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Qian C, Li X, Zhang M. Arene Diazonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts: Novel Lewis Acid Catalysts for Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cunwei Qian
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 Jiangsu China
| | - Xian Li
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 Jiangsu China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 Jiangsu China
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2
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Bouthillette LM, Aniebok V, Colosimo DA, Brumley D, MacMillan JB. Nonenzymatic Reactions in Natural Product Formation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14815-14841. [PMID: 36006409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic mechanisms of natural products primarily depend on systems of protein catalysts. However, within the field of biosynthesis, there are cases in which the inherent chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediates and substrates evades the involvement of enzymes. These reactions are difficult to characterize based on their reactivity and occlusion within the milieu of the cellular environment. As we continue to build a strong foundation for how microbes and higher organisms produce natural products, therein lies a need for understanding how protein independent or nonenzymatic biosynthetic steps can occur. We have classified such reactions into four categories: intramolecular, multicomponent, tailoring, and light-induced reactions. Intramolecular reactions is one of the most well studied in the context of biomimetic synthesis, consisting of cyclizations and cycloadditions due to the innate reactivity of the intermediates. There are two subclasses that make up multicomponent reactions, one being homologous multicomponent reactions which results in dimeric and pseudodimeric natural products, and the other being heterologous multicomponent reactions, where two or more precursors from independent biosynthetic pathways undergo a variety of reactions to produce the mature natural product. The third type of reaction discussed are tailoring reactions, where postmodifications occur on the natural products after the biosynthetic machinery is completed. The last category consists of light-induced reactions involving ecologically relevant UV light rather than high intensity UV irradiation that is traditionally used in synthetic chemistry. This review will cover recent nonenzymatic biosynthetic mechanisms and include sources for those reviewed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Bouthillette
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Victor Aniebok
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Dominic A Colosimo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - David Brumley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - John B MacMillan
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
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3
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Qian C, Han R, Shen Z, Li Q, Chen X. N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS) Promoted Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indole Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202202020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Brześkiewicz J, Stańska B, Dąbrowski P, Loska R. C−H Activation and Cross‐Coupling of Acyclic Aldonitrone. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brześkiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Barbara Stańska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Rafał Loska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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5
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Banerjee A, Panda G. Total synthesis of selected bioactive alkaloids, their structure–function relationships and molecular target interactions: A comparative synthetic analysis of tryptophan originated chiral pool approaches vs other synthons. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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6
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Chen W, Liu Q. Recent Advances in the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Enol Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Roque JB, Mercado-Marin EV, Richter SC, Pereira de Sant'Ana D, Mukai K, Ye Y, Sarpong R. A unified strategy to reverse-prenylated indole alkaloids: total syntheses of preparaherquamide, premalbrancheamide, and (+)-VM-55599. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5929-5934. [PMID: 32953008 PMCID: PMC7480500 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A full account of our studies toward reverse-prenylated indole alkaloids that contain a bicyclo[2.2.2]core is described. A divergent route is reported which has resulted in the synthesis of preparaherquamide, (+)-VM-55599, and premalbrancheamide. An intramolecular Dieckmann cyclization between an enolate and isocyanate was used to forge the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core that is characteristic of these molecules. The pentacyclic indole scaffold was constructed through a one-pot Hofmann rearrangement followed by Fischer indole synthesis. The utilization of our previously reported indole peripheral functionalization strategy also led to natural products including malbrancheamides B, C, stephacidin A, notoamides F, I and R, aspergamide B, and waikialoid A. Ultimately, the divergent route that we devised provided access to a wide range of prenylated indole alkaloids that are differently substituted on the cyclic amine core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose B Roque
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | | | - Sven C Richter
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | | | - Ken Mukai
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Yingda Ye
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
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8
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Zhao P, Xue Y, Li J, Li X, Zu X, Zhao Z, Quan C, Gao W, Feng S. Non-lipopeptide fungi-derived peptide antibiotics developed since 2000. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:651-673. [PMID: 31020454 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are the smallest cyclopeptides and their basic structure includes a six-membered piperazine nucleus. Typical peptides lack a special functional group in the oligopeptide nucleus. Both are produced by at least 35 representative genera of fungi, and possess huge potential as pharmaceutical drugs and biocontrol agents. To date, only cyclosporin A has been developed into a commercial product. This review summarises 186 fungi-derived compounds reported since 2000. Antibiotic (antibacterial, antifungal, synergistic antifungal, antiviral, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antileishmanial, insecticidal, antitrypanosomal, nematicidal and antimicroalgal) activities are discussed for 107 of them, including 66 DKPs (14 epipolythiodioxopiperazines, 20 polysulphide bridge-free thiodiketopiperazines, and 32 sulphur-free prenylated indole DKPs), 15 highly N-methylated, and 26 non-highly N-methylated typical peptides. Structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and research methods are covered in detail. Additionally, biosynthases of tardioxopiperazines and neoechinulins are highlighted. These compounds have attracted considerable interest within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yun Xue
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Jinghua Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xin Li
- Life Science College, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Department of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Weina Gao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuxiao Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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Klas KR, Kato H, Frisvad JC, Yu F, Newmister SA, Fraley AE, Sherman DH, Tsukamoto S, Williams RM. Structural and stereochemical diversity in prenylated indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system from marine and terrestrial fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:532-558. [PMID: 29632911 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to February 2017 Various fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Malbranchea produce prenylated indole alkaloids possessing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system. After the discovery of distinct enantiomers of the natural alkaloids stephacidin A and notoamide B, from A. protuberus MF297-2 and A. amoenus NRRL 35660, another fungi, A. taichungensis, was found to produce their diastereomers, 6-epi-stephacidin A and versicolamide B, as major metabolites. Distinct enantiomers of stephacidin A and 6-epi-stephacidin A may be derived from a common precursor, notoamide S, by enzymes that form a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core via a putative intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition. This review provides our current understanding of the structural and stereochemical homologies and disparities of these alkaloids. Through the deployment of biomimetic syntheses, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical studies, a unified biogenesis of both the dioxopiperazine and the monooxopiperazine families of prenylated indole alkaloids constituted of bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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10
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Su J, Zhang K, Zhuang M, Ma F, Zhang W, Sun H, Zhang G, Jian Y, Gao Z. One‐Pot Synthesis of Indoles from Aniline and α,β‐Ynones through an Iodine‐Mediated Transition‐Metal‐Free Tandem
aza
‐Michael addition/C−H Functionalization. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Mengyuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Fuyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Wei‐Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Huaming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Yajun Jian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District Xi'an P.R.China 710119
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11
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Synthesis of isatin-conjugated 3H-indole-N-oxides and their serendipitous conversion to spiroindolenines. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Mukai K, de Sant'Ana DP, Hirooka Y, Mercado-Marin EV, Stephens DE, Kou KGM, Richter SC, Kelley N, Sarpong R. Bioinspired chemical synthesis of monomeric and dimeric stephacidin A congeners. Nat Chem 2017; 10:38-44. [PMID: 29256515 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stephacidin A and its congeners are a collection of secondary metabolites that possess intriguing structural motifs. They stem from unusual biosynthetic sequences that lead to the incorporation of a prenyl or reverse-prenyl group into a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane framework, a chromene unit or the vestige thereof. To complement biosynthetic studies, which normally play a significant role in unveiling the biosynthetic pathways of natural products, here we demonstrate that chemical synthesis can provide important insights into biosynthesis. We identify a short total synthesis of congeners in the reverse-prenylated indole alkaloid family related to stephacidin A by taking advantage of a direct indole C6 halogenation of the related ketopremalbrancheamide. This novel strategic approach has now made possible the syntheses of several natural products, including malbrancheamides B and C, notoamides F, I and R, aspergamide B, and waikialoid A, which is a heterodimer of avrainvillamide and aspergamide B. Our approach to the preparation of these prenylated and reverse-prenylated indole alkaloids is bioinspired, and may also inform the as-yet undetermined biosynthesis of several congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Mukai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Yasuo Hirooka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - David E Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kevin G M Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sven C Richter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Naomi Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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13
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Rees M, Simpkins NS, Male L. An Asymmetric Organocatalysis Approach to the Prenylated Alkaloid Family. Org Lett 2017; 19:1338-1341. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rees
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Nigel S. Simpkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Louise Male
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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14
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Amatov T, Gebauer M, Pohl R, Cisařová I, Jahn U. Oxidative radical cyclizations of diketopiperazines bearing an amidomalonate unit. Heterointermediate reaction sequences toward the asperparalines and stephacidins. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:S6-S17. [PMID: 27806645 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1223295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to the diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core of prenylated bridged diketopiperazine alkaloids is described by direct oxidative cyclizations of functionalized diketopiperazines mediated by ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate or the Mn(OAc)3•2H2O/Cu(OTf)2 system. Divergent reaction pathways take place depending on the substitution pattern of the substrates and the oxidation conditions such as temperature or the presence or absence of persistent radical TEMPO. For ester-substituted diketopiperazines, the ester group exerts a significant influence on the reaction outcome and stereochemistry of the radical cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tynchtyk Amatov
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Gebauer
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Cisařová
- b Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 2030/8 , Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo namesti 2 , Prague 6, Czech Republic
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15
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Yan M, Lo JC, Edwards JT, Baran PS. Radicals: Reactive Intermediates with Translational Potential. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12692-12714. [PMID: 27631602 PMCID: PMC5054485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective illustrates the defining characteristics of free radical chemistry, beginning with its rich and storied history. Studies from our laboratory are discussed along with recent developments emanating from others in this burgeoning area. The practicality and chemoselectivity of radical reactions enable rapid access to molecules of relevance to drug discovery, agrochemistry, material science, and other disciplines. Thus, these reactive intermediates possess inherent translational potential, as they can be widely used to expedite scientific endeavors for the betterment of humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julian C. Lo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jacob T. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoshen Su
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Sciences; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding 071001 China
| | - Cheng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Sciences; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding 071001 China
| | - Jingjun Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Sciences; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding 071001 China
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17
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Newmister SA, Gober CM, Romminger S, Yu F, Tripathi A, Parra LLL, Williams RM, Berlinck RG, Joullie MM, Sherman DH. OxaD: A Versatile Indolic Nitrone Synthase from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium oxalicum F30. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11176-84. [PMID: 27505044 PMCID: PMC5014723 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Indole alkaloids are a diverse class of natural products known for their wide range of biological activities and complex chemical structures. Rarely observed in this class are indolic nitrones, such as avrainvillamide and waikialoid, which possess potent bioactivities. Herein the oxa gene cluster from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium oxalicum F30 is described along with the characterization of OxaD, a flavin-dependent oxidase that generates roquefortine L, a nitrone-bearing intermediate in the biosynthesis of oxaline. Nitrone functionality in roquefortine L was confirmed by spectroscopic methods and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with methyl acrylate. OxaD is a versatile biocatalyst that converts an array of semisynthetic roquefortine C derivatives bearing indoline systems to their respective nitrones. This work describes the first implementation of a nitrone synthase as a biocatalyst and establishes a novel platform for late-stage diversification of a range of complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A. Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Claire M. Gober
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Stelamar Romminger
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lizbeth Lorena L. Parra
- Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Roberto G.S. Berlinck
- Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Madeleine M. Joullie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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19
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Hager A, Vrielink N, Hager D, Lefranc J, Trauner D. Synthetic approaches towards alkaloids bearing α-tertiary amines. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 33:491-522. [PMID: 26621771 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids account for some of the most beautiful and biologically active natural products. Although they are usually classified along biosynthetic criteria, they can also be categorized according to certain structural motifs. Amongst these, the α-tertiary amine (ATA), i.e. a tetrasubstituted carbon atom surrounded by three carbons and one nitrogen, is particularly interesting. A limited number of methods have been described to access this functional group and fewer still are commonly used in synthesis. Herein, we review some approaches to asymmetrically access ATAs and provide an overview of alkaloid total syntheses where those have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Hager
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstr. 5 - 13, 81377 München, Germany.
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Amatov T, Pohl R, Císařová I, Jahn U. Synthesis of Bridged Diketopiperazines by Using the Persistent Radical Effect and a Formal Synthesis of Bicyclomycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12153-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Amatov T, Pohl R, Císařová I, Jahn U. Synthese überbrückter Diketopiperazine mit Hilfe des persistenten Radikaleffekts und eine formale Synthese von Bicyclomycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mercado-Marin EV, Sarpong R. Unified Approach to Prenylated Indole Alkaloids: Total Syntheses of (-)-17-Hydroxy-Citrinalin B, (+)-Stephacidin A, and (+)-Notoamide I. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5048-5052. [PMID: 26417428 PMCID: PMC4583210 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01977j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A unified strategy for the synthesis of congeners of the prenylated indole alkaloids is presented. This strategy has yielded the first synthesis of the natural product (-)-17-hydroxy-citrinalin B as well as syntheses of (+)-stephacidin A and (+)-notoamide I. An enolate addition to an in situ generated isocyanate was utilized in forging a key bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane moiety, and in this way connected the two structural classes of the prenylated indole alkaloids through synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California–Berkeley , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
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Mikkola R, Andersson MA, Hautaniemi M, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Toxic indole alkaloids avrainvillamide and stephacidin B produced by a biocide tolerant indoor mold Aspergillus westerdijkiae. Toxicon 2015; 99:58-67. [PMID: 25804991 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxic Aspergillus westerdijkiae were present in house dust and indoor air fall-out from a residence and a kindergarten where the occupants suffered from building related ill health. The A. westerdijkiae isolates produced indole alkaloids avrainvillamide (445 Da) and its dimer stephacidin B (890 Da). It grew and sporulated in presence of high concentrations of boron or polyguanidine (PHMB, PHMG) based antimicrobial biocides used to remediate mold infested buildings. The boar sperm cells were used as sensor cells to purify toxins from HPLC fractions of the fungal biomass. Submicromolar concentrations (EC50 0.3-0.4 μM) blocked boar spermatozoan motility and killed porcine kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15). Plate grown hyphal mass of the A. westerdijkiae isolates contained 300-750 ng of avrainvillamide and 30-300 ng of stephacidin B per mg (wet weight). The toxins induced rapid (30 min) loss of boar sperm motility, followed (24 h) by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Apoptotic cell death was observed in PK-15 cell monolayers, prior to cessation of glucose uptake or loss of ΔΨm. Avrainvillamide and stephacidin B were 100-fold more potent towards the porcine cells than the mycotoxins stephacidin A, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and citrinin. The high toxicity of stephacidin B indicates a role of nitrone group in the mechanism of toxicity. Avrainvillamide and stephacidin B represent a new class of toxins with possible a threat to human health in buildings. Furthermore, the use of biocides highly enhanced the growth of toxigenic A. westerdijkiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimo Mikkola
- Dept of Food and Environmental Science, POB56, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland.
| | - Maria A Andersson
- Dept of Food and Environmental Science, POB56, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Maria Hautaniemi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Mustialankatu 3, FI000790 Helsinki, Finland
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Ieronimo G, Mondelli A, Tibiletti F, Maspero A, Palmisano G, Galli S, Tollari S, Masciocchi N, Nicholas KM, Tagliapietra S, Cravotto G, Penoni A. A simple, efficient, regioselective and one-pot preparation of N-hydroxy- and N–O-protected hydroxyindoles via cycloaddition of nitrosoarenes with alkynes. Synthetic scope, applications and novel by-products. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Frischmuth A, Knochel P. Preparation of Functionalized Indoles and Azaindoles by the Intramolecular Copper-Mediated Carbomagnesiation of Ynamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10084-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Synthese von funktionalisierten Indolen und Azaindolen durch intramolekulare Kupfer-vermittelte Carbomagnesierung von Inamiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Simpkins NS, Pavlakos I, Weller MD, Male L. The cascade radical cyclisation approach to prenylated alkaloids: synthesis of stephacidin A and notoamide B. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4957-70. [PMID: 23797367 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40979a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the synthesis of members of the prenylated indole alkaloid family is described, which involves a radical cascade process of an appropriately substituted diketopiperazine (DKP) core structure. Several approaches to the generation of the initial radical were explored, with the most successful involving treatment of a sulfenyl substituted DKP under classical reductive conditions by heating with Bu3SnH and a radical initiator. The required, fully substituted, radical precursor DKP structures were prepared using regio- and stereocontrolled enolate chemistry of simpler proline-tryptophan derived DKPs. The new approach allowed rapid access to a key polycyclic indoline structure, which was converted into either of the natural products stephacidin A or notoamide B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel S Simpkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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29
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Funktionalisierung von C-H-Bindungen: neue Synthesemethoden für Naturstoffe und Pharmazeutika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Yamaguchi J, Yamaguchi AD, Itami K. CH Bond Functionalization: Emerging Synthetic Tools for Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8960-9009. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2423] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Guo F, Clift MD, Thomson RJ. Oxidative Coupling of Enolates, Enol Silanes and Enamines: Methods and Natural Product Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2012; 2012:4881-4896. [PMID: 23471479 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative coupling of enolates, enol silanes, and enamines provides a direct method for the construction of useful 1,4-dicarbonyl synthons. Despite being first reported in 1935, with subsequent important advances beginning in the 1970's, the development of this powerful reaction into a reliable methodology was somewhat limited. In recent years, there have been a number of reports from several research groups demonstrating advances in several neglected areas of oxidative coupling. This microreview summarizes these new advances in methodology and provides an overview of recent natural product syntheses that showcase the power of these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghai Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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33
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Hanessian S, Maianti JP, Ly VL, Deschênes-Simard B. Structural and kinetic study of self-assembling macrocyclic dimer natural product aminoglycoside66-40C and unnatural variants. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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34
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Simpkins N, Pavlakos I, Male L. Rapid access to polycyclic indolines related to the stephacidin alkaloids using a radical cascade. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1958-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16510k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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González JF, Ortín I, de la Cuesta E, Menéndez JC. Privileged scaffolds in synthesis: 2,5-piperazinediones as templates for the preparation of structurally diverse heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6902-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Yeung CS, Dong VM. Catalytic dehydrogenative cross-coupling: forming carbon-carbon bonds by oxidizing two carbon-hydrogen bonds. Chem Rev 2011; 111:1215-92. [PMID: 21391561 DOI: 10.1021/cr100280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3381] [Impact Index Per Article: 260.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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37
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Williams RM. Natural products synthesis: enabling tools to penetrate Nature's secrets of biogenesis and biomechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4221-59. [PMID: 21438619 PMCID: PMC3174107 DOI: 10.1021/jo2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selected examples from our laboratory of how synthetic technology platforms developed for the total synthesis of several disparate families of natural products was harnessed to penetrate biomechanistic and/or biosynthetic queries is discussed. Unexpected discoveries of biomechanistic reactivity and/or penetrating the biogenesis of naturally occurring substances were made possible through access to substances available only through chemical synthesis. Hypothesis-driven total synthesis programs are emerging as very useful conceptual templates for penetrating and exploiting the inherent reactivity of biologically active natural substances. In many instances, new enabling synthetic technologies were required to be developed. The examples demonstrate the often untapped richness of complex molecule synthesis to provide powerful tools to understand, manipulate and exploit Nature's vast and creative palette of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.
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38
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Dearomatization strategies in the synthesis of complex natural products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4068-93. [PMID: 21506209 PMCID: PMC4136767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 997] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evolution in the field of the total synthesis of natural products has led to exciting developments over the last decade. Numerous chemoselective and enantioselective methodologies have emerged from total syntheses, resulting in efficient access to many important natural product targets. This Review highlights recent developments concerning dearomatization, a powerful strategy for the total synthesis of architecturally complex natural products wherein planar, aromatic scaffolds are converted to three-dimensional molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane P. Roche
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
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39
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Desaromatisierungsstrategien in der Synthese strukturell komplexer Naturstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Kim JH, Lee SG. Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular trapping of the Blaise reaction intermediate for tandem one-pot synthesis of indole derivatives. Org Lett 2011; 13:1350-3. [PMID: 21332145 DOI: 10.1021/ol200045q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylative and N-alkylative/N-arylative trappings of the Blaise reaction intermediates could be a new route to construct the indole moiety in a tandem one-pot manner from nitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science (BK21), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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41
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Abstract
In this critical review, the strategic and economic benefits of C-H functionalization logic will be analyzed through the critical lens of total synthesis. In order to illustrate the dramatically simplifying effects this type of logic can potentially have on synthetic planning, we take the reader through a series of case studies in which it has already been successfully applied. In the first section, a chronological look at key historical syntheses will be examined, leading into modern day examples. In the second section, our own experience with applying and executing synthesis with a C-H functionalization "mindset" will be discussed (114 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Will R Gutekunst
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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Boar spermatozoa as a biosensor for detecting toxic substances in indoor dust and aerosols. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:2041-52. [PMID: 20732404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence, quantity and origins of potentially toxic airborne substances were searched in moisture damaged indoor environments, where building related ill health symptoms were suspected and reference sites with no health complaints. Boar spermatozoa were used as the toxicity sensor. Indoor aerosols and dusts were collected from kindergartens, schools, offices and residences (n=25) by electrostatic filtering, vacuuming, wiping from elevated surfaces and from the interior of personal computers. Toxicity was measured from the ethanol or methanol extracts of the dusts and aerosols. EC(50) was expressed as the lowest concentration of the airborne substance that inhibited motility of >50% of the exposed sperm cells compared to vehicle control, within 30 min, 1 day or 3-4 days of exposure. Remarkably toxic aerosols (EC(50) <or=6 μg ml(-1)) were found from 11 sites, all of these were sites with known or suspected for building related ill health. Toxic microbial cultures were obtained from subsamples of the toxic aerosols/dusts. From these cereulide, amylosin, valinomycin and a novel indoor toxin, stephacidin B were identified and toxicities measured. Airborn dispersal of valinomycin from Streptomyces griseus cultures was evaluated using a flow-through chamber. Significant amounts of valinomycin (LC-MS assay) and toxicity (boar sperm motility assay) were carried by air and were after 14 days mainly recovered from the interior surfaces of the flow chamber.
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43
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Frebault FC, Simpkins NS. A cationic cyclisation route to prenylated indole alkaloids: synthesis of malbrancheamide B and brevianamide B, and progress towards stephacidin A. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gaich
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, 92037 La Jolla, California
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, 92037 La Jolla, California
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45
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Guan ZH, Yan ZY, Ren ZH, Liu XY, Liang YM. Preparation of indoles via iron catalyzed direct oxidative coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2823-5. [PMID: 20369195 DOI: 10.1039/b923971e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed aryl C-H and vinyl C-H bonds activation to give valuable substituted indole products was reported. The reaction shows high functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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46
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Nising CF. Recent synthetic approaches towards the antiproliferative natural products avrainvillamide and stephacidin B. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:591-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b900407f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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La Clair JJ. Natural product mode of action (MOA) studies: a link between natural and synthetic worlds. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:969-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b909989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Luzung MR, Lewis CA, Baran PS. Direct, chemoselective N-tert-prenylation of indoles by C-H functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7025-9. [PMID: 19701955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Luzung
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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49
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Miller KA, Williams RM. Synthetic approaches to the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system common to the paraherquamides, stephacidins and related prenylated indole alkaloids. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:3160-74. [PMID: 19847349 PMCID: PMC2839869 DOI: 10.1039/b816705m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system is common to a number of highly biologically active secondary metabolites isolated from numerous species of fungi. In this tutorial review, we describe the varied synthetic approaches that have been employed to construct this ring system in the course of recent total synthesis endeavors, and this review should be of interest to synthetic organic chemists and natural product chemists. Detailed herein are a number of synthetic disconnections including intramolecular S(N)2' cyclizations, biomimetic Diels-Alder reactions, radical cyclizations, and cationic cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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50
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Luzung M, Lewis C, Baran P. Direct, ChemoselectiveN-tert-Prenylation of Indoles by CH Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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