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Perfileva AI, Krutovsky KV. Manganese Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Influence on Plant Resistance to Stress, and Prospects for Application in Agricultural Chemistry. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:7564-7585. [PMID: 38536968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an important microelement for the mineral nutrition of plants, but it is not effectively absorbed from the soil and mineral salts added thereto and can also be toxic in high concentrations. Mn nanoparticles (NPs) are less toxic, more effective, and economical than Mn salts due to their nanosize. This article critically reviews the current publications on Mn NPs, focusing on their effects on plant health, growth, and stress tolerance, and explaining possible mechanisms of their effects. This review also provides basic information and examples of chemical, physical, and ecological ("green") methods for the synthesis of Mn NPs. It has been shown that the protective effect of Mn NPs is associated with their antioxidant activity, activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and pronounced antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. In conclusion, Mn NPs are promising agents for agriculture, but their effects on gene expression and plant microbiome require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla I Perfileva
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin Street 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- Genome Research and Education Center, Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Scientific and Methodological Center, G.F. Morozov Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies, Timiryazeva Street 8, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
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Abstract
Sulfur is an element that is indispensable throughout the growth of plants. In plant cells, reactive sulfur species (RSS) play a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and signal transduction. There is demand accordingly for a simple, highly selective, and sensitive method of RSS detection and imaging for monitoring dynamic changes and clarifying the biological functions of RSS in plant systems. Fluorescent analysis based on organic small-molecule fluorescent probes is an effective and specific approach to tracking plant RSS characteristics. This perspective summarizes the recent progress regarding organic small-molecule fluorescent probes for RSS monitoring, including small-molecule biological thiols, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfane sulfurs, in plants; it also discusses their response mechanism toward RSS and their imaging applications in plants across the agricultural chemistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
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Appell M, Biswas A, Chang S, Chen W, Cheng HN, Daily J, Fan X, Granvogl M, Guo M, Ito Y, Jin T, Kobori M, Leland JV, Liu L, Luo Y, MacMahon S, Mahattanatawee K, Nam S, Osorio C, Park B, Ren D, Sang S, Shahidi F, Tunick M, Udenigwe CC, Wang Q, Yokoyama WH, Yu LL, Zhang Y, Zhu Y. Changing the Landscape: An Introduction to the Agricultural and Food Chemistry Technical Program at the 258th American Chemical Society National Meeting in San Diego. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:12769-12772. [PMID: 32433871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (JAFC) is a highlight of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry Division (AGFD) technical program at the 258th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in San Diego, CA, U.S.A., on August 25-29, 2019. At the conference, AGFD had 44 oral sessions at 19 symposia and 100 poster presentations with more than 400 abstract submissions. The technical program covered a broad range of current research and development topics in agricultural and food chemistry, including bioactive food components, diet and human nutrition, utilization of agricultural materials in food systems, food packaging, nanotechnology, and food safety, as well as several special award symposia. This is the first JAFC special issue that highlights an ACS national meeting program with joint efforts from AGFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Appell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Atanu Biswas
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - SeChin Chang
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - H N Cheng
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Jim Daily
- Daily Manufacturing, Incorporated, 4820 Pless Road, Rockwell, North Carolina 28138, United States
| | - Xuetong Fan
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Fachgebiet für Lebensmittelchemie und Analytische Chemie (170a), Fakultät Naturwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mingming Guo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tony Jin
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Masuko Kobori
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Jane V Leland
- Leland Global Enterprises LLC, 501 Pinecrest Lane, Wilmette, Illinois 60091, United States
| | - LinShu Liu
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yangchao Luo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4017, United States
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Kanjana Mahattanatawee
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Siam University, 38 Petkasem Road, Phasi Charoen Bangkok 10160, Thailand
| | - Sunghyun Nam
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Coralia Osorio
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA 14490 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Bosoon Park
- Quality and Safety Assessment Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Daxi Ren
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biocemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Michael Tunick
- Department of Food & Hospitality Management, College of Nursing & Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wallace H Yokoyama
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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Nau JY. [Not Available]. Rev Med Suisse 2016; 12:1116-1117. [PMID: 27487684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Turnipseed SB, Lohne JJ, Boison JO. Review: Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Veterinary Drug Residues in Aquacultured Products. J AOAC Int 2015; 98:550-558. [PMID: 26025003 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.14-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High resolution MS (HRMS) instruments provide accurate mass measurements. With HRMS, virtually an unlimited number of compounds can be analyzed simultaneously because full-scan data are collected, rather than preselected ion transitions corresponding to specific compounds. This enables the development of methods that can monitor for a wide scope of residues and contaminants in aquacultured fish and shellfish including antibiotics, metabolites, and emerging contaminants. Applications of HRMS to the analysis of veterinary drug residues in aquacultured products are summarized in this review including methods for screening, quantifying, and identifying drug residues in these matrixes. The use of targeted, semi-targeted, and nontargeted analysis of HRMS data and the implications to the global aquaculture industry are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Animal Drugs Research Center, Denver Federal Center, PO Box 25087, Denver, CO 80225, USA
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Li M, Li P, Wu H, Zhang Q, Ma F, Zhang Z, Ding X, Wang H. An ultra-sensitive monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme immunoassay for sterigmatocystin in cereal and oil products. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106415. [PMID: 25184275 PMCID: PMC4153633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterigmatocystin (STG), a biosynthesis precursor of aflatoxin B1, is well known for its toxic and carcinogenic effects in humans and animals. STG derivatives and protein conjugates are needed for generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This work describes a reliable and fast synthesis of novel STG derivatives, based on which novel STG bovine serum albumin conjugates were prepared. With the novel STG bovine serum albumin conjugates, three sensitive and specific mAbs against STG, named VerA 3, VerA 4, and VerA 6, were prepared by semi-solid hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT) medium using a modified two-step screening procedure. They exhibited high affinity for STG and no cross-reactivity (CR) with aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1. Based on the most sensitive antibody VerA 3, an ultra-sensitive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for STG in wheat, maize, and peanuts. Assays were performed in the STG-GA-BSA-coated (0.5 µg·mL−1) ELISA format, in which the antibody was diluted to 1∶80,000. Several physicochemical factors influencing assay performance, such as pH, ionic strength, blocking solution, and diluting solution, were optimized. The final results showed that the assays had the detection limits of 0.08 ng·g−1 for wheat, 0.06 ng·g−1 for maize, and 0.1 ng·g−1 for peanuts, inter-assay and intra-assay variations of less than 10%, and recoveries ranging from 83% to 110%. These recoveries were in good agreement with those obtained by using HPLC-MS/MS method (90–104%), indicating the importance of the mAb VerA 3 in the study of STG in crude agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (PL); (QZ)
| | - Hui Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (PL); (QZ)
| | - Fei Ma
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Ding
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hengling Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Naveedullah, Hashmi MZ, Yu C, Shen H, Duan D, Shen C, Lou L, Chen Y. Risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in agricultural soils of siling reservoir watershed in Zhejiang Province, China. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:590306. [PMID: 24151611 PMCID: PMC3787591 DOI: 10.1155/2013/590306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Presence of heavy metals in agriculture soils above the permissible limit poses threats to public health. In this study, concentrations of seven metals were determined in agricultural soils from Yuhang county, Zhejiang, China. Multivariate statistical approaches were used to study the variation of metals in soils during summer and winter seasons. Contamination of soils was evaluated on the basis of enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I(geo)), contamination factor (C(f)), and degree of contamination (C(deg)). Heavy metal concentrations were observed higher in winter as compared to summer season. Cr and Cd revealed random distribution with diverse correlations in both seasons. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed significant anthropogenic intrusions of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu in the soils. Enrichment factor revealed significant enrichment (EF > 5) of Zn, Cd, and Pb, whereas geoaccumulation index and contamination factor exhibited moderate to high contamination for Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb. In light of the studied parameters, permissible limit to very high degree of contamination (C(deg) > 16) was observed in both seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveedullah
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunna Yu
- Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dechao Duan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingxu Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Miller MR. Report from the Biennial Scientific Meeting of the Australasian Section of the American Oil Chemists Society (AAOCS) Held in Adelaide, November 2011. Nutrients 2012; 4:372-98. [PMID: 22870527 PMCID: PMC3367263 DOI: 10.3390/nu4050372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Miller
- NZ Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Nelson, New Zealand.
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Yu XY, Mu CL, Gu C, Liu C, Liu XJ. Impact of woodchip biochar amendment on the sorption and dissipation of pesticide acetamiprid in agricultural soils. Chemosphere 2011; 85:1284-9. [PMID: 21862101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of vegetative biomass into biochar and application of the more stable form of carbon to soil have been shown to be effective in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, improving soil fertility, and sequestering soil contaminants. However, there is still lack of information about the impact of biochar amendment in agricultural soils on the sorption and environmental fate of pesticides. In this study, we investigated the sorption and dissipation of a neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid in three typical Chinese agricultural soils, which were amended by a red gum wood (Eucalyptus spp.) derived biochar. Our results showed that the amendment of biochar (0.5% (w/w)) to the soils could significantly increase the sorption of acetamiprid, but the magnitudes of enhancement were varied. Contributions of 0.5% newly-added biochar to the overall sorption of acetamiprid were 52.3%, 27.4% and 11.6% for red soil, paddy soil and black soil, respectively. The dissipation of acetamiprid in soils amended with biochar was retarded compared to that in soils without biochar amendment. Similar to the sorption experiment, in soil with higher content of organic matter, the retardation of biochar on the dissipation of acetamiprid was lower than that with lower content of organic matter. The different effects of biochar in agricultural soils may attribute to the interaction of soil components with biochar, which would block the pore or compete for binding site of biochar. Aging effect of biochar application in agricultural soils and field experiments need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Yu
- Pesticide Biology and Ecology Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 20014, China.
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He CE, Wang X, Liu X, Fangmeier A, Christie P, Zhang F. Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nutrient inputs to intensively managed agricultural ecosystems. Ecol Appl 2010; 20:80-90. [PMID: 20349831 DOI: 10.1890/08-0582.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interest in nitrogen inputs via atmospheric deposition to agricultural ecosystems has increased recently, especially on the North China Plain because of extremely intensive agricultural systems and rapid urbanization in this region. Nitrogen deposition may make a significant contribution to crop N requirements but may also impose a considerable nutrient burden on the environment in general. We quantified total N deposition at two locations, Dongbeiwang near Beijing and Quzhou in Hebei province, over a two-year period from 2005 to 2007 using an 15N tracer method, the integrated total N input (ITNI) system. Total airborne N inputs to a maize wheat rotation system at both locations ranged from 99 to 117 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1), with higher N deposition during the maize season (57-66 kg N/ha) than the wheat season (42-51 kg N/ha). Plant available N from deposition for maize and wheat was about 52 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1), accounting for 50% of the total N deposition or 31% of total N uptake by the two crop species. In addition, a correction factor was derived for the maize season to adjust values obtained from small pots (0.057 m2) compared with field trays (0.98 m2) because of higher plant density in the pots. The results indicate that atmospheric N deposition is a very important N input and must be taken into account when calculating nutrient budgets in very intensively managed agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-E He
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094 China
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Podoliak AG, Bogdevich IM, Timofeev SF, Grebeshchekova NV. [The agronomical and radiological estimation of application of different kinds and dozes of organic fertilizers at improvement waterless valley types meadows contamination 137Cs and 90Sr]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2007; 47:451-462. [PMID: 17953432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of agronomical, economic and radiological estimations of results of long-term researches with organic fertilizers (peat, sapropel, manure, mixes manure and peat) it is established, that is effective at improvement of the waterless meadows on sod-podsolic sandy soils contaminated by radionuclides to bring in 40-60 t/ha mixes manure and peat or covering the manure, on a background liming and mineral fertilizers (level of profitability--4.8-8.7%), providing reception of the maximal increase of a crop (6.0-7.5 t/ha of hay) and decrease to 10 times of size of transfer factors of 137Cs and to 3.0 times 90Sr in a crop of long-term cereal herbs (size of the prevented collective doze, deltaD - 0.0060-0.0065 man-Sv per one year; cost of the prevented collective doze, deltaepsilon--11500-13000 $ on 1 man-Sv annually. The application of 40 and 60 t/ga of peat and sapropel in the pure state on a background liming and mineral fertilizers is not expedient, as cost of additional production does not cover total expenses for their entering (level of profitability--20-32.0%), the and cost of the prevented collective doze exceeds 20000 $ US per 1 man-Sv annually.
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Abstract
Discoloration in fruits and vegetables is reviewed in relation to the chemical and biochemical causes of black, brown, red, yellow, and green discolorations. In raw materials, only a limited understanding has so far been achieved of the internal black and brown discolorations. The biochemical signaling pathways triggered by wounding or chilling-storage, the nature of the enzymes and reactive oxygen species involved, and the identity of the phenolic compounds oxidized are areas where further information is desirable. In processed materials, a greater comprehension is needed of the role of ascorbic acid reactions in the browning of fruits and "pinking" of Brassicaceous vegetables, and more information is desirable on the structure and properties of the discoloring pigments in many products. It is concluded that a greater knowledge of these areas, and of the naturally-occurring constituents that can accelerate or inhibit the causative reactions, would lead to the development of more efficient methods of controlling fruit and vegetable discolorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Adams
- Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, GL55 6LD, UK.
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Delaney J, Clarke E, Hughes D, Rice M. Modern agrochemical research: a missed opportunity for drug discovery? Drug Discov Today 2007; 11:839-45. [PMID: 16935753 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The word "agrochemical" has often taken on a pejorative character in the public mind. Some of the negative tone might have coloured the perception of the industry by pharma, together with views on the chemical nature of agrochemicals that seem to be based on older pesticides that date back to the 1950s and 1960s. In this review, we try to address some of these concerns, draw out the similarities between agrochemical and pharmaceutical research and highlight opportunities for drug discovery that are offered by pesticide-related compounds, particularly with regard to herbicides and compounds with leadlike physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Delaney
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
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Abstract
Fluorine has come to be recognized as a key element in materials science: in heat-transfer agents, liquid crystals, dyes, surfactants, plastics, elastomers, membranes, and other materials. Furthermore, many fluorine-containing biologically active agents are finding applications as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Progress in synthetic fluorine chemistry has been critical to the development of these fields and has led to the invention of many novel fluorinated molecules as future drugs and materials. As a result of the electronic effects of fluorine substituents, fluorinated substrates and reagents often exhibit unusual and unique chemical properties, which often make them incompatible with established synthetic methods. Thus, the problem of how to control the unusual properties of compounds with fluorine substituents deserves much attention, so as to promote the design of facile, efficient, and environmentally benign methods for the synthesis of valuable organofluorine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Hovelstad H, Leirset I, Oyaas K, Fiksdahl A. Screening analyses of pinosylvin stilbenes, resin acids and lignans in Norwegian conifers. Molecules 2006; 11:103-14. [PMID: 17962750 DOI: 10.3390/11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The content and distribution of stilbenes and resin acids in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies), sampled in central Norway, have been examined. The contents of pinosylvin stilbenes in pine heartwood/living knots were 0.2-2/2-8 %(w/w). No stilbenes could be detected in spruce (Picea abies). The resin acid contents of pine sapwood/heartwood and knots were 1-4 and 5-10 % (w/w), respectively. Minor amounts of resin acids (<0.2/<0.04 %w/w) were identified in spruce wood/knots. The lignan content in knots of Norwegian spruce was 6.5 % (w/w). Diastereomerically pure hydroxymatairesinol (HMR, 84 % of total lignans) was readily isolated from this source since only minor quantities (2.6 % of total lignans) of the allo-HMR diastereomer was detected. Insignificant amounts of lignans were present in the sapwood. Lignans could not be detected in the sapwood or knots of Norwegian sallow (Salix caprea), birch(Betula pendula) or juniper (Juniperus communis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Hovelstad
- Paper and Fibre Institute (PFI), Høgskoleringen 6B, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
This paper describes a number of articles that have been published on amino acid analysis using CE during the period from June 2003 to May 2005. This review article follows the previous ones of Smith (Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 3078-3083), Prata et al. (Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 4129-4138), and Poinsot et al. (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4047-4062). Several new developments in amino acid analysis with CE are reported concerning UV detection, LIF, MS, and NMR. In addition, we describe articles concerning clinical and pharmaceutical studies, neuroclinical applications, and agricultural and food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Université Paul Sabatier, IMRCP, UMR 5623, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Following recent NSW Government restructuring, the Department of Agriculture now exists in a composite form along with Forestry, Fisheries and Minerals in the new NSW Department of Primary Industries. This paper outlines some of the highlights of secondary metabolite R&D accomplished in the 25 years since the essential oil research unit was transferred from the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences, Sydney to NSW Agriculture's Wollongbar Agricultural Institute on the NSW north coast. The essential oil survey was continued, typing the Australian flora as a suitable source of isolates such as myrtenal (Astartea), myrtenol (Agonis), methyl chavicol(Ochrosperma), alpha-phellandren-8-ol (Prostanthera), methyl myrtenate (Darwinia), methyl geranate (Darwinia), kessane (Acacia), cis-dihydroagarofuran (Prosthanthera), protoanemonin (Clematis), isoamyl isovalerate (Micromyrtus), methyl cinnamate (Eucalyptus) and bornyl acetate (Boronia). Many of these components are used, or have potential use in the fragrance, flavour, medicinal plant or insect attraction fields. Two weeds toxic to livestock in the Central West of the State are also harvested commercially as medicinal plants. Measurement of hypericin concentrations in the various plant parts of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) over two seasons has shown that the weed can be effectively managed by grazing sheep during the winter months when toxin levels are low. Syntheses of beta-carbolines tribulusterine and perlolyrine have shown that the former alkaloid was misidentified in the literature and hence not the toxic principle responsible for Tribulus staggers in sheep. Poor quality (high 1,8-cineole - low terpinen-4-ol) oil bearing tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) plantations have been established to the detriment of many a tea tree farmer. Analytical methods developed to check leaf quality at an early age indicated precursor sabinene constituents that convert to the active terpinen-4-ol both as the leaf matures or as the precursors are distilled for oil production. Tea tree's major insect pest, pyrgo beetle (Paropsisterna tigrina), was seen to selectively metabolize only 1,8-cineole from it's monoterpenoid-rich diet. Characterization of these and other metabolites from myrtaceous herbivores showed a species specific production of predominately ring hydroxylated products, some of which were attractive when bioassayed against adult beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Southwell
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, NSW, Australia.
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Pennazio S. Mineral nutrition of plants: a short history of plant physiology. Riv Biol 2005; 98:215-36. [PMID: 16180194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of the knowledge on the mineral nutrition of plants begins between the 17th and 18th centuries when some European naturalists gave the first experimental evidences of what had been empirically known for about two millennia. The works of Hales and Ingenhousz were of absolute importance in relation to the transport of water and solutes, and assimilation of "fixed air" (carbon dioxide), respectively. The early chemistry introduced by Lavoisier benefited the first physiologists Senebier and De Saussure to reject the "theory of humus", which imposed the soil as the unique source of carbon. During the first half of the 19th century, Sprengel and Liebig investigated on the problems related to some indispensable mineral salts, while Boussingault and Ville attempted to prove the nitrogen fixation from air without giving any convincing evidence. Liebig was the pioneer of the agricultural chemistry: he epitomised the knowledge of that period by imposing the so-called "law of the minima", already acknowledged by Sprengel, and patronised the use of mineral fertilisers in Europe by devising several formulas of mineral manure. He, however, did not recognise the needs of external supplies of nitrogen salts for the crops, in open dispute with the English school of Lawes and Gilbert, who were instead convinced assertors of such needs. At the end of the 19th century Hellriegel showed that leguminous plants presenting peculiar nodules on their roots could really fix the gaseous nitrogen. From these nodules Beijerinck and Prazmowski isolated for the first time some bacteria which were recognised as the real agents fixing nitrogen. This discovery was of fundamental importance for plant nutrition, only second to the discovery of photosynthesis. Another basic contribution came from early research of Sachs on plants grown on aqueous solutions: these techniques allowed to impose the concept of "essential elements", which was fixed as a principle by Arnon and Stout in 1939. This principle benefited further research concerning the effects of states of deficiency on plant growth and development through investigation on the anatomical, histologic and biochemical nutritional disorders of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pennazio
- Istitute of Plant Virology of CNR, Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10035 Turin, Italy
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Podoliak AG, Timofeev SF, Grebenshchikova NV, Arastovich TV, Zhdanovich VP. [Prognosis of accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr in the herbage of the main types of the Belarus Polessje meadows using agrochemical soil properties]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2005; 45:100-11. [PMID: 15810531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of long-term stationary experience it was established that the minimum accumulation quantities for 137Cs and 90Sr in the herbage of the dry, lowland and flood-plain types of the Belarus Polessje meadows contaminated with Chemobyl radionuclides are determined when the optimum of basic agrochemical soil properties is achieved with application of the scientifically reasonable protective measures. For remote prognosis of radionuclide contents in natural and cultural meadow herbage the use of transfer factors (TFa, (Bq/kg)(kBq/m2)) based on the complex agrochemical parameters--agrochemical cultivation soil index (Icd) and basic saturation degree (V, %), which take into account some soil characteristics simultaneously, is a streamlined approach. This paper provides the equations of linear and multiple regressions, which can be used to calculate the transfer factors for 137Cs and 90Sr uptake and the herbage contamination degree for the main types of meadows of the region, that will allow reducing the volume of forage production (hay, green bulk), which is not adequate to established permissible levels: "Republican allowable levels of the contents of 137Cs and 90Sr in agricultural raw material and forages".
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Randall LP, Cooles SW, Piddock LJV, Woodward MJ. Effect of triclosan or a phenolic farm disinfectant on the selection of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54:621-7. [PMID: 15269199 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of growth of five strains of Salmonella enterica and their isogenic multiply antibiotic-resistant (MAR) derivatives with a phenolic farm disinfectant or triclosan (biocides) upon the frequency of mutation to resistance to antibiotics or cyclohexane. METHODS Strains were grown in broth with or without the biocides and then spread on to agar containing ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline each at 4x MIC or agar overlaid with cyclohexane. Incubation was for 24 and 48 h and the frequency of mutation to resistance was calculated for strains with and without prior growth with the biocides. MICs were determined and the presence of mutations in the acrR and marR regions was determined by sequencing and the presence of mutations in gyrA by light-cycler analysis, for a selection of the mutants that arose. RESULTS The mean frequency of mutation to antibiotic or cyclohexane resistance was increased approximately 10- to 100-fold by prior growth with the phenolic disinfectant or triclosan. The increases were statistically significant for all antibiotics and cyclohexane following exposure to the phenolic disinfectant (P </= 0.013), and for ampicillin and cyclohexane following exposure to triclosan (P </= 0.009). Mutants inhibited by >1 mg/L ciprofloxacin arose only from strains that were MAR. Reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (at 4x MIC for parent strains) alone was associated with mutations in gyrA. MAR mutants did not contain mutations in the acrR or marR region. CONCLUSIONS These data renew fears that the use of biocides may lead to an increased selective pressure towards antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Randall
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
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25
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Chernykh AM. [Threats to human health in the use of pesticides (a review)]. Gig Sanit 2003:25-9. [PMID: 14598745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents current trends in the use of pesticides and detection of their residues in the environmental objects. Pesticides are shown to be a serious health risk factor for different groups of the population when they are irrationally used and inadequately stored. A package of measures to prevent intoxication and to reduce a risk for pesticide entry into the body is provided.
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Hummel E, Kleeberg H. First results of the application of a new Neemazal powder formulation in hydroponics against different pest insects. Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet 2002; 67:631-9. [PMID: 12696431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
NeemAzal PC (0.5% Azadirachtin) is a new standardised powder formulation from the seed kernels of the tropical Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) with an inert carrier. First experiments with beans--as a model-system for hydroponics--show that active ingredient is taken up by the plants through the roots and is transported efficiently with the plant sap to the leaves. After application of NeemAzal PC solution (0.01-1%) to the roots sucking (Aphis fabae Hom., Aphididae) and free feeding (Heliothis armigera Lep., Noctuidae) pest insects can be controlled efficiently. The effects are concentration and time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Hummel
- Trifolio-M GmbH, Sonnestr. 22, 35633 Lahnau, Germany
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Olness A, Lopez D, Archer D, Cordes J, Sweeney C, Mattson N, Rinke J, Voorhees WB. Factors affecting microbial formation of nitrate-nitrogen in soil and their effects on fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency. ScientificWorldJournal 2001; 1 Suppl 2:122-9. [PMID: 12805785 PMCID: PMC6083991 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2001.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralization of soil organic matter is governed by predictable factors with nitrate-N as the end product. Crop production interrupts the natural balance, accelerates mineralization of N, and elevates levels of nitrate-N in soil. Six factors determine nitrate-N levels in soils: soil clay content, bulk density, organic matter content, pH, temperature, and rainfall. Maximal rates of N mineralization require an optimal level of air-filled pore space. Optimal air-filled pore space depends on soil clay content, soil organic matter content, soil bulk density, and rainfall. Pore space is partitioned into water- and air-filled space. A maximal rate of nitrate formation occurs at a pH of 6.7 and rather modest mineralization rates occur at pH 5.0 and 8.0. Predictions of the soil nitrate-N concentrations with a relative precision of 1 to 4 microg N g(-1) of soil were obtained with a computerized N fertilizer decision aid. Grain yields obtained using the N fertilizer decision aid were not measurably different from those using adjacent farmer practices, but N fertilizer use was reduced by >10%. Predicting mineralization in this manner allows optimal N applications to be determined for site-specific soil and weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olness
- USADA-ARS-MWA, N. Central Soil Conservation REs. Lab, Morris, MN 56267, USA.
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29
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Fox RH, Zhu Y, Toth JD, Jemison JM, Jabro JD. Nitrogen fertilizer rate and crop management effects on nitrate leaching from an agricultural field in central Pennsylvania. ScientificWorldJournal 2001; 1 Suppl 2:181-6. [PMID: 12805869 PMCID: PMC6084136 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2001.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighteen pan lysimeters were installed at a depth of 1.2 m in a Hagerstown silt loam soil in a corn field in central Pennsylvania in 1988. In 1995, wick lysimeters were also installed at 1.2 m depth in the same access pits. Treatments have included N fertilizer rates, use of manure, crop rotation (continuous corn, corn-soybean, alfalfa-corn), and tillage (chisel plow-disk, no-till). The leachate data were used to evaluate a number of nitrate leaching models. Some of the highlights of the 11 years of results include the following: 1) growing corn without organic N inputs at the economic optimum N rate (EON) resulted in NO3--N concentrations of 15 to 20 mg l(-1) in leachate; 2) use of manure or previous alfalfa crop as partial source of N also resulted in 15 to 20 mg l(-1) of NO3--N in leachate below corn at EON; 3) NO3--N concentration in leachate below alfalfa was approximately 4 mg l(-1); 4) NO3--N concentration in leachate below soybeans following corn was influenced by fertilizer N rate applied to corn; 5) the mass of NO3--N leached below corn at the EON rate averaged 90 kg N ha(-1) (approx. 40% of fertilizer N applied at EON); 6) wick lysimeters collected approximately 100% of leachate vs. 40-50% collected by pan lysimeters. Coefficients of variation of the collected leachate volumes for both lysimeter types were similar; 7) tillage did not markedly affect nitrate leaching losses; 8) tested leaching models could accurately predict leachate volumes and could be calibrated to match nitrate leaching losses in calibration years, but only one model (SOILN) accurately predicted nitrate leaching losses in the majority of validation treatment years. Apparent problems with tested models: there was difficulty estimating sizes of organic N pools and their transformation rates, and the models either did not include a macropore flow component or did not handle macropore flow well.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Fox
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Cryer SA, Mann RK, Erhardt-Zabik S, Keeney FN, Handy PR. Designing herbicide formulation characteristics to maximize efficacy and minimize rice injury in paddy environments. Pest Manag Sci 2001; 57:479-490. [PMID: 11407023 DOI: 10.1002/ps.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical descriptors, coupled with experimental observations, are used to quantify differential uptake of an experimental herbicide in Japonica and Indica rice (Oryza sativa, non-target) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli, target). Partitioning, degradation, plant uptake and metabolism are described using mass-balance conservation equations in the form of kinetic approximations. Estimated environmental concentrations, governed by the pesticide formulation, are described using superimposed analytical solutions for the one-dimensional diffusion equation in spherical coordinates and by a finite difference representation of the two-dimensional diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinates. Formulation attributes from granules include active ingredient release rates, particle sizes, pesticide loading, and granule spacing. The diffusion model for pesticide transport is coupled with the compartment model to follow the fate and transport of a pesticide from its initial application location to various environmental matrices of interest. Formulation effects, partitioning and degradation in the various environmental matrices, differential plant uptake and metabolism, and dose-response information for plants are accounted for. This novel model provides a mechanism for selecting formulation delivery systems that optimize specific attributes (such as weed control or the therapeutic index) for risk-assessment procedures. In this report we describe how this methodology was used to explore the factors affecting herbicide efficacy and to define an optimal release rate for a granule formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cryer
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
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Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin micro-capsules have been prepared by a novel in situ procedure. Manipulation of the chemistry has led to slow- and fast-release formulations. The latter has a biological performance comparable to commercial lambda-cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrates, but exhibits a significantly improved toxicological profile over EC, WP and WG formulations. Micro-encapsulation technology satisfies many of the drivers towards the safer use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Shirley
- Zeneca Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6ET, UK.
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Rönner B, Lerche H, Bergmüller W, Freilinger C, Severin T, Pischetsrieder M. Formation of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines and beta-carbolines during the reaction of L-tryptophan with D-glucose. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:2111-2116. [PMID: 10888507 DOI: 10.1021/jf991237l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of L-tryptophan (Trp) with D-glucose under conditions that can occur during food processing and preparation was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD). Besides the well-established glucose-tryptophan Amadori product (AP), (1R,3S)-1-(D-gluco-1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxypentyl)-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (PHP-THbetaC) was identified as an important product of this reaction. For preparation, PHP-THbetaC was obtained in high yields when Trp and D-glucose were reacted under strongly acidic conditions after heating in methanol. At elevated reaction temperatures (150 degrees C) 1-acetyl-beta-carboline (acetyl-betaC), was detected in significant concentrations. The mixtures were heated under variations of reaction time and temperature, and AP, PHP-THbetaC, and acetyl-betaC were quantified. In the presence of air oxygen or mild, food relevant oxidants, such as L-dehydroascorbic acid, PHP-THbetaC was readily oxidized to a product that was identified as the previously unknown 1-(D-gluco-1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxypentyl)-beta-carboline (PHP-betaC). Formation of PHP-THbetaC and PHP-betaC in foodstuffs would deserve particular interest because multiple physiological activity of THbetaC and betaC derivatives has been shown previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rönner
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie der Universität München, Germany
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Suzuki Y. [Interface between medicinal bacteriology and agricultural chemistry--innovation of culturing technology of Bordetella pertussis by a cyclodextrin derivative]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 1999; 54:833-9. [PMID: 10643300 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.54.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Development & Technology Division, Teijin Limited, Tokyo
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Chandran RS, Singh M. Reduction of norflurazon leaching in a sandy soil by adjuvants. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1999; 62:315-323. [PMID: 10085175 DOI: 10.1007/s001289900876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R S Chandran
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Wakelin
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK
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36
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Eller KI, Lehotay SJ. Evaluation of hydromatrix and magnesium sulfate drying agents for supercritical fluid extraction of multiple pesticides in produce. Analyst 1997; 122:429-35. [PMID: 9246808 DOI: 10.1039/a607554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous extraction of relatively polar and nonpolar pesticides has been problematic in multiresidue analysis using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide. In fruit and vegetable samples, which typically contain 80-95% water, moisture acts to increase SFE recoveries of many polar pesticides, but a drying agent should be used to control water in SFE. Hydromatrix, a prevalent drying agent, has many desirable characteristics, but it reduces recovery of certain important pesticides, such as methamidophos, acephate, and omethoate. MgSO4 has been shown previously to be applicable for the extraction of methamidophos and six other pesticides, but MgSO4 has practical disadvantages in its use. In this study, properties and SFE results with the individual drying agents and their combination were evaluated. Simultaneous recoveries for polar and nonpolar pesticides were achieved for 71 pesticides fortified in apple using a mixture of 2 + 1 + 2 MgSO4-H2O-Hydromatrix-sample for extraction. The advantages of each drying agent were maintained by their combination. The analysis of real samples, however, showed that more study was needed to improve recoveries of nonpolar pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Eller
- Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Recent studies employing gas chromatography show that an amount of ethylene large enough to stimulate ripening is always present within a fruit before the respiratory climacteric begins. This fact and data from experiments in which fruits were exposed to a partial vacuum or varying concentrations of O(2), CO(2), and ethylene oxide reinforces the view that ethylene is a ripening hormone. The respiratory climacteric begins soon after the fruit is harvested because the tissue no longer receives from the shoot system a substance which inhibits ripening; this substance may act by lowering the sensitivity of the fruit to ethylene. The threshold for ethylene action is also influenced by the composition of the atmosphere, for O(2) is a substrate in the reaction activated by ethylene and CO(2) inhibits the action of ethylene by competing with the olefin for the receptor site. Experiments indicate that ethylene is derived from acetate or acids of the Krebs cycle and acts by binding to a metal receptor site in the tissue.
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Tsipriian VI, Shvedova LB, Uzhva NF, Bilko TN. [Hygienic characteristics of the fibrous basalt soil substitutes]. Gig Sanit 1993:20-23. [PMID: 8344539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sofuni T. Japanese guidelines for mutagenicity testing. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Health and Welfare; Ministry of Labor. Environ Mol Mutagen 1993; 21:2-57. [PMID: 8419152 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several Japanese agencies are required to perform mutagenicity tests according to regulatory guidelines. Although each agency's guidelines address a specific purpose, the experimental principles behind them are similar, and general methodological recommendations have been issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries [1985]; Ministry of Health and Welfare [1990]; Ministry of Labor [1991]; and Ministry of Health and Welfare [1992]. Four major guidelines for mutagenicity testing in Japan and some amendments are briefly introduced. In addition, several procedures in Japanese guidelines that differ from those of other countries or organizations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sofuni
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Clemmesen J. [Phenoxyacetates and sarcoma in the Danish chemical and agricultural industry]. Ugeskr Laeger 1985; 147:204-6. [PMID: 3992736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gordienko VE. [Effect of splenin on the blood T-lymphocyte count in workers in the manufacture of amino acids and antibiotics]. Vrach Delo 1984:101-4. [PMID: 6240160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ferrando R. [Counterfeiting molecules authorized as food additives to animal feed]. Bull Acad Natl Med 1984; 168:382-4. [PMID: 6383563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Concern about the carcinogenic potential of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane(DBCP) has arisen recently, focusing on six organ sites: stomach, liver, kidney, lung, testes, and skin. To examine the mortality experience of persons potentially exposed, a cohort of 550 employees involved in production and formulation from 1957 to 1976 was defined. A total of 35 deaths was observed through 1979 (39.2 expected). No statistically significant excess was observed for any cause of death. No cancer deaths were noted for five of the hypothesized sites. For the lung cancer category, five deaths were observed (2.7 expected, P greater than .135), two of which occurred in a subgroup directly exposed for at least 1 yr (0.5 expected, P greater than .077). Aside from arsenicals exposure, potential confounding resulting from smoking or multiple chemical exposures could not be evaluated.
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