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Guo HM, Tanaka F. A fluorogenic aldehyde bearing a 1,2,3-triazole moiety for monitoring the progress of aldol reactions. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2417-24. [PMID: 19222210 PMCID: PMC2663967 DOI: 10.1021/jo900013w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new type of fluorogenic aldehyde bearing a 1,2,3-triazole moiety that is useful for monitoring the progress of aldol reactions through an increase in fluorescence. Whereas 6-methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde was highly fluorescent, the fluorogenic aldehyde, 4-formylbenzene connected to the 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group through a 1,2,3-triazole moiety, was essentially nonfluorescent in aqueous solutions. We suggest that the 4-formylphenyl group acts as a quencher to suppress the fluorescence of the 6-methoxy-2-naphthyltriazole moiety. The product of the aldol reaction of this aldehyde does not have a quenching moiety and showed more than 800-fold higher fluorescence than the aldehyde. Assay systems using the fluorogenic aldehyde were validated by screening of aldol catalysts, ranking of the activities of the catalysts, and evaluation of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Fujie Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Abstract
Enzyme assays are analytical tools to visualize enzyme activities. In recent years a large variety of enzyme assays have been developed to assist the discovery and optimization of industrial enzymes, in particular for "white biotechnology" where selective enzymes are used with great success for economically viable, mild and environmentally benign production processes. The present article highlights the aspects of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates, sensors, and enzyme fingerprinting, which are our particular areas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, Berne, 3012, Switzerland.
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Guo HM, Minakawa M, Tanaka F. Fluorogenic Imines for Fluorescent Detection of Mannich-Type Reactions of Phenols in Water. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3964-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Maki Minakawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Fujie Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Froemming MK, Sames D. Harnessing Functional Plasticity of Enzymes: A Fluorogenic Probe for Imaging 17β-HSD10 Dehydrogenase, an Enzyme Involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14518-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja072601x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Froemming
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
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Halim M, Tremblay MS, Jockusch S, Turro NJ, Sames D. Transposing Molecular Fluorescent Switches into the Near-IR: Development of Luminogenic Reporter Substrates for Redox Metabolism. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:7704-5. [PMID: 17542585 DOI: 10.1021/ja071311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlin Halim
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Tremblay MS, Halim M, Sames D. Cocktails of Tb3+ and Eu3+ Complexes: A General Platform for the Design of Ratiometric Optical Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:7570-7. [PMID: 17518468 DOI: 10.1021/ja070867y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent and luminescent reporters that signal molecular events of interest by modulating the ratio of peaks in their emission profile have advantages over reporters that simply modulate their emission intensity, since ratiometric measurement is concentration-independent and allows them to be effective in complex contexts, such as living cells or sensor microarrays. We herein describe a general platform for the design of ratiometric probes based on a heterometallic Tb(3+)/Eu(3+) bis-lanthanide ensemble, consisting of a mixture, or "cocktail", of otherwise identical heterometalated chelates. The chelate contains an organic photon antenna that sensitizes the Tb(3+)/Eu(3+) luminescence. The contributions of the two metals to the composite luminescence spectrum can be tuned to the same relative scale by adjusting the stoichiometry of the cocktail, allowing subtle changes in their ratio to be accurately measured. Importantly, the ratio responds to chemical and environmental changes experienced by the photon antenna, making the system an ideal platform for the design of chemical and enzymatic probes. As proofs of concept, we describe a ratiometric probe for esterase activity and a polarity-responsive ratiometric sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Tremblay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Yee DJ, Balsanek V, Bauman DR, Penning TM, Sames D. Fluorogenic metabolic probes for direct activity readout of redox enzymes: Selective measurement of human AKR1C2 in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13304-9. [PMID: 16938874 PMCID: PMC1569159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604672103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current arsenal of tools and methods for the continuous monitoring and imaging of redox metabolic pathways in the context of intact cells is limited. Fluorogenic substrates allow for direct measurement of enzyme activity in situ; however, in contrast to proteases and exo-glycosidases, there are no simple guidelines for the design of selective probes for redox metabolic enzymes. Here, we introduce redox probe 1 and demonstrate its high selectivity in living cells for human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. AKR1C isoforms perform multiple functions among which the metabolism of potent steroid hormones is well documented. Moreover, expression of these enzymes is responsive to cellular stress and pathogenesis, including cancer. Our probe design is based on redox-sensitive optical switches, which couple a ketone-alcohol redox event to a profound change in fluorescence. The high selectivity of phenyl ketone 1 for AKR1C2 over the many endogenous reductases present in mammalian cells was established by a quantitative comparison of the metabolic rates between null control cells (COS-1) and AKR1C2-transfected cells. Phenyl ketone 1 is a cell-permeable fluorogenic probe that permits a direct, real-time, and operationally simple readout of AKR1C2 enzyme activity in intact mammalian cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that probe 1 enables the quantitative examination of physiological substrate 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone ("dark substrate") in situ by means of a two-substrate competitive assay. Similarly, inhibitor potency of physiological (ursodeoxycholate) and synthetic inhibitors (flufenamic acid, ibuprofen, and naproxen) was also readily evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Yee
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
| | - Vojtech Balsanek
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
| | - David R. Bauman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dalibor Sames
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Tremblay MS, Zhu Q, Martí AA, Dyer J, Halim M, Jockusch S, Turro NJ, Sames D. Phosphorylation State-Responsive Lanthanide Peptide Conjugates: A Luminescence Switch Based on Reversible Complex Reorganization. Org Lett 2006; 8:2723-6. [PMID: 16774241 DOI: 10.1021/ol060614u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A luminogenic probe for peptide dephosphorylation has been developed. It consists of a serine-/tyrosine-containing peptide modified on the N-terminus with a tryptophan residue and a DTPA chelate capable of binding Tb(3+). We propose a mechanistic model for the luminescence enhancement based on the interconversion of monomeric and dimeric lanthanide species, which is affected by the phosphorylation state of the serine or tyrosine residue. The optical switch reports effectively on phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Tremblay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Tremblay MS, Sames D. Synthesis of luminescent heterometallic bis-lanthanide complexes via selective, sequential metallation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4116-8. [PMID: 17024267 DOI: 10.1039/b607949k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular synthetic method for the differential incorporation of two lanthanide ions into a single molecular scaffold is reported; the mixed bimetallic Tb/Eu complex displays an interesting solvent polarity-dependent ratiometric luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Tremblay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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