the dose was held due to toxicities with median missed dose of 2. Partial response and stable disease were 4 and 48%. Median TTP was 2.1 months (0.9-16.4). Majority of patients discontinued therapy due to disease progression (84%). Grade 3-4 neutropenia and neuropathy were 4% and 8%. It is not yet clear whether the weekly administration of ixabepilone impacts the risk/benefit profile. There are clinical data to suggest that weekly ixabepilone is efficacious and tolerable. Upcoming clinical trials will continue to inform the question. Our data suggest that weekly ixabepilone is well tolerated with a manageable side-effect profile in this small, heavily pretreated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen B Kossoff
- Department of Pharmacy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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19
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Erdélyi M, Navarro-Vázquez A, Pfeiffer B, Kuzniewski CN, Felser A, Widmer T, Gertsch J, Pera B, Díaz JF, Altmann KH, Carlomagno T. The binding mode of side chain- and C3-modified epothilones to tubulin. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:911-20. [PMID: 20432490 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tubulin-binding mode of C3- and C15-modified analogues of epothilone A (Epo A) was determined by NMR spectroscopy and computational methods and compared with the existing structural models of tubulin-bound natural Epo A. Only minor differences were observed in the conformation of the macrocycle between Epo A and the C3-modified analogues investigated. In particular, 3-deoxy- (compound 2) and 3-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-Epo A (3) were found to adopt similar conformations in the tubulin-binding cleft as Epo A, thus indicating that the 3-OH group is not essential for epothilones to assume their bioactive conformation. None of the available models of the tubulin-epothilone complex is able to fully recapitulate the differences in tubulin-polymerizing activity and microtubule-binding affinity between C20-modified epothilones 6 (C20-propyl), 7 (C20-butyl), and 8 (C20-hydroxypropyl). Based on the results of transferred NOE experiments in the presence of tubulin, the isomeric C15 quinoline-based Epo B analogues 4 and 5 show very similar orientations of the side chain, irrespective of the position of the nitrogen atom in the quinoline ring. The quinoline side chain stacks on the imidazole moiety of beta-His227 with equal efficiency in both cases, thus suggesting that the aromatic side chain moiety in epothilones contributes to tubulin binding through strong van der Waals interactions with the protein rather than hydrogen bonding involving the heteroaromatic nitrogen atom. These conclusions are in line with existing tubulin polymerization and microtubule-binding data for 4, 5, and Epo B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Erdélyi
- NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Lu C, Liu X, Li Y, Shen Y. Two 18-membered epothilones from Sorangium cellulosum So0157-2. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:571-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Kossoff E. Alternative dosing schedules and administration updates for ixabepilone. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2010; 17:203-8. [PMID: 20215481 DOI: 10.1177/1078155210364273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ixabepilone 40 mg/m(2) (every 3 weeks) is approved for use in metastatic breast cancer as monotherapy as early as third line and in combination with capecitabine as early as first line in tumors that are resistant or refractory to anthracyclines and taxanes. This article seeks to familiarize oncology pharmacists with the options at their disposal to aid in management of ixabepilone therapy. Toxicity with ixabepilone is reversible and responsive to dose reduction or delay, and the 40 mg/m(2) dose may be reduced to 32 mg/m(2) and subsequently to 25 mg/m(2) should toxicities arise. However, available clinical data cannot support beginning ixabepilone therapy at a reduced dose to mitigate toxicity. Because ixabepilone's mechanism of action and adverse event profile resemble those of the taxanes, it has been postulated that weekly administration of ixabepilone (15-20 mg/m(2) weekly for 3 weeks with a 1 week break) may provide similar advantages to those seen with weekly metronomic paclitaxel administration. Within the last year, preliminary data has emerged that begins to answer questions regarding the use of weekly ixabepilone. The regimen appears to be effective and well-tolerated in metastatic breast cancer and other tumor types, although data from definitive head-to-head studies with the approved regimen are not yet available. Moreover, a recent label change now incorporates alternative infusion liquids to Lactated Ringer's Solution into the approved dilution protocol for ixabepilone, and similarities and differences from taxane administration are discussed. It is hoped that the influx of new data regarding dosing, scheduling, and administration options for ixabepilone will continue to increase the pharmacist's ability to optimize treatment outcomes for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kossoff
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Chen QH, Ganesh T, Jiang Y, Banerjee A, Sharma S, Bane S, Snyder JP, Kingston DGI. Novel epothilone lactones by an unusual diversion of the Grubbs' metathesis reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2019-21. [PMID: 20221478 DOI: 10.1039/b926174e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unusual reaction with Grubbs' catalyst during the synthesis of bridged epothilones yielded five-membered internal lactones instead of the expected metathesis products. Three of the lactones have activities comparable to epothilone D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, M/C 0212, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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23
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Frein JD, Taylor RE, Sackett DL. New sources of chemical diversity inspired by biosynthesis: rational design of a potent epothilone analogue. Org Lett 2009; 11:3186-9. [PMID: 19572566 DOI: 10.1021/ol900971r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of (S)-14-methoxyepothilone D has been accomplished. (S)-14-Methoxyepothilone D represents a conceptually novel example of polyketide analogue design based on an alternative biogenetic pattern of extender units. The significant biological activity observed for this compound provides a foundation to support studies designed to prepare derivatives of this type through fermentation of genetically engineered organisms expressing the epothilone PKS gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Frein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
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Gradishar W. Management of advanced breast cancer with the epothilone B analog, ixabepilone. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2009; 3:163-71. [PMID: 19920932 PMCID: PMC2769224 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the activity of standard chemotherapies in advanced breast cancer, disease progression remains inevitable. Most patients exposed to anthracyclines and taxanes develop resistance and a significant subset shows primary resistance. The increasing use of these agents as adjuvant therapy may result in more anthracycline- and taxane-resistant patients in the metastatic setting; few treatment options are available for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) resistant to multiple chemotherapies. The heterogeneity of breast cancer represents another therapeutic challenge. Breast cancers may be classified as luminal, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive, or estrogen receptor-, progesterone receptor-, and human epidermal growth factor 2-negative (ER/PR/HER2-negative, triple negative). HER2-positive and ER/PR/HER2-negative tumors are associated with poor prognosis owing to aggressive disease and poor long-term response to therapy. The epothilone B analog ixabepilone has low susceptibility to multiple mechanisms of resistance and has demonstrated activity in patients with MBC resistant to anthracyclines, taxanes, and/or capecitabine. Ixabepilone is the first epothilone to be approved, as monotherapy or in combination with capecitabine, for treatment of resistant/refractory MBC or locally advanced breast cancer. Treatment with ixabepilone is an option for patients with ER/PR/HER2-negative or HER2-positive disease and/or primary resistance to taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gradishar
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St. Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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25
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Wade RH. On and Around Microtubules: An Overview. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 43:177-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pinna G, Murineddu G, Murruzzu C, Zuco V, Zunino F, Cappelletti G, Artali R, Cignarella G, Solano L, Villa S. Synthesis, Modelling, and Antimitotic Properties of Tricyclic Systems Characterised by a 2-(5-Phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole Moiety. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:998-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Nandy JP, Prakesch M, Khadem S, Reddy PT, Sharma U, Arya P. Advances in Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis toward the Generation of Natural Product-like Libraries. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1999-2060. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Nandy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Khadem
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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29
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Rusinska-Roszak D, Lozynski M. De(side chain) model of epothilone: bioconformer interconversions DFT study. J Mol Model 2009; 15:859-69. [PMID: 19153781 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using ab initio methods, we have studied conformations of the de(sidechain)de(dioxy)difluoroepothilone model to quantify the effect of stability change between the exo and endo conformers of the epoxy ring. The DFT minimization of the macrolactone ring reveals four low energy conformers, although MP2 predicted five stable structures. The model tested with DFT hybride functional (B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)) exhibits the global minimum for one of the exo forms (C), experimentally observed in the solid state, but unexpectedly with the MP2 electron correlation method for the virtual endo form (W). Using the QST3 technique, several pathways were found for the conversion of the low energy conformers to the other low energy exo representatives, as well as within the endo analog subset. The potential energy relationships obtained for several exo forms suggest a high conformational mobility between three, experimentally observed, conformers. The high rotational barrier, however, excludes direct equilibrium with experimental EC-derived endo form S. The highest calculated transition state for the conversion of the most stable exo M interligand to the endo S form is approximately a 28 kcal/mol above the energy of the former. The two-step interconversion of the exo H conformer to the endo S requires at least 28 kcal/mol. Surprisingly, we found that the transition state energy of the H form to the virtual endo W has the acceptable value of about 9 kcal/mol and the next energy barrier for free interconversion of endo W to endo S is 13 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Rusinska-Roszak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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30
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Borzilleri RM, Vite GD. Chapter 15 Case History: Discovery of Ixabepilone (IXEMPRATM), a First-in-Class Epothilone Analog for Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(09)04415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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31
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Chen QH, Ganesh T, Brodie P, Slebodnick C, Jiang Y, Banerjee A, Bane S, Snyder JP, Kingston DGI. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bridged epothilone D analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4542-52. [PMID: 19039362 PMCID: PMC2790820 DOI: 10.1039/b814823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six epothilone D analogues with a bridge between the C4-methyl and the C12-methyl carbons were prepared in an attempt to constrain epothilone D to its proposed tubulin-binding conformation. Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) was employed as the key step to build the C4-C26 bridge. In antiproliferative assays in the human ovarian cancer (A2780) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines, and also in tubulin assembly assay, all these compounds proved to be less active than epothilone D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, M/C 0212, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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32
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Clinical Development of Ixabepilone and Other Epothilones in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Oncologist 2008; 13:1207-23. [DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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33
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The Tubulin Binding Mode of MT Stabilizing and Destabilizing Agents Studied by NMR. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 286:151-208. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Reichenbach H, Höfle G. Discovery and development of the epothilones : a novel class of antineoplastic drugs. Drugs R D 2008; 9:1-10. [PMID: 18095749 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200809010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The epothilones are a novel class of antineoplastic agents possessing antitubulin activity. The compounds were originally identified as secondary metabolites produced by the soil-dwelling myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. Two major compounds, epothilone A and epothilone B, were purified from the S. cellulosum strain So ce90 and their structures were identified as 16-member macrolides. Initial screening with these compounds revealed a very narrow and selective antifungal activity against the zygomycete, Mucor hiemalis. In addition, strong cytotoxic activity against eukaryotic cells, mouse L929 fibroblasts and human T-24 bladder carcinoma cells was observed. Subsequent studies revealed that epothilones induce tubulin polymerization and enhance microtubule stability. Epothilone-induced stabilisation of microtubules was shown to cause arrest at the G2/M transition of the cell cycle and apoptosis. The compounds are active against cancer cells that have developed resistance to taxanes as a result of acquisition of beta-tubulin overexpression or mutations and against multidrug-resistant cells that overexpress P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance-associated protein. Thus, epothilones represent a new class of antimicrotubule agents with low susceptibility to key tumour resistance mechanisms. More recently, a range of synthetic and semisynthetic epothilone analogues have been produced to further improve the adverse effect profile (or therapeutic window) and to maximize pharmacokinetic and antitumour properties. Various epothilone analogues have demonstrated activity against many tumour types in preclinical studies and several compounds have been and still are being evaluated in clinical trials. This article reviews the identification and early molecular characterization of the epothilones, which has provided insight into the mode of action of these novel antitumour agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Reichenbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany.
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35
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Zhan W, Jiang Y, Brodie PJ, Kingston DGI, Liotta DC, Snyder JP. Design and synthesis of C6-C8 bridged epothilone A. Org Lett 2008; 10:1565-8. [PMID: 18355076 PMCID: PMC3249659 DOI: 10.1021/ol800422q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A conformationally restrained epothilone A analogue (3) with a short bridge between methyl groups at C6 and C8 was designed and synthesized. Preliminary biological evaluation indicates 3 to be only weakly active (IC50 = 8.5 microM) against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Peggy J. Brodie
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - David G. I. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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36
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Erdélyi M, Pfeiffer B, Hauenstein K, Fohrer J, Gertsch J, Altmann KH, Carlomagno T. Conformational preferences of natural and C3-modified epothilones in aqueous solution. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1469-73. [PMID: 18271516 DOI: 10.1021/jm7013452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conformational properties of the microtubule-stabilizing agent epothilone A ( 1a) and its 3-deoxy and 3-deoxy-2,3-didehydro derivatives 2 and 3 have been investigated in aqueous solution by a combination of NMR spectroscopic methods, Monte Carlo conformational searches, and NAMFIS calculations. The tubulin-bound conformation of epothilone A ( 1a), as previously proposed on the basis of solution NMR data, was found to represent a significant fraction of the ensemble of conformations present for the free ligands in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Erdélyi
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, NMR-Based Structural Biology, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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37
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Alhamadsheh MM, Gupta S, Hudson RA, Perera L, Tillekeratne LMV. Total synthesis and selective activity of a new class of conformationally restrained epothilones. Chemistry 2008; 14:570-81. [PMID: 17955508 PMCID: PMC2712887 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective total syntheses of two novel conformationally restrained epothilone analogues are described. Evans asymmetric alkylation, Brown allylation, and a diastereoselective aldol reaction served as the key steps in the stereoselective synthesis of one of the two key fragments of the convergent synthetic approach. Enzyme resolution was employed to obtain the second fragment as a single enantiomer. The molecules were assembled by esterification, followed by ring-closing metathesis. In preliminary cytotoxicity studies, one of the analogues showed strong and selective growth inhibitory activity against two leukemia cell lines over solid human tumor cell lines. The precise biological mechanism of action and high degree of selectivity of this analogue remain to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoun M. Alhamadsheh
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
| | - Shuchi Gupta
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
| | - Richard A. Hudson
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
| | - Lalith Perera
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (USA)
| | - L. M. Viranga Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1)419-530-7946
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38
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Young J, Taylor RE. Evolution of polyketides: post-PKS processing in the formation of spiroketals. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:651-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b719088n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lange A, Schupp T, Petersen F, Carlomagno T, Baldus M. High-Resolution Solid-State NMR Structure of an Anticancer Agent. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:522-7. [PMID: 17315255 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that solid-state NMR methods can be used to rapidly determine the high-resolution 3D structure of Epothilone B in the polycrystalline state. The solid-state NMR structures exhibit an average heavy atom RMSD to the mean structure of 0.14 A. The 3D-structural analysis leads to stereospecific assignments and provides insight into the influence of intermolecular interactions upon ssNMR chemical-shift parameters. Our results pave the way to the study of ligand-microtubule interactions in a noncrystalline and insoluble environment at atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lange
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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40
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Yuan W, Luan LB, Li YN. CoMFA 3D-QSAR Analysis of Epothilones Based on Docking Conformation and Alignment. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Delaney J, Clarke E, Hughes D, Rice M. Modern agrochemical research: a missed opportunity for drug discovery? Drug Discov Today 2007; 11:839-45. [PMID: 16935753 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The word "agrochemical" has often taken on a pejorative character in the public mind. Some of the negative tone might have coloured the perception of the industry by pharma, together with views on the chemical nature of agrochemicals that seem to be based on older pesticides that date back to the 1950s and 1960s. In this review, we try to address some of these concerns, draw out the similarities between agrochemical and pharmaceutical research and highlight opportunities for drug discovery that are offered by pesticide-related compounds, particularly with regard to herbicides and compounds with leadlike physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Delaney
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
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42
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Dixon N, Wong LS, Geerlings TH, Micklefield J. Cellular targets of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:1288-310. [DOI: 10.1039/b616808f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Nicolaou KC, Pratt BA, Arseniyadis S, Wartmann M, O'Brate A, Giannakakou P. Molecular design and chemical synthesis of a highly potent epothilone. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:41-4. [PMID: 16892332 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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44
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Spatial Screening for the Identification of the Bioactive Conformation of Integrin Ligands. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/128_052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Alhamadsheh MM, Hudson RA, Viranga Tillekeratne LM. Design, Total Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Open-Chain Epothilone Analogues. Org Lett 2006; 8:685-8. [PMID: 16468742 DOI: 10.1021/ol0528787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The design, total synthesis, and biological evaluation of two open-chain analogues of epothilone incorporating the critical C1-C8 fragment and the aromatic side chain held together by a small molecular scaffold have been achieved. Biological evaluation revealed that further restraint between the flexible C1-C8 region and the molecular scaffold may be necessary for potent inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoun M Alhamadsheh
- Department of Medicinal & Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jin
- Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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47
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Hause G, Lischewski S, Wessjohann LA, Hause B. Epothilone D affects cell cycle and microtubular pattern in plant cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2131-7. [PMID: 15967777 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epothilones, macrocyclic lactones from culture filtrates of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, are known as taxol-like microtubular drugs in human medicine. To date, nothing is known about the effect of epothilones on microtubules (MTs) in plant cells and/or on the plant cell cycle. As shown in this report, the treatment of tomato cell suspension cultures with epothilone D produced a continuous increase in the mitotic index. Dose-response curves revealed that epothilone D alters the mitotic index at concentrations as low as 1.5 microM. Mitotic arrest was already visible after only 2 h of treatment, and 55% of the cells were arrested after 24 h. As shown by immunocytological methods, abnormal spindles are formed during metaphase, which leads to a random distribution of chromosomes in the whole cell and prevents the formation of a metaphase plate. The process of chromosome decondensation does not seem to be affected, because micronuclei form at the same place with the distributed chromosomes. This suggests that epothilone D influences the stability of plant MTs mainly during metaphase of the mitotic cycle. In metaphase, the effects of epothilone D seem to be irreversible, because cells with an abnormal spindle could not be recovered after removal of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum der Universität, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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