1
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Mata G, Kalnmals CA. Total Synthesis in the Trost Laboratories: Selected Milestones From the Past Twenty Years. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mata
- Arcus Biosciences, Inc. 3928 Point Eden Way Hayward CA 94545 USA
| | - Christopher A. Kalnmals
- Crop Protection Discovery Corteva Agriscience 9330 Zionsville Road Indianapolis IN 46268 USA
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2
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Schmidt JP, Breit B. Rhodium-Catalyzed Cyclization of Terminal and Internal Allenols: An Atom Economic and Highly Stereoselective Access Towards Tetrahydropyrans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23485-23490. [PMID: 32940396 PMCID: PMC7756761 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of a diastereoselective Rh-catalyzed cyclization of terminal and internal allenols is reported. The methodology allows the atom economic and highly syn-selective access to synthetically important 2,4-disubstituted and 2,4,6-trisubstituted tetrahydropyrans (THP). Furthermore, its utility and versatility are demonstrated by a great functional-group compatibility and the enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-centrolobine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P. Schmidt
- Institute for Organic ChemistryAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institute for Organic ChemistryAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
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3
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Lawrence JMIA, Floreancig PE. Dehydrative Re 2O 7-Catalyzed Approach to Dihydropyran Synthesis. Org Lett 2020; 22:9513-9517. [PMID: 33295777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoallylic 1,3- and 1,5-diols undergo Re2O7-mediated ionization to form allylic cations that engage in cyclization reactions to form dihydropyran products. The reactions give the 2,6-trans-stereoisomer as the major products as a result of minimizing steric interactions in a boat-like transition state. The results of these studies are consistent with cationic intermediates, with an intriguing observation of stereochemical retention in one example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc I A Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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4
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Schmidt JP, Breit B. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Terminal and Internal Allenols: An Atom Economic and Highly Stereoselective Access Towards Tetrahydropyrans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P. Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institute for Organic Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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5
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Škubník J, Jurášek M, Ruml T, Rimpelová S. Mitotic Poisons in Research and Medicine. Molecules 2020; 25:E4632. [PMID: 33053667 PMCID: PMC7587177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the greatest challenges of the modern medicine. Although much effort has been made in the development of novel cancer therapeutics, it still remains one of the most common causes of human death in the world, mainly in low and middle-income countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer treatment services are not available in more then 70% of low-income countries (90% of high-income countries have them available), and also approximately 70% of cancer deaths are reported in low-income countries. Various approaches on how to combat cancer diseases have since been described, targeting cell division being among them. The so-called mitotic poisons are one of the cornerstones in cancer therapies. The idea that cancer cells usually divide almost uncontrolled and far more rapidly than normal cells have led us to think about such compounds that would take advantage of this difference and target the division of such cells. Many groups of such compounds with different modes of action have been reported so far. In this review article, the main approaches on how to target cancer cell mitosis are described, involving microtubule inhibition, targeting aurora and polo-like kinases and kinesins inhibition. The main representatives of all groups of compounds are discussed and attention has also been paid to the presence and future of the clinical use of these compounds as well as their novel derivatives, reviewing the finished and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Škubník
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (T.R.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (T.R.)
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (T.R.)
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6
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7
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Wang B, Wang X, Yin X, Yu W, Liao Y, Ye J, Wang M, Liao J. Cu-Catalyzed S N2' Substitution of Propargylic Phosphates with Vinylarene-Derived Chiral Nucleophiles: Synthesis of Chiral Allenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3913-3917. [PMID: 31074282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new Cu-catalyzed enantioselective three-component (i.e., styrenes, B2pin2, and propargylic phosphates) allenylation via an SN2' substitution of propargylic electrophiles with vinylarene-derived chiral nucleophiles is presented. This method provides an efficient and enantioselective approach to access a range of optically pure di-(1,1-), tri-, and tetra-substituted allenes with α-central chirality and axial chirality in excellent chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xihong Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xuemei Yin
- Chengdu Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wangzhi Yu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yang Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jialin Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Min Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jian Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China.,College of Chemical Engineering , Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 , China
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8
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Devi NR, Sultana S, Borah M, Saikia AK. Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrans and Pyranopyrans via Oxonium-Ene Reaction of β-Allenols and Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14987-14998. [PMID: 30461270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth trifluoromethanesulfonate can be efficiently used for the preparation of dihydropyrans from β-allenols and aldehydes by oxonium-ene reaction in good yields. The reaction is highly regioselective. On the other hand, the same reaction with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate at -45 °C affords the hexahydropyrano[4,3- b]pyran skeleton in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngangbam Renubala Devi
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039 , India
| | - Sabera Sultana
- School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Madhurjya Borah
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039 , India
| | - Anil K Saikia
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039 , India
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9
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Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of resolvin D4 (RvD4) was achieved using the Wittig reaction of the C1-C10 dienal with the known C11-C22 phosphonium salt. The ( S, E)-enantiomer ( S)-10, corresponding to the C1-C8 part, was synthesized in 95% ee by the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction of the corresponding acetylenic ketone followed by Red-Al reduction. Sharpless epoxidation of this alcohol using Ti(O- i-Pr)4/l-(+)-DIPT as a catalyst produced anti epoxy alcohol with >99% ee as the sole product in 82% yield. A subsequent functional group manipulation, including removal of the PMB group, produced the alcohol, which upon Swern oxidation afforded anti 4-hydroxy-5-TBS-oxy enal via epoxide ring opening of the resulting aldehyde. The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction was used to add the C9-C10 enal part to this aldehyde, and the resulting dienal was subjected to the Wittig reaction with C11-C22 phosphonium salt to furnish the entire structure of RvD4. Conversion of the primary alcohol to the methyl ester and deprotection of the three TBS groups with TBAF afforded 5,17-dihydroxy-γ-lactone, which was hydrolyzed to RvD4. Additionally, anti-4,5-dihydroxydodecanoic acid, a model compound of RvD4, in CD3OD was observed to be stable at room temperature for several weeks, whereas 20% of the acid in CDCl3 was converted into the γ-lactone after 24 h at rt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Morita
- Department of Bioengineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Box B-52, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 , Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501 , Japan
| | - Yuichi Kobayashi
- Department of Bioengineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Box B-52, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 , Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501 , Japan
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10
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Satyanarayana V, Kumar AS, Muralikrishna K, Kumar GC, Kumar R S, Kumar CS, Yadav JS. Studies towards the Synthesis of Lepranthin. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alleni Suman Kumar
- Center for Semiochemicals; CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad− 500007 India
| | - Katta Muralikrishna
- Center for Semiochemicals; CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad− 500007 India
| | | | - Sudheer Kumar R
- Center for Semiochemicals; CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad− 500007 India
| | | | - Jhillu S. Yadav
- Center for Semiochemicals; CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad− 500007 India
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11
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Rohrs TM, Qin Q, Floreancig PE. Re 2
O 7
-Mediated Dehydrative Cyclization Reactions: Total Synthesis of Herboxidiene and Its 12-Desmethyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Paul E. Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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12
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Rohrs TM, Qin Q, Floreancig PE. Re 2 O 7 -Mediated Dehydrative Cyclization Reactions: Total Synthesis of Herboxidiene and Its 12-Desmethyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10900-10904. [PMID: 28686815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Re2 O7 catalysis effects efficient and stereoselective dehydrative cyclization reactions from monoallylic diols, with stereocontrol arising from thermodynamic equilibration. This method was applied to a rapid synthesis of the spliceosome inhibitor herboxidiene. The route was also utilized for the synthesis of an analogue that highlights the importance of a single methyl group in biasing the conformation in the acyclic region of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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13
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Ciavatta ML, Lefranc F, Carbone M, Mollo E, Gavagnin M, Betancourt T, Dasari R, Kornienko A, Kiss R. Marine Mollusk-Derived Agents with Antiproliferative Activity as Promising Anticancer Agents to Overcome Chemotherapy Resistance. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:702-801. [PMID: 27925266 PMCID: PMC5484305 DOI: 10.1002/med.21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemical investigation of marine mollusks has led to the isolation of a wide variety of bioactive metabolites, which evolved in marine organisms as favorable adaptations to survive in different environments. Most of them are derived from food sources, but they can be also biosynthesized de novo by the mollusks themselves, or produced by symbionts. Consequently, the isolated compounds cannot be strictly considered as "chemotaxonomic markers" for the different molluscan species. However, the chemical investigation of this phylum has provided many compounds of interest as potential anticancer drugs that assume particular importance in the light of the growing literature on cancer biology and chemotherapy. The current review highlights the diversity of chemical structures, mechanisms of action, and, most importantly, the potential of mollusk-derived metabolites as anticancer agents, including those biosynthesized by mollusks and those of dietary origin. After the discussion of dolastatins and kahalalides, compounds previously studied in clinical trials, the review covers potentially promising anticancer agents, which are grouped based on their structural type and include terpenes, steroids, peptides, polyketides and nitrogen-containing compounds. The "promise" of a mollusk-derived natural product as an anticancer agent is evaluated on the basis of its ability to target biological characteristics of cancer cells responsible for poor treatment outcomes. These characteristics include high antiproliferative potency against cancer cells in vitro, preferential inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells over normal ones, mechanism of action via nonapoptotic signaling pathways, circumvention of multidrug resistance phenotype, and high activity in vivo, among others. The review also includes sections on the targeted delivery of mollusk-derived anticancer agents and solutions to their procurement in quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Ciavatta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)1070BrusselsBelgium
| | - Marianna Carbone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Margherita Gavagnin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Tania Betancourt
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666
| | - Ramesh Dasari
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666
| | - Robert Kiss
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie et de Toxicologie ExpérimentaleFaculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)1050BrusselsBelgium
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14
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Gil A, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Role of the Nozaki–Hiyama–Takai–Kishi Reaction in the Synthesis of Natural Products. Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gil
- ChemBio Lab, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking
Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- ChemBio Lab, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking
Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mercedes Álvarez
- ChemBio Lab, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking
Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Mineeva IV. Cyclopropanol intermediates in the synthesis of the C5–C14 fragment of laulimalides. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Řehová L, Dračínský M, Jahn U. A general approach to iridoids by applying a new Julia olefination and a tandem anion-radical-carbocation crossover reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9612-9621. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient asymmetric approach to dihydronepetalactone and dolicholactone is presented featuring a Julia olefination and an anion–radical–cation crossover reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Řehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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17
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Reddy DS, Padhi B, Mohapatra DK. Highly Stereocontrolled Synthesis of trans-2,6-Disubstituted-5-methyl-3,6-dihydropyrans: Stereoselective Synthesis of the Bicyclic Core of Penostatin B. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1365-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502101u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Srinivas Reddy
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR−Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Birakishore Padhi
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR−Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Debendra K. Mohapatra
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR−Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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18
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Tsakos M, Schaffert ES, Clement LL, Villadsen NL, Poulsen TB. Ester coupling reactions – an enduring challenge in the chemical synthesis of bioactive natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:605-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00106k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review we investigate the use of complex ester fragment couplings within natural product total syntheses. Using examples from the literature up to 2014 we illustrate the state-of-the-art as well as the challenges within this area of organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Tsakos
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Eva S. Schaffert
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Lise L. Clement
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Nikolaj L. Villadsen
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
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19
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Palík M, Kožíšek J, Koóš P, Gracza T. Palladium-catalysed cyclisation of alkenols: Synthesis of oxaheterocycles as core intermediates of natural compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2077-86. [PMID: 25246967 PMCID: PMC4168889 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of Pd-catalysed cyclisation reactions of alkenols using different catalytic systems is reported. These transformations affect the stereoselective construction of mono- and/or bicyclic oxaheterocyclic derivatives depending on a starting alkenol. The substrate scope and proposed mechanism of Pd-catalysed cyclisation reactions are also discussed. Moreover, the diastereoselective Pd-catalysed cyclisation of appropriate alkenols to tetrahydrofurans and subsequent cyclisation provided properly substituted 2,5-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, respectively. Such bicyclic ring subunits are found in many natural products including ocellenynes and aurovertines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Palík
- Department of Organic Chemistry Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Kožíšek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Koóš
- Georganics Ltd., Koreničova 1, SK-811 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Gracza
- Department of Organic Chemistry Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
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20
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Bayir A, Brewer M. Fragmentation of bicyclic γ-silyloxy-β-hydroxy-α-diazolactones as an approach to ynolides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6037-46. [PMID: 24922068 PMCID: PMC4084849 DOI: 10.1021/jo500634d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Medium-sized ynolides
were prepared by the Lewis acid-mediated
fragmentation of bicyclic γ-silyloxy-β-hydroxy-α-diazolactones
in which the Cβ–Cγ bond is the ring fusion bond.
Although these lactone fragmentation substrates reacted somewhat less
efficiently than their carbocyclic counterparts, the fragmentation
provided 11-membered ynolides in up to 84% yield. Unlike prior fragmentations
of similar substrates, elevated temperatures were required to obtain
optimum yields of the ynolide products. The ynolides reported herein
have ring sizes of 10 or 11, which are the smallest reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bayir
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont , 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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21
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Makabe H. Stereoselective Aminopalladation and Oxypalladation and Their Application to the Synthesis of Natural Products. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereoselective aminopalladation and oxypalladation are very important approaches for the synthesis of various natural products which contain N- and O-hetero-alicycles. The author has reviewed recent progress of synthesis of natural products using Pd(II)-catalyzed aminopalladation and oxypalladation including our work within this decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Makabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences of Functional Foods Shinshu University 8304 Minami-minowa Kami-ina Nagano 399-4598 Japan
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22
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Abstract
This article provides an overview on the chemistry and structure-activity relationships of macrolide-based microtubule-stabilizing agents. The primary focus will be on the total synthesis or examples thereof, but a brief summary of the current state of knowledge on the structure-activity relationships of epothilones, laulimalide, dictyostatin, and peloruside A will also be given. This macrolide class of compounds, over the last decade, has become the subject of growing interest due to their ability to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation through a taxol-like mechanism of action.
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Naysmith BJ, Brimble MA. Synthesis of the griseusin B framework via a one-pot annulation-methylation-double deprotection-spirocyclization sequence. Org Lett 2013; 15:2006-9. [PMID: 23560611 DOI: 10.1021/ol400686f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly convergent synthesis of the griseusin B scaffold is described. The key step involves an efficient one-pot Hauser-Kraus annulation-methylation-double deprotection-spirocyclization sequence that directly affords the target parent tetracyclic ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briar J Naysmith
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mukherjee P, Widenhoefer RA. The regio- and stereospecific intermolecular dehydrative alkoxylation of allylic alcohols catalyzed by a gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complex. Chemistry 2013; 19:3437-44. [PMID: 23348826 PMCID: PMC3882269 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A 1:1 mixture of [AuCl(IPr)] (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidine) and AgClO(4) catalyzes the intermolecular dehydrative alkoxylation of primary and secondary allylic alcohols with aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols to form allylic ethers. These transformations are regio- and stereospecific with preferential addition of the alcohol nucleophile at the γ-position of the allylic alcohol syn to the departing hydroxyl group and with predominant formation of the E stereoisomer. The minor α regioisomer is formed predominantly through a secondary reaction manifold involving regioselective γ-alkoxylation of the initially formed allylic ether rather than by the direct α-alkoxylation of the allylic alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, Durham, NC 27708 (USA), Fax: (+1) (919)-660-1605
| | - Ross A. Widenhoefer
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, Durham, NC 27708 (USA), Fax: (+1) (919)-660-1605
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Parenty A, Moreau X, Niel G, Campagne JM. Update 1 of: Macrolactonizations in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR1-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300129n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Parenty
- Institut de Chimie des Substances
Naturelles, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - X. Moreau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances
Naturelles, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Niel
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier, France
| | - J.-M. Campagne
- Institut de Chimie des Substances
Naturelles, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier, France
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26
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Uenishi J, Kawai N. Stereochemistry and Synthetic Applications of Intramolecular Chirality Transfer Reaction Promoted by PdII-catalyst. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Trost BM, Seganish WM, Chung CK, Amans D. Total synthesis of laulimalide: synthesis of the northern and southern fragments. Chemistry 2012; 18:2948-60. [PMID: 22307837 PMCID: PMC3517066 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first stage in the development of a synthetic route for the total synthesis of laulimalide (1) is described. Our retrosynthetic analysis envisioned a novel macrocyclization route to the natural product by using a Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling. This would be preceded by an esterification of the C19 hydroxyl group, joining together two equally sized synthons, the northern fragment 7 and the southern fragment 8. Our first generation approach to the northern fragment entailed a key sequential Ru/Pd coupling sequence to assemble the dihydropyran. The key reactions proceeded smoothly, but the inability to achieve a key olefin migration led to the development of an alternative route based on an asymmetric dinuclear Zn-catalyzed aldol reaction of a hydroxyl acylpyrrole. This key reaction led to the desired diol adduct 66 with excellent syn/anti selectivity (10:1), and allowed for the successful completion of the northern fragment 7. The key step for the synthesis of the southern fragment was a chemoselective Rh-catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction to form the dihydropyran ring from a diyne precursor. This reaction proved to be selective for the formation of a six-membered ring, over a seven. The use of an electron-deficient bidentate phosphine allowed for the reaction to proceed with a reduced catalyst loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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29
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Palimkar SS, Uenishi J, Ii H. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (−)-Apicularen A and Its Analogues. J Org Chem 2011; 77:388-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2019762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay S. Palimkar
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Jun’ichi Uenishi
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ii
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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31
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Chelucci G. Synthesis and Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of gem-Dihalovinyl Systems. Chem Rev 2011; 112:1344-462. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200165q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Chelucci
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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32
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Indium(III) chloride-catalyzed Mukaiyama–Michael addition: synthesis of 2,6-anti-tetrahydropyrans. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Guérinot A, Serra-Muns A, Bensoussan C, Reymond S, Cossy J. FeCl3·6H2O-catalyzed synthesis of substituted cis-2,6-tetrahydropyrans from ζ-hydroxy allylic derivatives. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Legrand F, Jouvin K, Evano G. Vinyl Dibromides: Versatile Partners in Cross-Coupling Reactions. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay S. Palimkar
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Jun’ichi Uenishi
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thilo Focken
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Rupal Oza
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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37
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Mohapatra DK, Das PP, Pattanayak MR, Yadav JS. Iodine-catalyzed highly diastereoselective synthesis of trans-2,6-disubstituted-3,4-dihydropyrans: application to concise construction of C28-C37 bicyclic core of (+)-sorangicin A. Chemistry 2010; 16:2072-8. [PMID: 20099288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel iodine-catalyzed highly diastereoselective synthesis of trans-2,6-disubstituted-3,4-dihydropyrans have been achieved from delta-hydroxy alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes by treating with allyltrimethyl silane in THF at room temperature with good to excellent yields. This methodology has been successfully implemented for a concise asymmetric synthesis of C28-C37 dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring system of (+)-sorangicin A in 8 steps with 21% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra K Mohapatra
- Organic Chemistry Division-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, India.
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Uenishi J, S. Vikhe Y. A Short Access to Chiral Non-Racemic Oxa- and Azaheterocycles by Cross-Metathesis and Pd-Catalyzed Cyclization Sequence. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-s(s)95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Trost BM, Amans D, Seganish WM, Chung CK. Evaluating transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for the synthesis of laulimalide. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17087-9. [PMID: 19891433 PMCID: PMC2791108 DOI: 10.1021/ja907924j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laulimalide is a structurally unique 20-membered marine macrolide displaying microtubule stabilizing activity similar to that of paclitaxel and the epothilones. The use of atom-economical transformations such as a Rh-catalyzed cycloisomerization to form the endocyclic dihydropyran, a dinuclear Zn-catalyzed asymmetric glycolate aldol reaction to prepare the syn 1,2-diol, and an intramolecular Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling to build the macrocycle enabled us to synthesize laulimalide via an efficient and convergent pathway. The designed synthetic route also allowed us to prepare an analogue of the natural product that possesses significant cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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40
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Gollner A, Altmann KH, Gertsch J, Mulzer J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a des-dihydropyran laulimalide analog. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Gollner A, Altmann KH, Gertsch J, Mulzer J. The laulimalide family: total synthesis and biological evaluation of neolaulimalide, isolaulimalide, laulimalide and a nonnatural analogue. Chemistry 2009; 15:5979-97. [PMID: 19402092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We herein describe in full detail the first total synthesis of the antitumor agents neolaulimalide and isolaulimalide as well as a highly efficient route to laulimalide. A Kulinkovich reaction followed by a cyclopropyl-allyl rearrangement is used to install the exo-methylene group. The C(2)-C(16) aldehyde fragment is coupled with the C(17)-C(28) sulfone fragments by a highly (E)-selective Julia-Lythgoe-Kocienski olefination to deliver the key intermediates of all three syntheses. Various conditions for the Yamaguchi macrolactonization are applied to close the individual macrocycles. Finally a carefully elaborated endgame was developed to solve the problem of acyl migration in the case of neolaulimalide. All compounds were tested against several cell lines. The cytotoxicity of neolaulimalide could be confirmed for the first time since its original isolation and it could be shown that it induces tubulin polymerization as efficiently as laulimalide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gollner
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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42
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Houghton SR, Furst L, Boddy CN. Biomimetic transannular oxa-conjugate addition approach to the 2,6-disubstituted dihydropyran of laulimalide yields an unprecedented transannular oxetane. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1454-63. [PMID: 19159194 DOI: 10.1021/jo8023494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Disubstituted dihydropyrans are a common feature in many bioactive polyketides, including the anticancer marine polyketide laulimalide. While much of the uncharacterized biosynthetic pathway for laulimalide can be confidently postulated, the biosynthetic origins of the trans 2,6-disubstituted dihydropyran cannot. We hypothesize that a transannular oxa-conjugate addition in a macrocyclic laulimalide precursor could be the origin of the 2,6-dihydropyran. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a model containing the key functional groups for oxa-conjugate addition-mediated dihydropyran formation. Under acid-mediated conditions, the model under went regiospecific oxa-conjugate addition producing a stable trans oxetane as the only regioisomer. The desired, more stable dihydropyran was not detected. This unprecedented regiospecificity is unexpected due to the ring strain of the oxetane and the anticipated facile ring opening retro-oxa-conjugate addition. The oxetane is stable to acid and basic conditions, as are a number of literature acyclic oxetanes that could undergo similar retro-oxa-conjugate addition. While the source of the oxetane kinetic stability is yet to be characterized, it may enable general oxetane construction via oxa-conjugate addition. The more stable dihydropyran regioisomer could not be generated due to poor geometrical orbital alignment and hard-soft incompatibility between the hard oxygen nucleophile and the soft activated polyenoate electrophile. These factors disfavor the breaking of conjugation by oxa-conjugate addition. Based on these results we propose that dihydropyran formation does not occur on completed polyketide macrocycles as we had proposed but rather during polyketide biosynthesis on the growing polyketide chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Houghton
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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43
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Hande SM, Uenishi J. Total synthesis of aspergillide B and structural discrepancy of aspergillide A. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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C. Majumdar K, Debnath P, Roy B. Metal-Catalyzed Heterocyclization: Formation of Five- and Six-Membered Oxygen Heterocycles through Carbon-Oxygen Bond Forming Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-09-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Pd(0) catalyzed intramolecular Heck reaction: a versatile route for the synthesis of 2-aryl substituted 5-, 6-, and 7-membered O-containing heterocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Abstract
The first total syntheses of the potential antitumoral leads neolaulimalide (2) and isolaulimalide (3) have been achieved. Key steps in our convergent, fully stereocontrolled route are a Yamaguchi macrolactonization, a Julia-Lythgoe-Kocienski olefination, a Kulinkovich reaction, and a cyclopropyl-allyl rearrangement to install the exo-methylene group. Overall, we synthesized 2 in 21 linear steps (3% yield) and 3 in 24 steps (2% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gollner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Synthesis of six-membered oxygenated heterocycles through carbon–oxygen bond-forming reactions. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Beccalli EM, Broggini G, Martinelli M, Sottocornola S. C−C, C−O, C−N Bond Formation on sp2 Carbon by Pd(II)-Catalyzed Reactions Involving Oxidant Agents. Chem Rev 2007; 107:5318-65. [PMID: 17973536 DOI: 10.1021/cr068006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egle M. Beccalli
- Istituto di Chimica Organica “A. Marchesini”, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Istituto di Chimica Organica “A. Marchesini”, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Michela Martinelli
- Istituto di Chimica Organica “A. Marchesini”, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Sottocornola
- Istituto di Chimica Organica “A. Marchesini”, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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