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Wu Y, Zhou Z, Wang Z. Stability and Electronic Properties of Mixed Rare-Earth Tri- Metallofullerenes YxDy 3-x@C 80 (x = 1 or 2). Molecules 2024; 29:447. [PMID: 38257360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tri-metallofullerenes, specifically M3@C80 where M denotes rare-earth metal elements, are molecules that possess intriguing magnetic properties. Typically, only one metal element is involved in a given tri-metallofullerene molecule. However, mixed tri-metallofullerenes, denoted as M1xM23-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2, M1 and M2 denote different metal elements), have not been previously discovered. The investigation of such mixed tri-metallofullerenes is of interest due to the potential introduction of distinct properties resulting from the interaction between different metal atoms. This paper presents the preparation and theoretical analysis of mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes, specifically YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2). Through chemical oxidation of the arc-discharge produced soot, the formation of tri-metallofullerene cations, namely Y2Dy@C80+ and YDy2@C80+, has been observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have revealed that the tri-metallofullerenes YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2) exhibit a low oxidation potential, significantly lower than other fullerenes such as C60 and C70. This low oxidation potential can be attributed to the relatively high energy level of a singly occupied orbital. Additionally, the oxidized species demonstrate a large HOMO-LUMO gap similar to that of YxDy3-xN@C80, underscoring their high chemical stability. Theoretical investigations have uncovered the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond at the center of Y2DY@C80+ and YDy2@C80+. This unique multi-center bond assists in alleviating the electrostatic repulsion between the metal ions, thereby contributing to the overall stability of the cations. These mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes hold promise as potential candidates for single-molecule magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Proskurnina EV, Mikheev IV, Savinova EA, Ershova ES, Veiko NN, Kameneva LV, Dolgikh OA, Rodionov IV, Proskurnin MA, Kostyuk SV. Effects of Aqueous Dispersions of C 60, C 70, and Gd@C 82 Fullerenes on DNA Oxidative Damage/Repair and Apoptosis in Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblasts. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1391-1401. [PMID: 36821424 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes and metallofullerenes play an active role in homeostasis of reactive oxygen species and may cause oxidative damage to cells. As pristine fullerenes are a basis for derivatization, studying oxidative DNA damage/repair and apoptosis is important in terms of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity for their biomedical application. Aqueous dispersions of C60, C70, and Gd@C82 (5 nM and 1.5 μM) were cultured with human fetal lung fibroblasts for 1, 3, 24, and 72 h. Oxidative DNA damage/repair was assessed through concentration of 8-oxodG, double-strand breaks, and activation of BRCA1. Activity of apoptosis was assessed through the BCL2/BAX ratio. All three fullerenes caused oxidative modification of DNA at the early stages; C60 caused the most long-term damage, Gd@C82 caused the most short-term damage, and C70 caused "wave-like" dynamics. The dynamics of DNA repair correlated with the dynamics of oxidative damage, but Gd@C82 caused more prolonged activation of the repair system than C60 or C70. The oxidative toxicity of Gd@C82, is minor and the oxidative toxicity of C60 is mild and short-term, in contrast to C70. In relation to the studied effects, the fullerenes can be arranged in a safety row of Gd@C82 > C60 > C70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Proskurnina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Ivan V Mikheev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Savinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Ershova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Natalia N Veiko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Larisa V Kameneva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Olga A Dolgikh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Ivan V Rodionov
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Proskurnin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Kostyuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, Moscow 115522, Russia
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Paschke F, Birk T, Avdoshenko SM, Liu F, Popov AA, Fonin M. Imaging the Single-Electron Ln-Ln Bonding Orbital in a Dimetallofullerene Molecular Magnet. Small 2022; 18:e2105667. [PMID: 34862728 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemically robust single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with sufficiently high blocking temperatures TB are among the key building blocks for the realization of molecular spintronic or quantum computing devices. Such device applications require access to the magnetic system of a SMM molecule by means of electronic transport, which primarily depends on the interaction of magnetic orbitals with the electronic states of the metallic electrodes. Scanning tunneling microscopy in combination with ab initio calculations allows to directly address the unoccupied component of the single-electron molecular orbital that mediates the ferromagnetic exchange coupling between two 4f ions within a lanthanide endohedral dimetallofullerene deposited on a graphene surface. The single-electron metal-metal bond provides a direct access to the molecule's magnetic system in the transport experiments, paving the way for investigation and controlled manipulation of the spin system of individual dimetallofullerene SMMs, essential for molecular spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Paschke
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Birk
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Institute for Solid State Research, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Institute for Solid State Research, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Institute for Solid State Research, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mikhail Fonin
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Tanase T, Nakamae K, Kitagawa Y, Nakajima T. Octapalladium Strings Trap C 60 and C 70 Fullerenes Affording Metal-Chain-Wired Bucky Balls. Chemistry 2021; 27:12953-12958. [PMID: 34357654 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of Pd8 strings supported by meso-Ph2 PCH2 P(Ph)CH2 P(Ph)CH2 PPh2 (meso-dpmppm) ligands, [Pd8 (meso-dpmppm)4 (L)2 ]4+ (L=CH3 CN (1), XylNC (2)) with C60 resulted in the exclusive formation of unprecedented metal-chain-wired C60 bucky balls, [{Pd4 (meso-dpmppm)2 (L)}2 (C60 )]4+ (L=CH3 CN (11), XylNC (12)), in which a C60 fullerene is trapped in the central Pd-Pd junction, as unambiguously established by spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, and theoretical techniques. The similar reaction of Pd8 strings supported by rac-dpmppm, [Pd8 (rac-dpmppm)4 (CH3 CN)2 ]4+ (3) also afforded a racemic mixture of [{Pd4 ((R*,R*)-dpmppm)2 (CH3 CN)}2 (C60 )]4+ (13) without scrambling the Pd4 fragments with (R,R)- and (S,S)-dpmppm ligands. Consequently, those of enantiopure chiral Pd8 strings, [Pd8 ((R*,R*)-dpmppm)4 (CH3 CN)2 ]4+ , certainly afforded chiral bucky balls of [{Pd4 ((R*,R*)-dpmppm)2 (CH3 CN)}2 (C60 )]4+ (13RR and 13SS ), that exhibit mirror-image circular dichroism spectra. The reactions of 1 and 2 were also applied for trapping a C70 fullerene to give 2 : 1 adducts of [{Pd4 (meso-dpmppm)2 (L)}2 (C70 )]4+ (L=CH3 CN (21), XylNC (22)). These results provide useful information for creating a platform to develop dimensionally and chirality controlled metal-carbon nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Tanase
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakamae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University Kitauoya-nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
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Proskurnina EV, Mikheev IV, Savinova EA, Ershova ES, Veiko NN, Kameneva LV, Dolgikh OA, Rodionov IV, Proskurnin MA, Kostyuk SV. Effects of Aqueous Dispersions of C 60, C 70 and Gd@C 82 Fullerenes on Genes Involved in Oxidative Stress and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116130. [PMID: 34200169 PMCID: PMC8201376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fullerenes and metallofullerenes can be considered promising nanopharmaceuticals themselves and as a basis for chemical modification. As reactive oxygen species homeostasis plays a vital role in cells, the study of their effect on genes involved in oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory responses are of particular importance. Methods: Human fetal lung fibroblasts were incubated with aqueous dispersions of C60, C70, and Gd@C82 in concentrations of 5 nM and 1.5 µM for 1, 3, 24, and 72 h. Cell viability, intracellular ROS, NOX4, NFκB, PRAR-γ, NRF2, heme oxygenase 1, and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 expression have been studied. Results & conclusion: The aqueous dispersions of C60, C70, and Gd@C82 fullerenes are active participants in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Low and high concentrations of aqueous fullerene dispersions (AFD) have similar effects. C70 was the most inert substance, C60 was the most active substance. All AFDs have both “prooxidant” and “antioxidant” effects but with a different balance. Gd@C82 was a substance with more pronounced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while C70 had more pronounced “prooxidant” properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Proskurnina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.E.); (N.N.V.); (L.V.K.); (O.A.D.); (S.V.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan V. Mikheev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Savinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.E.); (N.N.V.); (L.V.K.); (O.A.D.); (S.V.K.)
| | - Elizaveta S. Ershova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.E.); (N.N.V.); (L.V.K.); (O.A.D.); (S.V.K.)
- Department of Normal Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 11-5 Mokhovaya St, 125007 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia N. Veiko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.E.); (N.N.V.); (L.V.K.); (O.A.D.); (S.V.K.)
| | - Larisa V. Kameneva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.E.); (N.N.V.); (L.V.K.); (O.A.D.); (S.V.K.)
| | - Olga A. Dolgikh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.E.); (N.N.V.); (L.V.K.); (O.A.D.); (S.V.K.)
| | - Ivan V. Rodionov
- Department of Normal Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 11-5 Mokhovaya St, 125007 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Svetlana V. Kostyuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.E.); (N.N.V.); (L.V.K.); (O.A.D.); (S.V.K.)
- Department of Normal Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 11-5 Mokhovaya St, 125007 Moscow, Russia;
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Bao H, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang Z. Redox Modulation of the Reactivity and Regioselectivity in Diels-Alder Reaction of Metallofullerene La@C 82 with Cyclopentadiene. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:80-86. [PMID: 33217157 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the reactivity of metallofullerenes is critical for production of metallofullerene derivatives with desired properties and functionalities. In this study, we investigate the effects of reduction and oxidation on the reactivity and regioselectivity in Diels-Alder reaction of metallofullerene La@C82 by means of density functional theory calculations. Because of the enhanced electron-deficiency characteristic upon oxidation, the oxidized metallofullerene exhibits higher thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity as compared with neutral La@C82 . The regioselectivity in the reaction of La@C82 with cylcopentadiene is remarkably changed after oxidation of the metallofullerene, which is explained in terms of the changes in the geometrical structure and the electronic structure of the metallofullerene. Quantitative analysis based on the activation-strain model demonstrates that the low activation energy barrier for the reaction of the cation La@C82 + with cyclopentadiene originates from small strain energy and large interaction energy between the reactants. Energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the reactions reveals that the exchange-repulsion interaction energy is one of the critical factors that determine the kinetic reactivity of the metallofullerene. This study not only provides new theoretical insights on how to modulate the reactivity of metallofullerenes, but also offers guideline for future experimental synthesis of new metallofullerene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanling Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yabei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
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Wang T, Wang C. Functional Metallofullerene Materials and Their Applications in Nanomedicine, Magnetics, and Electronics. Small 2019; 15:e1901522. [PMID: 31131986 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes exhibit combined properties from carbon cages as well as internal metal moieties and have great potential in a wide range of applications as molecule materials. Along with the breakthrough of mass production of metallofullerenes, their applied research has been greatly developed with more and more new functions and practical applications. For gadolinium metallofullerenes, their water-soluble derivatives have been demonstrated with antitumor activity and unprecedented tumor vascular-targeting therapy. Metallofullerene water-soluble derivatives also can be applied to treat reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced diseases due to their high antioxidative activity. For magnetic metallofullerenes, the internal electron spin and metal species bring about spin sensitivity, molecular magnets, and spin quantum qubits, which have many promising applications. Metallofullerenes are significant candidates for fabricating useful electronic devices because of their various electronic structures. This Review provides a summary of the metallofullerene studies reported recently, in the fields of tumor inhibition, tumor vascular-targeting therapies, antioxidative activity, spin probes, single-molecule magnets, spin qubits, and electronic devices. This is not an exhaustive summary and there are many other important study results regarding metallofullerenes. All of this research has revealed the irreplaceable role of metallofullerene materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
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Sinha S, Sheng Y, Griffiths I, Young NP, Zhou S, Kirkland AI, Porfyrakis K, Warner JH. In Situ Atomic-Level Studies of Gd Atom Release and Migration on Graphene from a Metallofullerene Precursor. ACS Nano 2018; 12:10439-10451. [PMID: 30256088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We show how gadolinium (Gd)-based metallofullerene (Gd3N@C80) molecules can be used to create single adatoms and nanoclusters on a graphene surface. An in situ heating holder within an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is used to track the adhesion of endohedral metallofullerenes (MFs) to the surface of graphene, followed by Gd metal ejection and diffusion across the surface. Heating to 900 °C is used to promote adatom migration and metal nanocluster formation, enabling direct imaging of the assembly of nanoclusters of Gd. We show that hydrogen can be used to reduce the temperature of MF fragmentation and metal ejection, enabling Gd nanocluster formation on graphene surfaces at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The process of MF fragmentation and metal ejection is captured in situ and reveals that after metal release, the C80 cage opens further and fuses with the surface monolayer carbon glass on graphene, creating a highly stable carbon layer for further Gd adatom adhesion. Small voids and defects (∼1 nm) in the surface carbon glass act as trapping sites for Gd atoms, leading to atomic self-assembly of 2D monolayer Gd clusters. These results show that MFs can adhere to graphene surfaces at temperatures well above their bulk sublimation point, indicating that the surface bound MFs have strong adhesion to dangling bonds on graphene surfaces. The ability to create dispersed single Gd adatoms and Gd nanoclusters on graphene may have impact in spintronics and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sinha
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Ian Griffiths
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Young
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center , Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
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Nakagawa A, Aoyagi S, Omachi H, Ishino K, Nishino M, Rio J, Ewels C, Shinohara H. Isolation and structure determination of missing fullerenes Gd@C 74(CF 3) n through in situ trifluoromethylation. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:181015. [PMID: 30839731 PMCID: PMC6170568 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Our trifluoromethyl functionalization method enables the dissolution and isolation of missing metallofullerenes of Gd@C74(CF3) n . After multi-stage high-performance liquid chromatography purification, Gd@C74(CF3)3 and two regioisomers of Gd@C74(CF3) are isolated. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that all of the isolated metallofullerenes react with CF3 groups on pentagons of the D 3 h-symmetry C74 cages. Highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps of these trifluoromethylated derivatives, estimated by absorption spectra, are in the range 0.71-1.06 eV, consistent with density functional calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Omachi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Katsuma Ishino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Makiko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jeremy Rio
- Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6502, 2 Rue de la Houssiniere, BP32229, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Chris Ewels
- Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6502, 2 Rue de la Houssiniere, BP32229, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Ewels C, Rio J, Niwa H, Omachi H, Shinohara H, Rayson M, Briddon P. Determining addition pathways and stable isomers for CF 3 functionalization of endohedral Gd@C 60. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180588. [PMID: 30839750 PMCID: PMC6170591 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using density functional theory approaches, we follow the sequential addition of CF3 functional groups to the surface of the metallic endofullerene species Gd@C60. The presence of gadolinium in the interior of the cage strongly influences the addition sequence. The calculations are able to successfully identify end points in the addition sequence at Gd@C60(CF3) n , n = 3 and two isomers at n = 5, in predictive agreement with experiment. Inverting the algorithm to determine the most labile groups also identifies the correct positively charged Gd@ C 60 ( C F 3 ) 4 + isomer, as confirmed by experimental mass spectra. The importance of surface mobility, notably at later stage addition, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ewels
- Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6502, 2 Rue de la Houssiniere, BP32229, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Jeremy Rio
- Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6502, 2 Rue de la Houssiniere, BP32229, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Hiroyuki Niwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruka Omachi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya City University, Chikusa 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mark Rayson
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Patrick Briddon
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Xu D, Wang Z, Shinohara H. Capturing the Unconventional Metallofullerene M@C 66 by Trifluoromethylation: A Theoretical Study. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3007-3011. [PMID: 28834147 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The endohedral metallofullerenes M@C66 (M=rare-earth metal) have a unique structure that violates the well-known "isolated pentagon rule" of fullerene science. Although the synthesis of M@C66 has been achieved by using the arc discharge method, the solvent extraction and purification of M@C66 remain challenges because of their radical character and extremely high reactivity. In this paper, the possibility of capturing these missing metallofullerenes by exohedral functionalization of the C66 cage is demonstrated theoretically. Stable trifluoromethylated derivatives of Y@C66 are revealed by density functional theory calculations. Mono- or poly-trifluoromethylation of Y@C66 results in a closed-shell electronic configuration and a large band gap. Thus Y@C66 can be greatly stabilized through trifluoromethylation. The trifluoromethyl group prefers to be attached to the fused pentagon region to relieve local steric strain. The mechanism of isomerization of Y@C66 (CF3 )3 is also investigated and it is found that the attached trifluoromethyl group can migrate from a carbon atom to another via a transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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12
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Slanina Z, Uhlík F, Nagase S, Akasaka T, Adamowicz L, Lu X. Eu@C 72: Computed Comparable Populations of Two Non-IPR Isomers. Molecules 2017; 22:E1053. [PMID: 28672819 PMCID: PMC6152253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative concentrations of six isomeric Eu@C 72 -one based on the IPR C 72 cage (i.e., obeying the isolated-pentagon rule, IPR), two cages with a pentagon-pentagon junction (symmetries C 2 and C 2 v ), a cage with one heptagon, a cage with two heptagons, and a cage with two pentagon-pentagon fusions-are DFT computed using the Gibbs energy in a broad temperature interval. It is shown that the two non-IPR isomers with one pentagon-pentagon junction prevail at any relevant temperature and exhibit comparable populations. The IPR-satisfying structure is disfavored by both energy and entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Slanina
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Filip Uhlík
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ludwik Adamowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Abstract
The carbonaceous nanomaterials known as metallofullerenes have attracted considerable attention due to their attractive properties. The robust nature of the "Trojan Horse" fullerene cage provides an important structural component, which isolates the metal cluster from the bioenvironment. The large carbon surface area is ideally suited for multiple exo-functionalization approaches to modify the hydrophobic cage for a more hydrophilic bioenvironment. Additionally, peptides and other agents are readily covalently attached to this nanoprobe for targeting applications. The recent progress in developing metallofullerenes for next-generation biomedical applications is described. Of special interest are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Several recent studies reported cumulative gadolinium deposition in the brain and bones of individuals using commercial clinical MRI contrast agents. Gadolinium-based metallofullerenes provide 2-3 orders of magnitude improvement in MRI relaxivity and potentially lower clinical levels of toxic Gd3+ ions deposited. Other potential biomedical applications are also reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, United States
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14
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Abstract
Several days after the first experimental observation of the 'magic number' soccerball-shaped C60 in a laser-vaporized cluster beam mass spectrum by Kroto and co-workers (Heath et al 1985 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 7779-7780. (doi:10.1021/ja00311a102)) they also found a magic number feature owing to La@C60 in a mass spectrum prepared by laser vaporization of a LaCl3-impregnated graphite rod. With the advent of macroscopic synthesis and the following successful separation and purification of metallofullerenes, both experimental and theoretical studies of metallofullerenes have developed quite rapidly to date so as to elucidate their structural, electronic, magnetic and transport properties. Furthermore, a bottom-up closed network growth mechanism has experimentally been shown to play a crucial role in generating various types of metallofullerenes.This article is part of the themed issue 'Fullerenes: past, present and future, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Buckminster Fullerene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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15
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Fuhrer TJ, Lambert AM. Isolated pentagon rule violating endohedral metallofullerenes explained using the Hückel rule: a statistical mechanical study of the C84 Isomeric Set. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:146-50. [PMID: 25367443 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes and their structure and stability have been a major topic of discussion and research since their discovery nearly 30 years ago. The isolated pentagon rule (IPR) has long served as a guideline for predicting the most stable fullerene cages. More recently, endohedral metallofullerenes have been discovered that violate the IPR. This article presents a systematic, temperature dependent, statistical thermodynamic study of the 24 possible IPR isomers of C84 as well as two of the experimentally known non-IPR isomers (51365 and 51383), at several different charges (0, -2, -4, and -6). From the results of this study, we conclude that the Hückel rule is a valid simpler explanation for the stability of fused pentagons in endohedral metallofullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Fuhrer
- Department of Chemistry, Radford University, Box 6949, Radford, Virginia, 24142
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Dellinger A, Olson J, Link K, Vance S, Sandros MG, Yang J, Zhou Z, Kepley CL. Functionalization of gadolinium metallofullerenes for detecting atherosclerotic plaque lesions by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:7. [PMID: 23324435 PMCID: PMC3562260 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hallmark of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of plaque in vessel walls. This process is initiated when monocytic cells differentiate into macrophage foam cells under conditions with high levels of atherogenic lipoproteins. Vulnerable plaque can dislodge, enter the blood stream, and result in acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Imaging techniques such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides one strategy to identify patients with plaque accumulation. METHODS We synthesized an atherosclerotic-targeting contrast agent (ATCA) in which gadolinium (Gd)-containing endohedrals were functionalized and formulated into liposomes with CD36 ligands intercalated into the lipid bilayer. In vitro assays were used to assess the specificity of the ATCA for foam cells. The ability of ATCA to detect atherosclerotic plaque lesions in vivo was assessed using CMR. RESULTS The ATCA was able to detect scavenger receptor (CD36)-expressing foam cells in vitro and were specifically internalized via the CD36 receptor as determined by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and Western blotting analysis of CD36 receptor-specific signaling pathways. The ATCA exhibited time-dependent accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque lesions of ApoE -/- mice as determined using CMR. No ATCA accumulation was observed in vessels of wild type (C57/b6) controls. Non-targeted control compounds, without the plaque-targeting moieties, were not taken up by foam cells in vitro and did not bind plaque in vivo. Importantly, the ATCA injection was well tolerated, did not demonstrate toxicity in vitro or in vivo, and no accumulation was observed in the major organs. CONCLUSIONS The ATCA is specifically internalized by CD36 receptors on atherosclerotic plaque providing enhanced visualization of lesions under physiological conditions. These ATCA may provide new tools for physicians to non-invasively detect atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dellinger
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Luna nanoWorks Division, 521 Bridge St, Danville, VA, 24541, USA
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - John Olson
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kerry Link
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Stephen Vance
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Marinella G Sandros
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Jijin Yang
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, One Zeiss Drive, Thornwood, NY, 10594, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Luna nanoWorks Division, 521 Bridge St, Danville, VA, 24541, USA
| | - Christopher L Kepley
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
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Slanina Z, Uhlík F, Lee SL, Adamowicz L, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Stability computations for isomers of La@C(n) (n = 72, 74, 76). Molecules 2012; 17:13146-56. [PMID: 23128092 PMCID: PMC6268938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Density-functional theory calculations are presented for low-energy La@C₇₂, La@C₇₄ and La@C₇₆ isomers with IPR (isolated pentagon rule) and non-IPR cages. The relative isomeric production yields at high temperatures are evaluated using the calculated terms, and the relationships to observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Slanina
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Filip Uhlík
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Shyi-Long Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62117, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Ludwik Adamowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan; E-Mail:
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Braun K, Dunsch L, Pipkorn R, Bock M, Baeuerle T, Yang S, Waldeck W, Wiessler M. Gain of a 500-fold sensitivity on an intravital MR contrast agent based on an endohedral gadolinium-cluster-fullerene-conjugate: a new chance in cancer diagnostics. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:136-46. [PMID: 20567614 PMCID: PMC2880842 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the applications of fullerene technology in health sciences the expanding field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of molecular processes is most challenging. Here we present the synthesis and application of a Gd(x)Sc(3-x)N@C(80)-BioShuttle-conjugate referred to as Gd-cluster@-BioShuttle, which features high proton relaxation and, in comparison to the commonly used contrast agents, high signal enhancement at very low Gd concentrations. This modularly designed contrast agent represents a new tool for improved monitoring and evaluation of interventions at the gene transcription level. Also, a widespread monitoring to track individual cells is possible, as well as sensing of microenvironments. Furthermore, BioShuttle can also deliver constructs for transfection or active pharmaceutical ingredients, and scaffolding for incorporation with the host's body. Using the Gd-cluster@-BioShuttle as MRI contrast agent allows an improved evaluation of radio- or chemotherapy treated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Braun
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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