1
|
Wang M, Wang Y. Advances for Triangular and Sandwich-Shaped All-Metal Aromatics. Molecules 2024; 29:763. [PMID: 38398515 PMCID: PMC10892378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Much experimental work has been contributed to all-metal σ, π and δ-aromaticity among transition metals, semimetallics and other metals in the past two decades. Before our focused investigations on the properties of triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics, A. I. Boldyrev presented general discussions on the concepts of all-metal σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity for metallo-clusters. Schleyer illustrated that Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) were among the most authoritative criteria for aromaticity. Ugalde discussed the earlier developments of all-metal aromatic compounds with all possible shapes. Besides the theoretical predictions, many stable all-metal aromatic trinuclear clusters have been isolated as the metallic analogues of either the σ-aromatic molecule's [H3]+ ion or the π-aromatic molecule's [C3H3]+ ion. Different from Hoffman's opinion on all-metal aromaticity, triangular all-metal aromatics were found to hold great potential in applications in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and material science. Triangular all-metal aromatics, which were theoretically proved to conform to the Hückel (4n + 2) rule and possess the smallest aromatic ring, could also play roles as stable ligands during the formation of all-metal sandwiches. The triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics have not yet been specifically summarized despite their diversity of existence, puissant developments and various interesting applications. These findings are different from the public opinion that all-metal aromatics would be limited to further applications due to their overstated difficulties in synthesis and uncertain stabilities. Our review will specifically focus on the summarization of theoretical predictions, feasible syntheses and isolations, and multiple applications of triangular and sandwich shaped all-metal aromatics. The appropriateness and necessities of this review will emphasize and disseminate their importance and applications forcefully and in a timely manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kar S, Chatterjee D, Halet JF, Ghosh S. Trimetallic Chalcogenide Species: Synthesis, Structures, and Bonding. Molecules 2022; 27:7473. [PMID: 36364299 PMCID: PMC9654038 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to isolate boron-containing tri-niobium polychalcogenide species, we have carried out prolonged thermolysis reactions of [Cp*NbCl4] (Cp* = ɳ5-C5Me5) with four equivalents of Li[BH2E3] (E = Se or S). In the case of the heavier chalcogen (Se), the reaction led to the isolation of the tri-niobium cubane-like cluster [(NbCp*)3(μ3-Se)3(BH)(μ-Se)3] (1) and the homocubane-like cluster [(NbCp*)3(μ3-Se)3(μ-Se)3(BH)(μ-Se)] (2). Interestingly, the tri-niobium framework of 1 stabilizes a selenaborate {Se3BH}- ligand. A selenium atom is further introduced between boron and one of the selenium atoms of 1 to yield cluster 2. On the other hand, the reaction with the sulfur-containing borate adduct [LiBH2S3] afforded the trimetallic clusters [(NbCp*)3(μ-S)4{μ-S2(BH)}] (3) and [(NbCp*)3(μ-S)4{μ-S2(S)}] (4). Both clusters 3 and 4 have an Nb3S6 core, which further stabilizes {BH} and mono-sulfur units, respectively, through bi-chalcogen coordination. All of these species were characterized by 11B{1H}, 1H, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Moreover, theoretical investigations revealed that the triangular Nb3 framework is aromatic in nature and plays a vital role in the stabilization of the borate, borane, and chalcogen units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Debipada Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), IRL 3629, CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Zhang M, Liu YT, Wu SX, Su ZM. A supported Cr-Cr sextuple bond in an all-metal cluster. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2664-2668. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a distinct Cr-Cr sextuple bond with ultra-short length stabilized by equatorial alkali metals. Bonding analyses indicate that the two desired 4p-pi bonds failed to be formed but...
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosenthal U, Schulz A. Contributions of Erhard Kurras to Organochromium Chemistry – From a Historical Perspective. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock
| | - Axel Schulz
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baudhuin MA, Boopalachandran P, Rajan S, Leopold DG. A Study of NbMo and NbMo - by Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9658-9679. [PMID: 34723518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectra of the niobium-molybdenum diatomic anion, obtained at 488 and 514 nm, display vibrationally resolved transitions from the ground state and one excited electronic state of the anion to the ground state and one excited electronic state of the neutral molecule. The electron affinity of NbMo is measured to be 1.130 ± 0.005 eV. Its 2Δ3/2 spin-orbit component is observed to lie 870 ± 20 cm-1 above its previously identified 2Δ5/2 ground state. For 93Nb98Mo, vibrational energies measured for levels up to v = 4 for the 2Δ5/2 and 2Δ3/2 states give harmonic frequency and anharmonicity constant values of ωe = 492 ± 12 cm-1 and ωexe = 8.0 ± 3.2 cm-1, the former value corresponding to a force constant of 6.80 ± 0.35 mdyn/Å. These two vibrational parameters suggest a bond dissociation energy that is too low by at least a factor of 3, indicating that the ground state potential energy curve of NbMo deviates markedly from a Morse potential at higher energies. An excited electronic state of NbMo, assigned as a 2Σ+ state, is observed at 2900 ± 25 cm-1 (T0). Vibrational energies up to v = 8 in this excited state give values of ωe = 544 ± 8 cm-1 and ωexe = 1.9 ± 1.2 cm-1 for 93Nb98Mo. The former value corresponds to a high vibrational force constant of 8.30 ± 0.25 mdyn/Å. Both doublet states of the neutral molecule are accessed from the anion ground state, which is assigned as 1Σ+. For the 93Nb98Mo- anion, the fundamental vibrational frequency (ΔG1/2) is 484 ± 15 cm-1. Electron affinity data indicate that the bond dissociation energy of NbMo- is 0.213 ± 0.005 eV greater than that of neutral NbMo, whose previously reported value then gives D0 = 4.85 ± 0.27 eV for the anion. An excited state of the anion lying 3050 ± 25 cm-1 (T0) above its ground state is assigned as 3Δ, and the energies of its spin-orbit components above the 3Δ3 lowest energy level are measured to be 450 ± 20 cm-1 (3Δ2) and 1100 ± 20 cm-1 (3Δ1). Their uneven spacing suggests that the energy of the 3Δ2 level is lowered by interaction with a higher energy Ω = 2 anion state. The vibrational frequency (ΔG1/2) for the 3Δ1 and 3Δ2 states is measured to be 433 ± 20 cm-1. Bond length differences among the observed states are estimated from Franck-Condon fits to vibrational band intensity profiles. When combined with the previously reported NbMo bond length, these provide bond length estimates for the ground state of the anion (1.940 ± 0.025 Å) and for the observed excited states. These species offer extreme examples of multiple metal-metal bonding, with formal bond orders of 51/2 for the 2Δ ground and 2Σ+ excited doublet states of NbMo, 6 for the singlet ground state of the anion, and 5 for its low-lying triplet state. The relationships among their bonding properties and those of related multiply bonded transition metal dimers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Baudhuin
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Praveenkumar Boopalachandran
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Srijay Rajan
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Doreen Geller Leopold
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fischer R, Görls H, Suxdorf R, Westerhausen M. Phenylchromium(III) Chemistry Revisited 100 Years after Franz Hein (Part II): From Li nCrPh 3+n(thf) x ( n = 1, 2, 3) to Dimeric Triphenylchromate(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinald Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Regina Suxdorf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou Y, Yu X, Cheng L. Multiple d-d bonds between early transition metals in TM 2Li n (TM = Sc, Ti) superatomic molecule clusters. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20506-20512. [PMID: 33026386 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and application of compounds with Cr-Cr and V-V d-d quintuple bonds (σ, 2π, 2δ) have led to new thinking about whether d-d multiple bonds also exist between early transition metals such as Sc-Sc and Ti-Ti. In this study, by extensive unbiased global search at the density functional theory level, the low-energy structures of 26e and 30e TM2Lin clusters were obtained. Based on the super valence bond (SVB) theory, the prolate double-core structure of TM2Lin clusters was regarded as a superatomic molecule, of which each half was regarded as an open-shell superatom, and the electronic shell-closure was realized by forming multiple bonds between superatoms. Then, the quintuple super bonds (2δ, 2π, σ) of the Li18Ti2, Li20Sc2, [Li17V2]+, [Li17Ti2]- clusters and the triple super bonds (2π, σ) of the Li24Sc2 and Li24Y2 clusters were confirmed via chemical-bonding analysis. This way of forming multiple bonds between early transition metals through superatomic bonding has promoted the experimental synthesis and application of early transition metal multiple bond compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Xinlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The dicarbon bonding puzzle viewed with photoelectron imaging. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5199. [PMID: 31729361 PMCID: PMC6858380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bonding in the ground state of C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}$$\end{document}2 is still a matter of controversy, as reasonable arguments may be made for a dicarbon bond order of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$2$$\end{document}2, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$3$$\end{document}3, or \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$4$$\end{document}4. Here we report on photoelectron spectra of the C\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}^{-}$$\end{document}2− anion, measured at a range of wavelengths using a high-resolution photoelectron imaging spectrometer, which reveal both the ground \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${X}^{1}{\Sigma}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+}$$\end{document}X1Σg+ and first-excited \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${a}^{3}{\Pi}_{{\mathrm{u}}}$$\end{document}a3Πu electronic states. These measurements yield electron angular anisotropies that identify the character of two orbitals: the diffuse detachment orbital of the anion and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the neutral. This work indicates that electron detachment occurs from predominantly \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$s$$\end{document}s-like (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$3{\sigma}_{\mathrm{g}}$$\end{document}3σg) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$p$$\end{document}p-like (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$1{\pi }_{{\mathrm{u}}}$$\end{document}1πu) orbitals, respectively, which is inconsistent with the predictions required for the high bond-order models of strongly \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$sp$$\end{document}sp-mixed orbitals. This result suggests that the dominant contribution to the dicarbon bonding involves a double-bonded configuration, with 2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π bonds and no accompanying \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\sigma$$\end{document}σ bond. In spite of its apparent simplicity, the dicarbon molecule has a bonding structure which is matter of debate. Here the authors measure high-resolution spectra of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${{\mathrm{C}}}_{2}$$\end{document}C2 anion by photoelectron imaging, revealing a bonding configuration dominated by a double \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π bond, with no accompanying \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\sigma$$\end{document}σ bond.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta R, Malik P, Das N, Singh M. Antioxidant and physicochemical study of Psidium guajava prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Liu S, Rong C, Lu T, Hu H. Identifying Strong Covalent Interactions with Pauli Energy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3087-3095. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunying Rong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing
Kein Research
Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing 100022, P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang H, Cheng L. Quintuple super bonding between the superatoms of metallic clusters. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13209-13213. [PMID: 28853489 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a stable compound with Cr-Cr quintuple bonding (σ, 2π, 2δ) opened the door to a new field of chemistry (T. Nguyen, A. D. Sutton, M. Brynda, J. C. Fettinger, G. J. Long and P. P. Power, Science, 2005, 310, 844). Looking back to the mass experiments on sodium clusters (W. D. Knight, K. Clemenger, W. A. de Heer, W. A. Saunders, M. Y. Chou and M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1984, 52, 2141), this work tells some new stories about the experimentally viewed magic numbers 26e and 30e. By unbiased global search, the 26e Li20Mg3 cluster has a perfect double-icosahedral motif with a large HOMO-LUMO energy gap (1.44 eV). We theoretically found that each icosahedron is an independent superatom and molecule-like electronic shell-closure is achieved via quintuple super bonding between two superatoms: [8e](1D2S)5-(1D2S)5[8e]. Similar quintuple bonding also exists in the 30e double-icosahedral Li18Mg3Al2 cluster: [8e](1D2S)7-(1D2S)7[8e]. The 26e/30e quintuple bonding was verified by the beautiful analogies in molecular orbital diagrams and chemical bonding patterns with V2/Re2 molecules. Such a quintuple super bonding makes a bridge between the jellium model and chemical bonding, which further expands the community of chemical bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Binuclear cyclopentadienyliridium hydride chemistry: Terminal versus bridging hydride and cyclopentadienyl ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Eisenhart RJ, Rudd PA, Planas N, Boyce DW, Carlson RK, Tolman WB, Bill E, Gagliardi L, Lu CC. Pushing the Limits of Delta Bonding in Metal-Chromium Complexes with Redox Changes and Metal Swapping. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7579-92. [PMID: 26168331 PMCID: PMC5960016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Into the metalloligand Cr[N(o-(NCH2P((i)Pr)2)C6H4)3] (1, CrL) was inserted a second chromium atom to generate the dichromium complex Cr2L (2), which is a homobimetallic analogue of the known MCrL complexes, where M is manganese (3) or iron (4). The cationic and anionic counterparts, [MCrL](+) and [MCrL](-), respectively, were targeted, and each MCr pair was isolated in at least one other redox state. The solid-state structures of the [MCrL](+,0,-) redox members are essentially the same, with ultrashort metal-metal bonds between 1.96 and 1.74 Å. The formal shortness ratios (r) of these interactions are between 0.84 and 0.74 and are interpreted as triple to quintuple metal-metal bonds with the aid of theory. The trio of (d-d)(10) species [Cr2L](-) (2(red)), MnCrL (3), and [FeCrL](+) (4(ox)) are S = 0 diamagnets. On the basis of M-Cr bond distances and theoretical calculations, the strength of the metal-metal bond across the (d-d)(10) series increases in the order Fe < Mn < Cr. The methylene protons in the ligand are shifted downfield in the (1)H NMR spectra, and the diamagnetic anisotropy of the metal-metal bond was calculated as -3500 × 10(-36), -3900 × 10(-36), and -5800 × 10(-36) m(3) molecule(-1) for 2(red), 3, and 4(ox) respectively. The magnitude of diamagnetic anisotropy is, thus, affected more by bond polarity than by bond order. A comparative vis-NIR study of quintuply bonded 2(red) and 3 revealed a large red shift in the δ(4) → δ(3)δ* transition energy upon swapping from the (Cr2)(2+) to the (MnCr)(3+) core. Complex 2(red) was further investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy, and a band at 434 cm(-1) was assigned as the Cr-Cr bond vibration. Finally, 4(ox) exhibited a Mössbauer doublet with an isomer shift of 0.18 mm/s that suggests a primarily Fe-based oxidation to Fe(I).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed J. Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - P. Alex Rudd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nora Planas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David W. Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William B. Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Connie C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meyer J, González-Gallardo S, Hohnstein S, Garnier D, Armbruster MK, Fink K, Klopper W, Breher F. Tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane-Based Heterobimetallic Complexes that Contain Zn and CdTransition-Metal Bonds: Synthesis, Structures, and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2014; 21:2905-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Park J, Chen YP, Perry Z, Li JR, Zhou HC. Preparation of core-shell coordination molecular assemblies via the enrichment of structure-directing "codes" of bridging ligands and metathesis of metal units. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16895-901. [PMID: 25384026 DOI: 10.1021/ja508822r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of molybdenum- and copper-based MOPs were synthesized through coordination-driven process of a bridging ligand (3,3'-PDBAD, L(1)) and dimetal paddlewheel clusters. Three conformers of the ligand exist with an ideal bridging angle between the two carboxylate groups of 0° (H2α-L(1)), 120° (H2β-L(1)), and of 90° (H2γ-L(1)), respectively. At ambient or lower temperature, H2L(1) and Mo2(OAc)4 or Cu2(OAc)4 were crystallized into a molecular square with γ-L(1) and Mo2/Cu2 units. With proper temperature elevation, not only the molecular square with γ-L(1) but also a lantern-shaped cage with α-L(1) formed simultaneously. Similar to how Watson-Crick pairs stabilize the helical structure of duplex DNA, the core-shell molecular assembly possesses favorable H-bonding interaction sites. This is dictated by the ligand conformation in the shell, coding for the formation and providing stabilization of the central lantern shaped core, which was not observed without this complementary interaction. On the basis of the crystallographic implications, a heterobimetallic cage was obtained through a postsynthetic metal ion metathesis, showing different reactivity of coordination bonds in the core and shell. As an innovative synthetic strategy, the site-selective metathesis broadens the structural diversity and properties of coordination assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carrasco M, Mendoza I, Faust M, López-Serrano J, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, Álvarez E, Maya C, Power PP, Carmona E. Terphenyl Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten with Quadruple Metal–Metal Bonds and Bridging Carboxylate Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9173-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Carrasco
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Mendoza
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michelle Faust
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Riccardo Peloso
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amor Rodríguez
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celia Maya
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Philip. P. Power
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ernesto Carmona
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molecular orbital interpretation of the metal–metal multiple bonding in coaxial dibenzene dimetal compounds of iron, manganese, and chromium. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Simandiras ED, Psaroudakis N, Mertis K. Which component of the quadruple bond breaks first upon protonation of the octachlorodimetallate anions [MM′Cl8]4−, M,M′=Mo, W? A theoretical study of reactivity, mechanism and bonding. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Dong H, Meng Q, Chen BZ, Wu YB. Theoretical studies on the multiple metal–metal bonds in the bimetallic molecules and the ultrashort V–Mn bonds in the complexes. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
20
|
Tang L, Luo Q, Li QS, Xie Y, King RB, Schaefer HF. The Quest for Metal-Metal Quadruple and Quintuple Bonds in Metal Carbonyl Derivatives: Nb2(CO)9 and Nb2(CO)8. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:862-74. [PMID: 26593348 DOI: 10.1021/ct200820v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis by Power and co-workers of the first metal-metal quintuple bond (Science2005, 310, 844) is a landmark in inorganic chemistry. The 18-electron rule suggests that Nb2(CO)9 and Nb2(CO)8 are candidates for binary metal carbonyls containing metal-metal quadruple and quintuple bonds, respectively. Density functional theory (MPW1PW91 and BP86) indeed predicts structures having very short Nb-Nb distances of ∼2.5 Å for Nb2(CO)9 and ∼2.4 Å for Nb2(CO)8 as well as relatively large Nb-Nb Wiberg bond indices supporting these high formal Nb-Nb bond orders. However, analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals of these unbridged structures suggests formal Nb≡Nb triple bonds and 16-electron metal configurations. This contrasts with an analysis of the frontier orbitals in a model chromium(I) alkyl linear CH3CrCrCH3, which confirms the generally accepted presence of chromium-chromium quintuple bonds in such molecules. The presence of Nb≡Nb triple bonds rather than quadruple or quintuple bonds in the Nb2(CO)n (n = 9, 8) structures frees up d(xy) and d(x(2)-y(2)) orbitals for dπ→pπ* back-bonding to the carbonyl groups. The lowest energy Nb2(CO)n structures (n = 9, 8) are not these unbridged structures but structures having bridging carbonyl groups of various types and formal Nb-Nb orders no higher than three. Thus, the two lowest energy Nb2(CO)9 structures have Nb≡Nb triple bond distances of ∼2.8 Å and three semibridging carbonyl groups, leading to a 16-electron configuration rather than an 18-electron configuration for one of the niobium atoms. The lowest energy structure of the highly unsaturated Nb2(CO)8 is unusual since it has a formal single Nb-Nb bond of length ∼3.1 Å and two four-electron donor η(2)-μ-CO groups, thereby giving each niobium atom only a 16-electron configuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Tang
- The School of Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China 510006
| | - Qian-Shu Li
- The School of Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China 510006
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - R Bruce King
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China 510006.,Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Enhancement of the second hyperpolarizability by dσ electrons in one-dimensional tetrametallic transition-metal systems. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
22
|
Carrasco M, Faust M, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, López-Serrano J, Álvarez E, Maya C, Power PP, Carmona E. Quadruply bonded dimolybdenum complexes with highly unusual geometries and vacant coordination sites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3954-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Bruno IJ, Shields GP, Taylor R. Deducing chemical structure from crystallographically determined atomic coordinates. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE 2011; 67:333-49. [PMID: 21775812 PMCID: PMC3143025 DOI: 10.1107/s0108768111024608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
An improved algorithm has been developed for assigning chemical structures to incoming entries to the Cambridge Structural Database, using only the information available in the deposited CIF. Steps in the algorithm include detection of bonds, selection of polymer unit, resolution of disorder, and assignment of bond types and formal charges. The chief difficulty is posed by the large number of metallo-organic crystal structures that must be processed, given our aspiration that assigned chemical structures should accurately reflect properties such as the oxidation states of metals and redox-active ligands, metal coordination numbers and hapticities, and the aromaticity or otherwise of metal ligands. Other complications arise from disorder, especially when it is symmetry imposed or modelled with the SQUEEZE algorithm. Each assigned structure is accompanied by an estimate of reliability and, where necessary, diagnostic information indicating probable points of error. Although the algorithm was written to aid building of the Cambridge Structural Database, it has the potential to develop into a general-purpose tool for adding chemical information to newly determined crystal structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Bruno
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, England
| | - Gregory P. Shields
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, England
| | - Robin Taylor
- Taylor Cheminformatics Software, 54 Sherfield Avenue, Rickmansworth, Herts WD31NL, England
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schwarzmaier C, Noor A, Glatz G, Zabel M, Timoshkin AY, Cossairt BM, Cummins CC, Kempe R, Scheer M. Formation of cyclo-E42− Units (E4=P4, As4, AsP3) by a Complex with a CrCr Quintuple Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7283-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
25
|
Schwarzmaier C, Noor A, Glatz G, Zabel M, Timoshkin AY, Cossairt BM, Cummins CC, Kempe R, Scheer M. Die Bildung von cyclo-E42−-Einheiten (E4=P4, As4, AsP3) durch einen Komplex mit Chrom-Chrom-Fünffachbindung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Majumdar M, Rahaman SW, Sinha A, Bera JK. Mixed-ligand compounds incorporating quadruply bonded dimolybdenum(II) core: Syntheses, structures and reactivity studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
Lü R, Zhang N, Lu Y, Dong B. The study on electronic density topology and bond character of amorphous alloy FenB2 (n=1–4) clusters by density functional theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Xu B, Li QS, Xie Y, King RB, Schaefer HF. Metal−Metal Quintuple and Sextuple Bonding in Bent Dimetallocenes of the Third Row Transition Metals. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:735-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ct900564p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Beijing 100876, China, Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Qian-Shu Li
- Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Beijing 100876, China, Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Beijing 100876, China, Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - R. Bruce King
- Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Beijing 100876, China, Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication, Beijing 100876, China, Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ni C, Power PP. Transition Metal Complexes Stabilized by Bulky Terphenyl Ligands: Application to Metal–Metal Bonded Compounds. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05243-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
30
|
Bond Orders in Metal–Metal Interactions Through Electron Density Analysis. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30802-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
31
|
Zhai HJ, Wang B, Huang X, Wang LS. Structural evolution, sequential oxidation, and chemical bonding in tritantalum oxide clusters: Ta(3)O(n)(-) and Ta(3)O(n) (n = 1-8). J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9804-13. [PMID: 19681631 DOI: 10.1021/jp905478w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and density functional theory (DFT) study on a series of tritantalum oxide clusters, Ta(3)O(n)(-). Well-resolved PES spectra are obtained for Ta(3)O(n)(-) (n = 1-8) at several detachment photon energies, yielding electronic structure information which is used for comparison with the DFT calculations. A trend of sequential oxidation is observed as a function of O content until Ta(3)O(8)(-), which is a stoichiometric cluster. Extensive DFT calculations are performed in search of the lowest energy structures for both the anions and neutrals. The first three O atoms are shown to successively occupy the bridging sites in the Ta(3) triangle. The next three O atoms each occupy a terminal site, with the seventh and eighth O atoms forming a double-bridge and a double-terminal, respectively. The Ta(3)O(7)(-) anion is found to possess a localized electron pair on a single Ta center, making it an interesting molecular model for Ta(3+) surface sites. Molecular orbital analyses are performed to elucidate the chemical bonding in the Ta(3)O(n)(-) clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xu B, Li QS, Xie Y, King RB, Schaefer HF. Dimetallocene carbonyls of the third-row transition metals: the quest for high-order metal-metal multiple bonds. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:12470-7. [PMID: 19627131 DOI: 10.1021/jp903467q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical studies of the third-row transition-metal derivatives Cp(2)M(2)(CO) (Cp = eta(5)-C(5)H(5); M = Os, Re, W, Ta) indicate that the lowest-energy structures have lower spin states and similar or higher metal-metal bond multiplicities than the corresponding first-row transtion-metal derivatives. Therefore, Cp(2)Os(2)(CO) is predicted to be a singlet with an Os-Os formal quadruple bond, whereas Cp(2)Fe(2)(CO) is a triplet. Similarly, Cp(2)Re(2)(CO) is predicted to be a singlet with a very short rhenium-rhenium distance, which is consistent with the formal quintuple bond required to give both rhenium-rhenium atoms the favored 18-electron configuration. This contrasts with the manganese analogue Cp(2)Mn(2)(CO) for which the lowest-energy structure is a septet with a formal Mn-Mn single bond. The tungsten derivative Cp(2)W(2)(CO) is predicted to be triplet with a four-electron donor bridging carbonyl group. This contrasts with Cp(2)Cr(2)(CO) predicted to be a septet (S = 3) with a two-electron donor carbonyl group. For Cp(2)Ta(2)(CO), the lowest-energy structure is predicted to be a triplet with a formal Ta identical withTa triple bond and a four-electron donor carbonyl group. However, Cp(2)V(2)(CO) is predicted to be a quintet with a formal V horizontal lineV double bond. In addition to these Cp(2)M(2)(CO) structures with one Cp ring bonded to each metal atom, higher-energy Cp(2)M-MCO structures are found with both Cp rings bonded to the same metal atom. The lowest-energy Cp(2)M-MCO structures are triplets (M = Os, W) or quintets (M = Re) with agostic hydrogen atoms for M = Os and Re. In these structures, the spin density is concentrated on the metal atom of the MCO group. These results suggest that lower spin states clearly become more viable for highly unsaturated metal complexes upon descending the periodic table.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ponec R, Feixas F. Peculiarities of Multiple Cr−Cr Bonding. Insights from the Analysis of Domain-Averaged Fermi Holes. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8394-400. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903144q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ponec
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR v.v.i., Prague 6, Suchdol 2, 165 02 Czech Republic
| | - Ferran Feixas
- Institute of Computational Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Noor A, Glatz G, Müller R, Kaupp M, Demeshko S, Kempe R. Carboalumination of a chromium–chromium quintuple bond. Nat Chem 2009; 1:322-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
35
|
Ni C, Ellis BD, Long GJ, Power PP. Reactions of Ar'CrCrAr' with N2O or N3(1-Ad): complete cleavage of the Cr-Cr quintuple interaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2332-4. [PMID: 19377676 DOI: 10.1039/b901494b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of Ar'CrCrAr' (Ar' = C(6)H(3)-2,6-(C(6)H(3)-2,6-Pr(i)(2))(2)) with heterocumulene reagents N(2)O or N(3)(1-Ad) resulted in Ar'Cr(micro-O)(2)Cr(O)Ar' or Ar'Cr(micro(2):eta(1),eta(3)-N(3)(1-Ad))CrAr' which have no metal-metal bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbao Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mitoraj MP, Michalak A, Ziegler T. A Combined Charge and Energy Decomposition Scheme for Bond Analysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:962-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ct800503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1077] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz P. Mitoraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| | - Artur Michalak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tom Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang X, Li QS, Xie Y, King RB, Schaefer HF. Dimetallocene carbonyls: The limits of the 18-electron rule and metal–metal multiple bonding in highly unsaturated molecules of the early transition metals. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Noor A, Wagner FR, Kempe R. Metal-metal distances at the limit: a coordination compound with an ultrashort chromium-chromium bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7246-9. [PMID: 18698657 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Awal Noor
- Lehrstuhl Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang B, Zhai HJ, Huang X, Wang LS. On the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding in the Tantalum Trimer Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10962-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806166h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, Post Office Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Carmona E, Galindo A. Direct bonds between metal atoms: Zn, Cd, and Hg compounds with metal-metal bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6526-36. [PMID: 18633955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of [Zn(2)(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))(2)], a stable molecular compound with a Zn-Zn bond and the first example of a dimetallocene structure, has opened a new chapter in the organometallic chemistry of zinc and in metallocene chemistry. The existence of two directly bonded zinc atoms demonstrates that the [Zn-Zn](2+) unit, the lightest Group 12 homologue of the well-known [Hg-Hg](2+) ion, can be stabilized by appropriate ligands. Activity in this area has increased enormously in the few years since the determination of the structure of this molecule. Numerous theoretical studies have been devoted to the investigation of the electronic, structural, and spectroscopic properties of this and related compounds, and new metal-metal coordination and organometallic compounds of zinc, cadmium, and mercury have been synthesized and structurally characterized. This Minireview gives an overview of activity in this field during the past three to four years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Carmona
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Noor A, Wagner F, Kempe R. Metall-Metall-Abstände am Limit: ein Komplex mit ultrakurzer Cr-Cr-Bindung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
42
|
Carmona E, Galindo A. Direkte Bindungen zwischen Metallatomen: Dimetallkomplexe von Zink, Cadmium und Quecksilber. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
Xu B, Li QS, Xie Y, King RB, Schaefer HF. Unsaturated binuclear cyclopentadienylrhenium carbonyl derivatives: metal-metal multiple bonds and agostic hydrogen atoms. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:6779-90. [PMID: 18597417 DOI: 10.1021/ic800403p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cyclopentadienylrhenium carbonyls Cp 2Re 2(CO) n (Cp = eta (5)-C 5H 5; n = 5, 4, 3, 2) have been studied by density functional theory. The global minima for the Cp 2Re 2(CO) n ( n = 5, 4, 3, 2) derivatives are predicted to be the singly bridged structure Cp 2Re 2(CO) 4(mu-CO) with a formal Re-Re single bond; the doubly semibridged structure Cp 2Re 2(CO) 4 with a formal ReRe double bond; the triply bridged structure Cp 2Re 2(mu-CO) 3 with a formal ReRe triple bond; and the doubly bridged structure Cp 2Re 2(mu-CO) 2, respectively. The first three of these predicted structures have been realized experimentally in the stable compounds (eta (5)-C 5H 5) 2Re 2(CO) 4(mu-CO), (eta (5)-Me 5C 5) 2Re 2(CO) 4 and (eta (5)-Me 5C 5) 2Re 2(mu-CO) 3. In addition, structures of the type Cp 2Re-Re(CO) n with both rings bonded only to one metal and unknown in manganese chemistry are also found for rhenium but at energies significantly above the global minima. The unsaturated Cp 2Re-Re(CO) n structures ( n = 4, 3, 2) have agostic Cp hydrogen atoms forming C-H-Re bridges to the unsaturated Re(CO) n group with a Re-H distance as short as 2.04 A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Satpati P. Structure and bonding of MCB5H7 and its sandwiched dimer CB5H6M–MCB5H6 (M=Si, Ge, Sn): Isomer stability and preference for slip distorted structure. J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
45
|
La Macchia G, Gagliardi L, Power PP, Brynda M. Large Differences in Secondary Metal−Arene Interactions in the Transition-Metal Dimers ArMMAr (Ar = Terphenyl; M = Cr, Fe, or Co): Implications for Cr−Cr Quintuple Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5104-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0771890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni La Macchia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Brynda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, and Department of Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lyon JT, Hu HS, Andrews L, Li J. Formation of unprecedented actinide triple bond carbon in uranium methylidyne molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18919-24. [PMID: 18024591 PMCID: PMC2141883 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707035104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemistry of the actinide elements represents a challenging yet vital scientific frontier. Development of actinide chemistry requires fundamental understanding of the relative roles of actinide valence-region orbitals and the nature of their chemical bonding. We report here an experimental and theoretical investigation of the uranium methylidyne molecules X(3)U CH (X = F, Cl, Br), F(2)ClU CH, and F(3)U CF formed through reactions of laser-ablated uranium atoms and trihalomethanes or carbon tetrafluoride in excess argon. By using matrix infrared spectroscopy and relativistic quantum chemistry calculations, we have shown that these actinide complexes possess relatively strong U C triple bonds between the U 6d-5f hybrid orbitals and carbon 2s-2p orbitals. Electron-withdrawing ligands are critical in stabilizing the U(VI) oxidation state and sustaining the formation of uranium multiple bonds. These unique U C-bearing molecules are examples of the long-sought actinide-alkylidynes. This discovery opens the door to the rational synthesis of triple-bonded actinide carbon compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Brandhorst K, Grunenberg J. Characterizing Chemical Bond Strengths Using Generalized Compliance Constants. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1151-6. [PMID: 17477339 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Brandhorst
- Institut für Organische Chemie, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhai HJ, Averkiev BB, Zubarev DY, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI. δ Aromaticity in [Ta3O3]−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4277-80. [PMID: 17465436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhai HJ, Averkiev B, Zubarev D, Wang LS, Boldyrev A. δ Aromaticity in [Ta3O3]−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
50
|
|