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Palai A, Rai P, Maji B. Rejuvenation of dearomative cycloaddition reactions via visible light energy transfer catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12004-12025. [PMID: 37969572 PMCID: PMC10631258 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dearomative cycloaddition is a powerful technique to access sp3-rich three-dimensional structural motifs from simple flat, aromatic feedstock. The building-up of unprecedentedly diverse polycyclic scaffolds with increased saturation and stereochemical information having various applications ranging from pharmaceutical to material sciences, is an essential goal in organic chemistry. However, the requirement of large energy inputs to disrupt the aromaticity of an arene moiety necessitates harsh reaction conditions for ground state dearomative cycloaddition. The photochemical requirement encompasses use of ultraviolet (UV) light to enable the reaction on an excited potential energy surface. The microscopic reversibility under thermal conditions and the use of high energy harmful UV irradiation in photochemical manoeuvres, however, constrain their widespread use from a synthetic point of view. In this context, the recent renaissance of visible light energy transfer (EnT) catalysis has become a powerful tool to initiate dearomative cycloaddition as a greener and more sustainable approach. The excited triplet state population is achieved by triplet energy transfer from the appropriate photosensitizer to the substrate. While employing mild visible light energy as fuel, the process leverages an enormous potential of excited state reactivity. The discovery of an impressive portfolio of organic and inorganic photosensitizers with a range of triplet energies facilitates visible light photosensitized dearomative cycloaddition of various substrates to form sp3-rich fused polycyclic architectures with diverse applications. The tutorial review comprehensively surveys the reawakening of dearomative cycloadditions via visible light-mediated energy transfer catalysis in the past five years. The progress ranges from intra- and intermolecular [2π + 2π] to [4π + 2π], and ends at intermolecular [2π + 2σ] cycloadditions. Furthermore, the review provides potential possibilities for future growth in the growing field of visible light energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Palai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Pramod Rai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
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2
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Biswas S, Banerjee S, Shlain MA, Bardin AA, Ulijn RV, Nannenga BL, Rappe AM, Braunschweig AB. Photomechanochemical control over stereoselectivity in the [2 + 2] photodimerization of acenaphthylene. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:266-277. [PMID: 36134559 PMCID: PMC10088556 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00122e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuning solubility and mechanical activation alters the stereoselectivity of the [2 + 2] photochemical cycloaddition of acenaphthylene. Photomechanochemical conditions produce the syn cyclobutane, whereas the solid-state reaction in the absence of mechanical activation provides the anti. When the photochemical dimerization occurs in a solubilizing organic solvent, there is no selectivity. Dimerization in H2O, in which acenaphthylene is insoluble, provides the anti product. DFT calculations reveal that insoluble and solid-state reactions proceed via a covalently bonded excimer, which drives anti selectivity. Alternatively, the noncovalently bound syn conformer is more mechanosusceptible than the anti, meaning it experiences greater destabilization, thereby producing the syn product under photomechanochemical conditions. Cyclobutanes are important components of biologically active natural products and organic materials, and we demonstrate stereoselective methods for obtaining syn or anti cyclobutanes under mild conditions and without organic solvents. With this work, we validate photomechanochemistry as a viable new direction for the preparation of complex organic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankarsan Biswas
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sayan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Milan A Shlain
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrey A Bardin
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rein V Ulijn
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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3
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Proessdorf J, Jandl C, Pickl T, Bach T. Arene Activation through Iminium Ions: Product Diversity from Intramolecular Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208329. [PMID: 35920713 PMCID: PMC9826208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While 2-alk-ω-enyloxy-sustituted benzaldehydes do not display any photochemical reactivity at the arene core, the respective iminium perchlorates were found to undergo efficient reactions either upon direct irradiation (λ=366 nm) or under sensitizing conditions (λ=420 nm, 2.5 mol% thioxanthen-9-one). Three pathways were found: (a) Most commonly, the reaction led to benzoxacyclic products in which the olefin in the tether underwent a formal, yet unprecedented carboformylation (13 examples, 44-99 % yield). The cascade process occurred with high diastereoselectivity and was found to be stereoconvergent. (b) If a substituent resides in the 3-position of the benzene ring, a meta photocycloaddition was observed which produced tetracyclic skeletons with five stereogenic centers in excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity (2 examples, 58-79 % yield). (c) If the tether was internally substituted at the alkene, an arene photocycloaddition was avoided and an azetidine was formed in an aza Paternò-Büchi reaction (2 examples, 95-98 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Proessdorf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
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4
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Proessdorf J, Jandl C, Pickl T, Bach T. Arene Activation through Iminium Ions: Product Diversity from Intramolecular Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Proessdorf
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching GERMANY
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5
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Palos Pacheco R, Kegel LL, Pemberton JE. Interfacial and Solution Aggregation Behavior of a Series of Bioinspired Rhamnolipid Congeners Rha-C14-C x ( x = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14). J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13585-13596. [PMID: 34860023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by microorganisms with outstanding surfactant properties. They are a class of biosurfactants that are potential candidates for biodegradable and nontoxic replacements of current specialty synthetic surfactants. Building on our previous efforts in developing an efficient and practical chemical methodology to synthesize rhamnolipids allows us to now explore the tunability of rhamnolipid properties. Here, we explore the impact on solution self-assembly and adsorption at the air/water interface of symmetry of the two lipid tails for diastereomeric mixtures of a series of monorhamnolipids of the generic structure Rha-C14-Cx. Surface activity of the anionic forms of these molecules at pH 8 is described by surface tensiometry. Characteristics of their aggregation behavior in aqueous solutions including hydrodynamic radius, aggregation number, and aggregate morphology are determined using dynamic light scattering and time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy. The solution aggregation behavior of this series is found to unexpectedly vary in a nonmonotonic fashion. This is explained by molecular structural attributes of each series member that result in differences in the respective intermolecular interactions of various parts of these surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Palos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Laurel L Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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6
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Næsborg L, Jandl C, Zech A, Bach T. Complex Carbocyclic Skeletons from Aryl Ketones through a Three-Photon Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5656-5659. [PMID: 31868273 PMCID: PMC7687228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Starting from readily available 7-substituted 1-indanones, products with a tetracyclo[5.3.1.01,7 04,11 ]undec-2-ene skeleton were obtained upon irradiation at λ=350 nm (eight examples, 49-67 % yield). The assembly of the structurally complex carbon framework proceeds in a three-photon process comprising an ortho photocycloaddition, a disrotatory [4π] photocyclization, and a di-π-methane rearrangement. The flat aromatic core of the starting material is converted into a functionalized polycyclic hydrocarbon with exit vectors in three dimensions. Ring opening reactions at the central cyclopropane ring were explored, which enable the preparation of tricyclo[5.3.1.04,11 ]undec-2-enes and of tricyclo[6.2.1.01,5 ]undecanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Næsborg
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Andreas Zech
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
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7
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Næsborg L, Jandl C, Zech A, Bach T. Complex Carbocyclic Skeletons from Aryl Ketones through a Three‐Photon Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Næsborg
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Zech
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
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8
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Stegbauer S, Jeremias N, Jandl C, Bach T. Reversal of reaction type selectivity by Lewis acid coordination: the ortho photocycloaddition of 1- and 2-naphthaldehyde. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8566-8570. [PMID: 31803430 PMCID: PMC6839505 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of a specific substrate class for synthetic applications is greatly enhanced if different types of reactions can be performed selectively upon a judicious choice of reaction conditions. In the present study it was shown that the typical photochemical behaviour of naphthaldehydes is completely altered in the presence of Lewis acids. Without Lewis acids, reactions at the carbonyl group are exclusively observed while Lewis acids facilitate a visible light-mediated cycloaddition at the arene core providing access to products of aromatic C-H functionalization via cyclobutane intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stegbauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
| | - Noah Jeremias
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
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9
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Manton JC, Cerpentier FJR, Harvey EC, Clark IP, Greetham GM, Long C, Pryce MT. Photochemical or electrochemical bond breaking – exploring the chemistry of (μ 2-alkyne)Co 2(CO) 6 complexes using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, spectro-electrochemical and density functional methods. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14642-14652. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoassisted Pauson–Khand reaction involves the formation of a high-spin diradical species and not CO loss as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma C. Harvey
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility
- Science & Technology Facilities Council
- Research Complex at Harwell
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central Laser Facility
- Science & Technology Facilities Council
- Research Complex at Harwell
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
| | - Conor Long
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Mary T. Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
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10
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Zech A, Bach T. Photochemical Reaction Cascade from O-Pent-4-enyl-Substituted Salicylates to Complex Multifunctional Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3069-3077. [PMID: 29478316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The arene ring of the title compounds is cleaved by a reaction cascade which is initiated by an intramolecular ortho photocycloaddition reaction. Tricyclic products were obtained in a highly regio- and diastereoselective fashion via a cyclooctatriene intermediate. The facial diastereoselectivity exerted by a stereogenic center in the tether is moderate to good (dr = 65/35 to 82/18). Yields were acceptable (44-87%) except for a single substrate which had a geminal dimethyl substitution in the tether and which gave the respective product in only 14% yield. The reaction is stereoconvergent with regard to the olefin configuration ( E or Z) in agreement with a triplet mechanism of the ortho photocycloaddition step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zech
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
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11
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Shi H, De S, Wang Q, Gao S, Wang X, Chen C. Construction of the 5,6,7-tricyclic skeleton of lancifodilactone F. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3225-3227. [PMID: 26097263 PMCID: PMC4472376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of a fully functionalized B,C,D-ring system of lancifodilactone F. The key transformations involve an arene-olefin meta-photocycloaddition reaction and a palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-C cleavage reaction to establish its B,C-rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Saptarshi De
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, United States
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12
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Papadakis R, Ottosson H. The excited state antiaromatic benzene ring: a molecular Mr Hyde? Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6472-93. [PMID: 25960203 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The antiaromatic character of benzene in its first ππ* excited triplet state (T1) was deduced more than four decades ago by Baird using perturbation molecular orbital (PMO) theory [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 4941], and since then it has been confirmed through a range of high-level quantum chemical calculations. With focus on benzene we now first review theoretical and computational studies that examine and confirm Baird's rule on reversal in the electron count for aromaticity and antiaromaticity of annulenes in their lowest triplet states as compared to Hückel's rule for the ground state (S0). We also note that the rule according to quantum chemical calculations can be extended to the lowest singlet excited state (S1) of benzene. Importantly, Baird, as well as Aihara [Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1978, 51, 1788], early put forth that the destabilization and excited state antiaromaticity of the benzene ring should be reflected in its photochemical reactivity, yet, today these conclusions are often overlooked. Thus, in the second part of the article we review photochemical reactions of a series of benzene derivatives that to various extents should stem from the excited state antiaromatic character of the benzene ring. We argue that benzene can be viewed as a molecular "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" with its largely unknown excited state antiaromaticity representing its "Mr Hyde" character. The recognition of the "Jekyll and Hyde" split personality feature of the benzene ring can likely be useful in a range of different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Papadakis
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Wegmann M, Bach T. Influence of the −CH2X Substituent on the Regioselectivity of Intramolecular meta-Photocycloaddition Reactions. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2017-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5028613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wegmann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische
Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr.
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Lehrstuhl für Organische
Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr.
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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14
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Aoki Y, Matsuki N, Mori T, Ikeda H, Inoue Y. Exciplex ensemble modulated by excitation mode in intramolecular charge-transfer dyad: effects of temperature, solvent polarity, and wavelength on photochemistry and photophysics of tethered naphthalene-dicyanoethene system. Org Lett 2014; 16:4888-91. [PMID: 25207472 DOI: 10.1021/ol502394g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solvent, temperature, and excitation wavelength significantly affected the photochemical outcomes of a naphthalene-dicyanoethene system tethered by different number (n) of methylene groups (1-3). The effect of irradiation wavelength was almost negligible for 2a but pronounced for 3a. The temperature dependence and theoretical calculations indicated the diversity of exciplex conformations, an ensemble of which can be effectively altered by changing excitation wavelength to eventually switch the regioselectivity of photoreactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Aoki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Streit U, Birbaum F, Quattropani A, Bochet CG. Photocycloaddition of Arenes and Allenes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6890-910. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Streit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700
Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Birbaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700
Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Quattropani
- Merck Serono S.A., Chemin des Mines 9, CH-1202 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Christian G. Bochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700
Fribourg, Switzerland
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16
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Hoffmann N. Photochemical reactions of aromatic compounds and the concept of the photon as a traceless reagent. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 11:1613-41. [PMID: 22732723 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic excitation significantly changes the reactivity of chemical compounds. Compared to ground state reactions, photochemical reactions considerably enlarge the application spectrum of a particular functional group in organic synthesis. Multistep syntheses may be simplified and perspectives for target oriented synthesis (TOS) and diversity oriented synthesis (DOS) are developed. New compound families become available or may be obtained more easily. In contrast to common chemical reagents, photons don't generate side products resulting from the transformation of a chemical reagent. Therefore, they are considered as a traceless reagent. Consequently, photochemical reactions play a central role in the methodology of sustainable chemistry. This aspect has been recognized since the beginning of the 20th century. As with many other photochemical transformations, photochemical reactions of aromatic, benzene-like compounds illustrate well the advantages in this context. Photochemical cycloadditions of aromatic compounds have been investigated for a long time. Currently, they are applied in various fields of organic synthesis. They are also studied in supramolecular structures. The phenomena of reactivity and stereoselectivity are investigated. During recent years, photochemical electron transfer mediated reactions are particularly focused. Such transformations have likewise been performed with aromatic compounds. Reactivity and selectivity as well as application to organic synthesis are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, cedex 02, France.
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17
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Maskill KG, Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Alder RW, Booker-Milburn KI. Complexity from Simplicity: Tricyclic Aziridines from the Rearrangement of Pyrroles by Batch and Flow Photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Maskill KG, Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Alder RW, Booker-Milburn KI. Complexity from simplicity: tricyclic aziridines from the rearrangement of pyrroles by batch and flow photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1499-502. [PMID: 23307403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie G Maskill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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19
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Serrano-Pérez JJ, de Vleeschouwer F, de Proft F, Mendive-Tapia D, Bearpark MJ, Robb MA. How the Conical Intersection Seam Controls Chemical Selectivity in the Photocycloaddition of Ethylene and Benzene. J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3017549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Serrano-Pérez
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London,
Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Freija de Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Pleinlaan
2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank de Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Pleinlaan
2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Mendive-Tapia
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London,
Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Bearpark
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London,
Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Robb
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London,
Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Penkett CS, Woolford JA. Investigating the Photochemical Properties of an Arenyl Dienol. Org Lett 2012; 14:5704-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302718p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Streit U, Bochet CG. The arene-alkene photocycloaddition. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:525-42. [PMID: 21647263 PMCID: PMC3107530 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of an alkene, three different modes of photocycloaddition with benzene derivatives can occur; the [2 + 2] or ortho, the [3 + 2] or meta, and the [4 + 2] or para photocycloaddition. This short review aims to demonstrate the synthetic power of these photocycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Streit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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22
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Dearomatization strategies in the synthesis of complex natural products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4068-93. [PMID: 21506209 PMCID: PMC4136767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 997] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evolution in the field of the total synthesis of natural products has led to exciting developments over the last decade. Numerous chemoselective and enantioselective methodologies have emerged from total syntheses, resulting in efficient access to many important natural product targets. This Review highlights recent developments concerning dearomatization, a powerful strategy for the total synthesis of architecturally complex natural products wherein planar, aromatic scaffolds are converted to three-dimensional molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane P. Roche
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
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23
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Desaromatisierungsstrategien in der Synthese strukturell komplexer Naturstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Penkett CS, Woolford JA, Read TW, Kahan RJ. Investigating the arenyl-diene double [3 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1295-304. [PMID: 21294518 DOI: 10.1021/jo101927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The double [3 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction involving arenyl-dienes has been used to assemble seven separate [5.5.5.5] fenestrane structures that include ether and aza variants. The primary photolysis step was a meta photocycloaddition reaction, while a secondary photocycloaddition step formed the fenestrane structure. Investigations involving the insertion of an additional methylene group into the basic arenyl-diene skeleton failed to afford the desired [5.5.5.6] fenestrane structure. The presence of an oxime moiety in the aromatic photosubstrate allowed the primary photolysis step to take place; however, an attempted secondary photocycloaddition reaction involving the oxime did not provide the intended polyheterocyclic fenestrane. An alternative strategy to form various "criss-cross" double meta photocycloadducts was investigated and led to the discovery of a Paterno-Büchi cycloaddition reaction between acetone and an angular meta photocycloadduct. Other novel thermally and photochemically mediated skeletal rearrangement reactions were also recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S Penkett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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25
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemical reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1000-45. [PMID: 21246702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute in a significant way to the existing repertoire of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions by allowing access to exceptional molecular structures that cannot be obtained by conventional means. In this Review, the most important photochemical transformations that have been employed in natural product synthesis are presented. Selected total syntheses are discussed as examples, with particular attention given to the photochemical key step and its stereoselectivity. The structural relationship between the photochemically generated molecule and the natural product is shown, and, where necessary, the consecutive reactions in the synthesis are illustrated and classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bach
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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26
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemische Reaktionen als Schlüsselschritte in der Naturstoffsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Grange R, Gallen M, Schill H, Johns J, Dong L, Parsons P, Reddell P, Gordon V, Bernhardt P, Williams C. [4+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Between 1,8-Disubstituted Cyclooctatetraenes and Diazo Dienophiles: Stereoelectronic Effects, Anticancer Properties and Application to the Synthesis of 7,8-Substituted Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-dienes. Chemistry 2010; 16:8894-903. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Penkett CS, Woolford JA, Day IJ, Coles MP. The Double [3 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:4-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja906163s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Penkett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Jason A. Woolford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Iain J. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Martyn P. Coles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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29
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Luo F, Che YX, Zheng JM. Construction of microporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by Mn–O–C rod-like secondary building units (SBUs): Solvothermal synthesis, structure, thermostability, and magnetic properties. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Réactions Sélectives et Applications, UMR 6519 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, Cedex 02, France
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Iriondo‐Alberdi
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK, Fax: +44‐131‐650‐4743
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK, Fax: +44‐131‐650‐4743
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32
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Damiano T, Morton D, Nelson A. Photochemical transformations of pyridinium salts: mechanistic studies and applications in synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2735-52. [PMID: 17700838 DOI: 10.1039/b706244n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, understanding and synthetic exploitation of the photochemical transformation of pyridinium salts are described. The investigations surrounding the remarkable transformation of pyridinium salts into a host of structurally complex motifs have helped extend the comprehension of aromatic and heteroaromatic photochemistry. The synthetic community has, in recent years, recognised the potential inherent in these compounds and has since exploited the irradiation of variously substituted pyridinium salts as key steps in the preparation of advanced intermediates in numerous synthetic programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Damiano
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK LS2 9JT
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33
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Elliott LD, Berry M, Orr-Ewing AJ, Booker-Milburn KI. The Intramolecular Photometathesis of Pyrroles. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:3078-9. [PMID: 17323953 DOI: 10.1021/ja070254l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
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Abstract
Abstract: The second edition of the Glossary of Terms Used in Photochemistry [Pure Appl. Chem.68, 2223-2286 (1996); <http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1996/pdf/6812x2223.pdf>] has been both corrected and updated. Terms have been added related to molecular anisotropy, the use of polarized radiation, nonlinear optical phenomena, and the emerging field of computation of excited species. Some changes have been introduced in this "Glossary" regarding the terms related to radiation energy to make this collection fully compatible with internationally agreed-upon terms. Many links are included to various Web pages listing quantities relevant to the work of photochemists and scientists using photochemical tools.
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