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Wu Y, Zhou Z, Xu D, Jiang Y, Zhou D, Wang Z. Dual Stabilization of a Tri-Metallofullerene Radical Er 3@C 80: Exohedral Derivatization and Endohedral Three-Center Bonding. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300912. [PMID: 38369921 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The enclosed space within fullerene molecules, capable of trapping metal clusters, offers an opportunity to investigate the behavior of metal atoms in a highly confined sub-nanometer environment. However, the studies on trimetallofullerenes M3@C80 have been very limited due to their difficult obtainability. In this paper, we present a new method for obtaining a tri-metallofullerene Er3@C80 through exohedral modification of the fullerene cage. Our findings reveal that Er3@C80 exhibits a radical character and can react with the dichlorobenzene radical to generate a stable derivative Er3@C80PhCl2. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond in the center of the fullerene cage. This bond serves to counterbalance the Coulomb repulsion between the Er ions. Consequently, both exohedral derivatization and endohedral three-center bonding contribute to the substantial stability of Er3@C80PhCl2. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the Er3 cluster within the molecule possesses a rigid triangle structure. The availability of M3@C80 derivatives opens avenues for future investigations into interactions among metal atoms, such as magnetic coupling, within fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Dingyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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2
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Wu Y, Zhou Z, Wang Z. Stability and Electronic Properties of Mixed Rare-Earth Tri-Metallofullerenes YxDy 3-x@C 80 (x = 1 or 2). Molecules 2024; 29:447. [PMID: 38257360 PMCID: PMC11154314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tri-metallofullerenes, specifically M3@C80 where M denotes rare-earth metal elements, are molecules that possess intriguing magnetic properties. Typically, only one metal element is involved in a given tri-metallofullerene molecule. However, mixed tri-metallofullerenes, denoted as M1xM23-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2, M1 and M2 denote different metal elements), have not been previously discovered. The investigation of such mixed tri-metallofullerenes is of interest due to the potential introduction of distinct properties resulting from the interaction between different metal atoms. This paper presents the preparation and theoretical analysis of mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes, specifically YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2). Through chemical oxidation of the arc-discharge produced soot, the formation of tri-metallofullerene cations, namely Y2Dy@C80+ and YDy2@C80+, has been observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have revealed that the tri-metallofullerenes YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2) exhibit a low oxidation potential, significantly lower than other fullerenes such as C60 and C70. This low oxidation potential can be attributed to the relatively high energy level of a singly occupied orbital. Additionally, the oxidized species demonstrate a large HOMO-LUMO gap similar to that of YxDy3-xN@C80, underscoring their high chemical stability. Theoretical investigations have uncovered the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond at the center of Y2DY@C80+ and YDy2@C80+. This unique multi-center bond assists in alleviating the electrostatic repulsion between the metal ions, thereby contributing to the overall stability of the cations. These mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes hold promise as potential candidates for single-molecule magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
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3
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Li W, Qu F, Liu L, Zhang Z, Liang J, Lu Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang C, Wang T. A Metallofullertube of Ce 2 @C 100 with a Carbon Nanotube Segment: Synthesis, Single-Molecule Conductance and Supramolecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116854. [PMID: 35044049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tubular fullerenes can be considered as end-capped carbon nanotubes with accurate structure, which are promising nanocarbon materials for advanced single-molecule electronic devices. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a metallofullertube Ce2 @D5 (450)-C100 , which has a tubular C100 cage with a carbon nanotube segment and two fullerene end-caps. As there are structure correlations between tubular Ce2 @D5 (450)-C100 and spherical Ce2 @Ih -C80 , their structure-property relationship has been compared by means of experimental and theoretical methods. Notably, single-molecule conductance measurement determined that the conductivity of Ce2 @D5 (450)-C100 was up to eight times larger than that of Ce2 @Ih -C80 . Furthermore, supramolecular assembly of Ce2 @D5 (450)-C100 and a [12]CPP nanohoop was investigated, and theoretical calculations revealed that metallofullertube Ce2 @D5 (450)-C100 adopted a "standing" configuration in the cavity of [12]CPP. These results demonstrate the special nature of this kind of metallofullertube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fayu Qu
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Linshan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Jiayi Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Yuxi Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Li W, Qu F, Liu L, Zhang Z, Liang J, Lu Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang C, Wang T. A Metallofullertube of Ce
2
@C
100
with a Carbon Nanotube Segment: Synthesis, Single‐Molecule Conductance and Supramolecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fayu Qu
- School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Linshan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- College of Aeronautics and Astronautics Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- College of Aeronautics and Astronautics Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Jiayi Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- College of Aeronautics and Astronautics Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Yuxi Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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5
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Jiang Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Wang Z. Ln3@C80+ (Ln = lanthanide): a new class of stable metallofullerene cations with multicenter metal-metal bonding in sub-nanometer confined space. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the large number of members in the metallofullerene family, the nitride clusterfullerene M3N@C80 (M = trivalent metal) is a special one with unordinary high stability. It is generally thought...
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6
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Fullerenes C100 and C108: new substructures of higher fullerenes. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Wang S, Chang Q, Zhang G, Li F, Wang X, Yang S, Troyanov SI. Structural Studies of Giant Empty and Endohedral Fullerenes. Front Chem 2020; 8:607712. [PMID: 33344423 PMCID: PMC7744686 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.607712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure elucidations of giant fullerenes composed of 100 or more carbon atoms are severely hampered by their extremely low yield, poor solubility and huge numbers of possible cage isomers. High-temperature exohedral chlorination followed by X-ray single crystal diffraction studies of the chloro derivatives offers a practical solution for structure elucidations of giant fullerenes. Various isomers of giant fullerenes have been determined by this method, specially, non-classical giant fullerenes containing heptagons generated by the skeletal transformations of carbon cages. Alternatively, giant fullerenes can be also stabilized by encapsulating metal atoms or clusters through intramolecular electron transfer from the encapsulated species to the outer fullerene cage. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on synthesis, separation and structural elucidation of giant fullerenes. The isomer structures, chlorination patterns of a series of giant fullerenes C2n (2n = 100-108) and heptagon-containing non-classical fullerenes derived from giant fullerenes are summarized. On the other hand, giant endohedral fullerenes bearing different endohedral species are also discussed. At the end, we propose an outlook on the future development of giant fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fukun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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8
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Abstract
Whether transition metals can be entrapped inside fullerenes has remained unclear for a long time. Here mass spectrometric proof of entrapment of the group VIII transition-metal platinum (Pt) in fullerenes is first reported. Theoretical calculations on the example of La2PtC90 show that La2Pt@C2(99915)-C90 is the most stable isomer. Unlike other reported endohedral metal atoms, the entrapped Pt atom is negatively charged. This work provides valuable clues for the synthesis of some important missing endohedral metallofullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shumei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruxia Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Mu L, Bao X, Yang S, Kong X. Dimetallofullerene M2@C100 or carbide cluster fullerene M2C2@C98 (M = La, Y, and Sc): which ones are more stable? RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00717e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The geometric and thermodynamic stability of the M2C100 (M = La, Y, and Sc) series was systematically investigated using density functional theory calculations on the level of B3LYP/6-31G(d) ∼ Lanl2dz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xiaodi Bao
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Shumei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
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10
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Guan WJ, Zhao P, Li QZ, Nagase S, Ehara M, Zhao X. Sc3N@Cs(39715)–C82: a missing isomer linked to Sc3N@C2v(39718)–C82 by a single step Stone–Wales transformation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory combined with statistical mechanics calculations indicate that Sc3N@C2v(39718)–C82 and Sc3N@Cs(39715)–C82 linked by a single Stone–Wales transformation can be obtained at the fullerene formation temperature region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Guan
- Institute for Chemical Physics and Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Pei Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics and Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Qiao-Zhi Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics and Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | | | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics and Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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11
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Sarina EA, Mercado BQ, Franco JU, Thompson CJ, Easterling ML, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. 2-Aminoethanol Extraction as a Method for Purifying Sc3N@C80 and for Differentiating Classes of Endohedral Fullerenes on the Basis of Reactivity. Chemistry 2015; 21:17035-43. [PMID: 26437717 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extraction with 2-aminoethanol is an inexpensive method for removing empty cage fullerenes from the soluble extract from electric-arc-generated fullerene soot that contains endohedral metallofullerenes of the type Sc3N@C2n (n = 34, 39, 40). Our method of separation exploits the fact that C60, C70, and other larger, empty cage fullerenes are more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than endohedral fullerenes and that these adducts can be readily extracted into 2-aminoethanol. This methodology has also been employed to examine the reactivity of the mixture of soluble endohedral fullerenes that result from doping graphite rods used in the Krätschmer-Huffman electric-arc generator with the oxides of Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd. For example, with Y2O3, we were able to detect by mass spectrometry several new families of endohedral fullerenes, namely Y3C108 to Y3C126, Y3C107 to Y3C125, Y4C128 to Y4C146, that resisted reactivity with 2-aminoethanol more than the empty cage fullerenes and the mono- and dimetallo fullerenes. The discovery of the family Y3C107 to Y3C125 with odd numbers of carbon atoms is remarkable, since fullerene cages must involve even numbers of carbon atoms. The newly discovered families of endohedral fullerenes with the composition M4C2n (M = Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd) are unusually resistant to reaction with 2-aminoethanol. Additionally, the individual endohedrals, Y3C112 and M3C102 (M = Lu, Dy, Tb and Gd), were remarkably less reactive toward 2-aminoethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Sarina
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Jimmy U Franco
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | | | | | - Marilyn M Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Alan L Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA). ,
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12
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Guo YJ, Zheng H, Yang T, Nagase S, Zhao X. Theoretical Insight into the Ambiguous Endohedral Metallofullerene Er3C74: Covalent Interactions among Three Lanthanide Atoms. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8066-76. [PMID: 26230214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All of C74-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are found to be monometallofullerenes with the same D3h(14246)-C74 cage so far. An opening question is whether other C74 cages could survive during the production of some novel C74-EMFs. Theoretically, we studied the trimetallic endohedral fullerene Er3C74, the existence of which had been proven without any further characterizations. Two thermodynamically stable Er3C74 isomers were obtained, both of which could be expressed as Er3@C74, meaning that previously synthesized Er3C74 is indeed an endohedral trierbium fullerene. Besides the isomer with well-known D3h(14246)-C74 cage which obeys isolated pentagon rule (IPR), another one possesses the C1(13771)-C74 cage with two adjacent pentagons. Notably, it is the first time an endohedral metallofullerene containing the C1(13771)-C74 cage has been reported. Frontier orbitals analysis, bonding analysis in terms of quantum theory of atoms-in-molecule (QTAIM) and Mayer bond order, together with two-dimensional maps of electron localization function (ELF) and Laplacian of electron density of Er3@D3h(14246)-C74 and Er3@C1(13771)-C74 show obvious covalent interactions not only between metallic atoms and carbon cage but also among three erbium atoms. Finally, simulated IR spectra of Er3@D3h(14246)-C74 and Er3@C1(13771)-C74 were simulated, which should be useful to distinguish those two isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Yang
- ‡Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- §Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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13
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Astefanei A, Núñez O, Galceran MT. Characterisation and determination of fullerenes: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 882:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Zhao YL, Zhou Q, Lian YF, Yu HT. Molecular structures of Pr@C72 and Pr@C72(C6H3Cl2): a combined experimental–theoretical investigation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17608e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbon-cage structure of the lowest-lying Pr@C72 and its dichlorophenyl-functionalized derivative is C2(10612)-C72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
| | - Yong-fu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
| | - Hai-tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
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15
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16
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Nagase S. Theory and Calculations of Molecules Containing Heavier Main Group Elements and Fullerenes Encaging Transition Metals: Interplay with Experiment. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University
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17
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Yang S, Wang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination of IPR C100 fullerene affords unconventional C96 Cl20 with a nonclassical cage containing three heptagons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2460-3. [PMID: 24474701 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of C100 fullerene with a mixture of VCl4 and SbCl5 afforded C96Cl20 with a strongly unconventional structure. In contrast to the classical fullerenes containing only hexagonal and pentagonal rings, the C96 cage contains three heptagonal rings and, therefore, should be classified as a fullerene with a nonclassical cage (NCC). There are several types of pentagon fusions in the C96 cage including pentagon pairs and pentagon triples. The three-step pathway from isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) C100 to C96(NCC-3hp) includes two C2 losses, which create two cage heptagons, and one Stone-Wales rotation under formation of the third heptagon. Structural reconstruction established C100 isomer no. 18 from 450 topologically possible IPR isomers as the starting C100 fullerene. Until now, no pristine C100 isomers have been confirmed based on the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 (China).
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18
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Yang S, Wang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination of IPR C100Fullerene Affords Unconventional C96Cl20with a Nonclassical Cage Containing Three Heptagons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Cerón MR, Li FF, Echegoyen LA. Endohedral fullerenes: the importance of electronic, size and shape complementarity between the carbon cages and the corresponding encapsulated clusters. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maira R. Cerón
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Luis A. Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso TX 79968 USA
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20
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Suzuki M, Mizorogi N, Yang T, Uhlik F, Slanina Z, Zhao X, Yamada M, Maeda Y, Hasegawa T, Nagase S, Lu X, Akasaka T. La2@Cs(17 490)-C76: A New Non-IPR Dimetallic Metallofullerene Featuring Unexpectedly Weak Metal-Pentalene Interactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:17125-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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22
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Xu W, Feng L, Calvaresi M, Liu J, Liu Y, Niu B, Shi Z, Lian Y, Zerbetto F. An Experimentally Observed Trimetallofullerene Sm3@Ih-C80: Encapsulation of Three Metal Atoms in a Cage without a Nonmetallic Mediator. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4187-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400490u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lai Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin
Films and School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G.
Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin
150080, P. R. China
| | - Zujin Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Lian
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin
150080, P. R. China
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G.
Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Popov AA, Avdoshenko SM, Pendás AM, Dunsch L. Bonding between strongly repulsive metal atoms: an oxymoron made real in a confined space of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8031-50. [PMID: 22774003 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are able to encapsulate up to four metal atoms. In EMFs, metal atoms are positively charged because of the electron transfer from the endohedral metal atoms to the carbon cage. It results in the strong Coulomb repulsion between the positively charged ions trapped in the confined inner space of the fullerene. At the same time, in many EMFs, such as Lu(2)@C(76), Y(2)@C(79)N, M(2)@C(82) (M = Sc, Y, Lu, etc.), Y(3)@C(80), or Sc(4)O(2)@C(80), metals do not adopt their highest oxidation states, thus yielding a possibility of the covalent metal-metal bonding. In some other EMFs (e.g., La(2)@C(80)), metal-metal bonding evolves as the result of the electrochemical or chemical reduction, which leads to the population of the metal-based LUMO with pronounced metal-metal bonding character. This article highlights different aspects of the metal-metal bonding in EMFs. It is concluded that the valence state of the metal atoms in dimetallofullerenes is not dependent on their third ionization potential, but is determined by their ns(2)(n- 1)d(1)→ns(1)(n- 1)d(2) excitation energies. Peculiarities of the metal-metal bonding in EMFs are described in terms of molecular orbital analysis as well as topological approaches such as Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules and Electron Localization Function. Interplay of Coulomb repulsion and covalent bonding is analyzed in the framework of the Interacting Quantum Atom approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Alegret N, Mulet-Gas M, Aparicio-Anglès X, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM. Electronic structure of IPR and non-IPR endohedral metallofullerenes: Connecting orbital and topological rules. CR CHIM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Zhao X, Gao WY, Yang T, Zheng JJ, Li LS, He L, Cao RJ, Nagase S. Violating the Isolated Pentagon Rule (IPR): Endohedral Non-IPR C98 Cages of Gd2@C98. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2039-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wei-Yin Gao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Le-Sheng Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ling He
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Rui-Jun Cao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
and Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Department of Theoretical and
Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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26
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Wang DL, Xu HL, Su ZM, Xin G. Endohedral metallofullerene Sc3NC@C84: a theoretical prediction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15099-105. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42669b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Beavers CM, Jin H, Yang H, Wang Z, Wang X, Ge H, Liu Z, Mercado BQ, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Very large, soluble endohedral fullerenes in the series La2C90 to La2C138: isolation and crystallographic characterization of La2@D5(450)-C100. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15338-41. [PMID: 21863855 DOI: 10.1021/ja207090e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An extensive series of soluble dilanthanum endohedral fullerenes that extends from La(2)C(90) to La(2)C(138) has been discovered. The most abundant of these, the nanotubular La(2)@D(5)(450)-C(100), has been isolated in pure form and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Beavers
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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28
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Fu W, Zhang J, Champion H, Fuhrer T, Azuremendi H, Zuo T, Zhang J, Harich K, Dorn HC. Electronic properties and 13C NMR structural study of Y3N@C88. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:4256-9. [PMID: 21506556 DOI: 10.1021/ic101772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis, purification, (13)C NMR, and other characterization studies of Y(3)N@C(88). The (13)C NMR, UV-vis, and chromatographic data suggest an Y(3)N@C(88) having an IPR-allowed cage with D(2)(35)-C(88) symmetry. In earlier density functional theory (DFT) computational and X-ray crystallographic studies, it was reported that lanthanide (A(3)N)(6+) clusters are stabilized in D(2)(35)-C(88) symmetry cages and have reduced HOMO-LUMO gaps relative to other trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerene cage systems, for example, A(3)N@C(80). In this paper, we report that the nonlanthanide (Y(3)N)(6+) cluster in the D(2)(35)-C(88) cage exhibits a HOMO-LUMO gap consistent with other lanthanide A(3)N@C(88) molecules based on electrochemical measurements and DFT computational studies. These results suggest that the reduced HOMO-LUMO gap of A(3)N@C(88) systems is a property dominated by the D(2)(35)-C(88) carbon cage and not f-orbital lanthanide electronic metal cluster (A(3)N)(6+) orbital participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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29
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Dodziuk H. Endohedral Fullerene Complexes and In-Out Isomerism in Perhydrogenated Fullerenes. THE MATHEMATICS AND TOPOLOGY OF FULLERENES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0221-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Rodríguez-Fortea A, Alegret N, Balch AL, Poblet JM. The maximum pentagon separation rule provides a guideline for the structures of endohedral metallofullerenes. Nat Chem 2010; 2:955-61. [PMID: 20966952 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes tend to follow the isolated pentagon rule, which requires that each of the 12 pentagons is surrounded only by hexagons. Over the past decade many violations to this rule were reported for endohedral fullerenes. Based on the ionic model M(3)N(6+)@C(2n)(6-) and the orbital energies of the isolated cages, in 2005 we formulated a molecular orbital rule to identify the most suitable hosting cages in endohedral metallofullerenes. Now, we give physical support to the orbital rule, and we propose the maximum pentagon separation rule, which can be applied to either isolated pentagon rule cages or to non-isolated pentagon rule cages with the same number of adjacent pentagon pairs. The maximum pentagon separation rule can be formulated as 'The electron transfer from the internal cluster to the fullerene host preferentially adds electrons to the pentagons; therefore, the most suitable carbon cages are those with the largest separations among the 12 pentagons'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007-Tarragona, Spain
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31
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Popov AA, Zhang L, Dunsch L. A pseudoatom in a cage: trimetallofullerene Y(3)@C(80) mimics y(3)n@c(80) with nitrogen substituted by a pseudoatom. ACS NANO 2010; 4:795-802. [PMID: 20073501 DOI: 10.1021/nn901422z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Y(3)C(80) obtained in the synthesis of nitride clusterfullerenes Y(3)N@C(2n) (2n = 80-88) by the reactive atmosphere method is found to be a genuine trimetallofullerene, Y(3)@C(80), with low ionization potential and divalent state of yttrium atoms. DFT studies of the electronic structure of Y(3)@C(80) show that this molecule mimics Y(3)N@C(80) with the pseudoatom (PA) instead of the nitrogen atom. Topology analysis of the electron density and electron localization function show that yttrium atoms form Y-PA bonds rather than direct Y-Y bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the Y(3)PA cluster is as rigid as Y(3)N and rotates inside the fullerene cage as a single entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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32
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Valencia R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Clotet A, de Graaf C, Chaur MN, Echegoyen L, Poblet JM. Electronic structure and redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes M(3)N@C(2n) (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, 96). Chemistry 2009; 15:10997-1009. [PMID: 19760713 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An extensive study of the redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes (MNEFs) based on DFT computational calculations has been performed. The electronic structure of the singly oxidized and reduced MNEFs has been thoroughly analyzed and the first anodic and cathodic potentials, as well as the electrochemical gaps, have been predicted for a large number of M(3)N@C(2n) systems (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, and 96). In particular, calculations that include thermal and entropic effects correctly predict the different anodic behavior of the two isomers (I(h) and D(5h)) of Sc(3)N@C(80), which is the basis for their electrochemical separation. Important differences were found in the electronic structure of reduced M(3)N@C(80) when M=Sc or when M is a more electropositive metal, such as Y or Gd. Moreover, the changes in the electrochemical gaps within the Gd(3)N@C(2n) series (2n=80, 84, and 88) have been rationalized and the use of Y-based computational models to study the Gd-based systems has been justified. The redox properties of the largest MNEFs characterized so far, La(3)N@C(2n) (2n=92 and 96), were also correctly predicted. Finally, the quality of these predictions and their usefulness in distinguishing the carbon cages for MNEFs with unknown structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Valencia
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili c/Marcellí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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33
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Rapta P, Popov AA, Yang S, Dunsch L. Charged States of Sc3N@C68: An In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Study of the Radical Cation and Radical Anion of a Non-IPR Fullerene. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5858-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rapta
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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34
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Yang S, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Large mixed metal nitride clusters encapsulated in a small cage: the confinement of the C68-based clusterfullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2885-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b803200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Metal carbide compound containing highly charged C2(q-) (q = 5, 6) moiety is rather scarce. We show by means of density functional calculations that an unprecedented mu4-C2(6-) anion can viably exist as an endohedral [Sc4C2]6+ cluster in the endofullerene Sc4C2@C80. The electronic structure, ionization energy, electron affinity, 13C NMR chemical shifts, vibrational frequencies, and electrochemical redox potentials of this unique endofullerene have been predicted to assist future experimental characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface & Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Departmental of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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36
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Valencia R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM. Large fullerenes stabilized by encapsulation of metallic clusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4161-3. [PMID: 17925962 DOI: 10.1039/b709548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structures are proposed for six endohedral metallofullerenes with large carbon cages (from C(92) to C(100)) on the basis of sizeable (LUMO-4)-(LUMO-3) gap and the formal transfer of six electrons to the cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Valencia
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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37
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Dunsch L, Yang S. Metal nitride cluster fullerenes: their current state and future prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1298-320. [PMID: 17657757 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The world of endohedral fullerenes was significantly enlarged over the past seven years by the cluster fullerenes, which contain structures such as the M(2)C(2) carbides and the M(3)N nitrides. While the carbide clusters are generated under the standard arc-burning conditions according to stabilization conditions, the nitride cluster fullerenes (NCFs) are formed by varying the composition of the cooling gas atmosphere in the arc-burning process. The special conditions for NCF synthesis is described in detail and the optimum conditions for the production of NCFs as the main product in fullerene syntheses are given. A general review of all NCFs reported to date consists of the structures, properties, and stability of the NCFs as well as the abundance of the NCFs in the fullerene soot. It is shown that all cages with even carbon atoms from C(68) to C(98) are available as endohedral nitride cluster structures (with the exception of C(72), C(74), and C(76)). Specifically, the NCFs form the largest number of structures that violate the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). Finally some practical applications of these cluster fullerenes are illustrated and an outlook is given, taking the superior stability of these endohedral fullerenes into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Dunsch
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
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38
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Yang S, Kalbac M, Popov A, Dunsch L. Gadolinium-based mixed-metal nitride clusterfullerenes Gd(x)Sc(3-x)N@C80 (x=1, 2). Chemphyschem 2007; 7:1990-5. [PMID: 16892465 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first gadolinium-based mixed-metal nitride clusterfullerenes Gd(x)Sc(3-x)N@C(80) (I) (1, x=2; 2, x=1) have been successfully synthesized by the reactive gas atmosphere method and isolated facilely by recycling high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sum yield of 1 and 2 is 30-40 times higher than that of Gd(3)N@C(80) (I). Moreover, an enhanced relative yield of 2 over the Sc(3)N@C(80) (I) is achieved under the optimized synthesis conditions. According to the UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopic characterization, 1 and 2 are both stable fullerenes with large optical band-gaps while 1 has higher similarity to Gd(3)N@C(80) (I) and 2 resembles Sc(3)N@C(80) (I). The vibrational structures of 1 and 2 are studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as density functional theory (DFT) computations. In particular, the structures of the encaged Gd(x)Sc(3-x)N clusters within 1 and 2 are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden 01171 Dresden, Germany.
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39
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Yang S, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Violating the isolated pentagon rule (IPR): the endohedral non-IPR C70 cage of Sc3N@C70. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1256-9. [PMID: 17211915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
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40
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Yang S, Popov A, Dunsch L. Die Verletzung der Regel isolierter Fünfringe (IPR): der endohedrale Nicht-IPR-Käfig von C70 in Sc3N@C70. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Yang S, Rapta P, Dunsch L. The spin state of a charged non-IPR fullerene: the stable radical cation of Sc3N@C68. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:189-91. [PMID: 17180242 DOI: 10.1039/b610550e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-situ ESR/UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry was implemented to probe the spin state of the radical cation of a non-IPR cluster-fullerene Sc(3)N@C(68), which represents the first study on the stable paramagnetic cation of an endohedral fullerene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, D-01171, Dresden, Germany.
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42
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Yang S, Kalbac M, Popov A, Dunsch L. A Facile Route to the Non-IPR Fullerene Sc3N@C68: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Density Functional Theory Computations (IPR=Isolated Pentagon Rule). Chemistry 2006; 12:7856-63. [PMID: 16933246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the unique feature of the non-IPR D3 (isomer 6140) C68 cage (IPR=isolated pentagon rule), Sc3N@C68 has been attracting great interest in the fullerene community. Herein we report the first high-yield synthesis of Sc3N@C68 by the "reactive gas atmosphere" method and its facile isolation by single-step HPLC to a high purity (>or=99 %). Thus, Sc3N@C68 is isolated in sufficient quantities for its further spectroscopic characterization, while the high purity of the sample ensures the reliability of the spectroscopic data obtained. In particular, the electronic and vibrational structures of Sc3N@C68 were studied in detail experimentally and by theoretical computations. The assignment of the observed absorption bands to particular electronic transitions is given in detail on the basis of time-dependent DFT computations. Vibrational spectroscopy of Sc3N@C68 reveals good agreement between the measured spectra and the theoretically calculated spectra. A detailed assignment of the vibrational modes, including the Sc3N cluster modes, cage modes, and vibrations of the adjacent pentagons are discussed. This study reveals that the effect of Sc3N encapsulation in the cage is much more complicated than just a formal transfer of six electrons. Consequently the electronic and vibrational spectra of the carbon cage in Sc3N@C68 cannot be adequately understood on the basis of a C68 (6-) cage alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, 01171 Dresden, Germany
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