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Zhao Y, Yan H, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Tian M, Zhang C, Yuan S, Qiu H, He L, Zhang M. Catalytic asymmetric intramolecular propargylation of cyclopropanols to access the cuparane core. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10963-10968. [PMID: 39027279 PMCID: PMC11253112 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02504k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric propargylation of enol(ate) intermediates is a well-established method for the synthesis of α-propargyl-substituted carbonyl compounds. However, the propargylation of homo-enol(ate) or its equivalents for the synthesis of β-propargyl-substituted carbonyl compounds remains underdeveloped. A catalytic enantioselective decarboxylative intramolecular propargylation of cyclopropanols has been developed using a PyBox-complexed copper catalyst. This reaction offers an effective approach to assemble a cyclopentanone skeleton bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center and an adjacent quaternary gem-dimethyl carbon center, which is the core scaffold of the naturally occurring cuparenoids. Key to the success of this protocol is the use of a new structurally optimized PyBox ligand. This study represents the first example of catalytic asymmetric intramolecular propargylation of cyclopropanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Hongya Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Mengxing Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Chongzhou Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Shan Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Hanyue Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Ling He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Min Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
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2
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Plachinski EF, Kim HJ, Genzink MJ, Sanders KM, Kelch RM, Guzei IA, Yoon TP. A General Synthetic Strategy toward the Truxillate Natural Products via Solid-State Photocycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14948-14953. [PMID: 38775350 PMCID: PMC11167107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The truxillates constitute a large class of dimeric natural products featuring a central, highly substituted cyclobutane core. In principle, these structures could be efficiently synthesized via [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. However, the difficulty in controlling the high-energy electronically excited reactive intermediates in the solution state can lead to poor regio- and diastereocontrol. This has limited the use of photocycloaddition methodology toward the synthesis of this important class of natural products. Herein, we demonstrate that acid-controlled precipitation of C-acyl imidazoles promotes a highly selective solid-state photocycloaddition, and the products of this reaction can be quickly transformed into truxillate natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie F. Plachinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hyung Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew J. Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kyana M. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular Structure Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Riley M. Kelch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular Structure Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular Structure Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Ahmed N, Kavikarage JPK, Judkins DF, Mendis WD, Merugu R, Krause JA, Ault BS, Gudmundsdottir AD. Unraveling the Solid-State Photoreactivity of Carbonylbis(4,1-Phenylene)dicarbonazidate with Laser Flash Photolysis. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9705-9716. [PMID: 37939705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state photoreactions are generally controlled by the rigid and ordered nature of crystals. Herein, the solution and solid-state photoreactivities of carbonylbis(4,1-phenylene)dicarbonazidate (1) were investigated to elucidate the solid-state reaction mechanism. Irradiation of 1 in methanol yielded primarily the corresponding amine, whereas irradiation in the solid state gave a mixture of photoproducts. Laser flash photolysis in methanol showed the formation of the triplet ketone (TK) of 1 (τ ∼ 99 ns), which decayed to triplet nitrene 31N (τ ∼ 464 ns), as assigned by comparison to its calculated spectrum. Laser flash photolysis of a nanocrystalline suspension and diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis also revealed the formation of TK of 1 (τ ∼ 106 ns) and 31N (τ ∼ 806 ns). Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and phosphorescence measurements further verified the formation of 31N and the TK of 1, respectively. In methanol, 31N decays by H atom abstraction. However, in the solid state, 31N is sufficiently long lived to thermally populate its singlet configuration (11N). Insertion of 11N into the phenyl ring to produce oxazolone competes with 31N cleavage to form a radical pair. Notably, 1 did not exhibit photodynamic behavior, likely because the photoreaction occurs only on the crystal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Janaka P K Kavikarage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - DeAnte F Judkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - W Dinindu Mendis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Rajkumar Merugu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Bruce S Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Anna D Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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4
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Costa AL, Monteiro RP, Nunes Barradas PD, Ferreira SCR, Cunha C, Gomes AC, Gonçalves IS, Seixas de Melo JS, Pillinger M. Enhanced thermal and photo-stability of a para-substituted dicumyl ketone intercalated in a layered double hydroxide. Front Chem 2022; 10:1004586. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1004586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A ketodiacid, 4,4′-dicarboxylate-dicumyl ketone (3), has been intercalated into a Zn, Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) by a coprecipitation synthesis strategy. The structure and chemical composition of the resultant hybrid material (LDH-KDA3) were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), FT-IR, FT-Raman and solid-state 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis (CHN). PXRD showed that the dicarboxylate guest molecules assembled into a monolayer to give a basal spacing of 18.0 Å. TGA revealed that the organic guest starts to decompose at a significantly higher temperature (ca. 330°C) than that determined for the free ketodiacid (ca. 230°C). Photochemical experiments were performed to probe the photoreactivity of the ketoacid in the crystalline state, in solution, and as a guest embedded within the photochemically-inert LDH host. Irradiation of the bulk crystalline ketoacid results in photodecarbonylation and the exclusive formation of the radical-radical combination product. Solution studies employing the standard myoglobin (Mb) assay for quantification of released CO showed that the ketoacid behaved as a photoactivatable CO-releasing molecule for transfer of CO to heme proteins, although the photoreactivity was low. No photoinduced release of CO was found for the LDH system, indicating that molecular confinement enhanced the photo-stability of the hexasubstituted ketone. To better understand the behavior of 3 under irradiation, a more comprehensive study, involving excitation of this compound in DMSO-d6 followed by 1H NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, was undertaken and further rationalized with the help of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) electronic quantum calculations. The photophysical study showed the formation of a less emissive compound (or compounds). New signals in the 1H NMR spectra were attributed to photoproducts obtained via Norrish type I α-cleavage decarbonylation and Norrish type II (followed by CH3 migration) pathways. TDDFT calculations predicted that the formation of a keto-enol system (via a CH3 migration step in the type II pathway) was highly favorable and consistent with the observed spectral data.
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5
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Hui C, Craggs L, Antonchick AP. Ring contraction in synthesis of functionalized carbocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8652-8675. [PMID: 36172989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01080h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbocycles are a key and widely present structural motif in organic compounds. The construction of structurally intriguing carbocycles, such as highly-strained fused rings, spirocycles or highly-functionalized carbocycles with congested stereocenters, remains challenging in organic chemistry. Cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes within such carbocycles can be synthesized through ring contraction. These ring contractions involve re-arrangement of and/or small molecule extrusion from a parental ring, which is either a carbocycle or a heterocycle of larger size. This review provides an overview of synthetic methods for ring contractions to form cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes en route to structurally intriguing carbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunngai Hui
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luke Craggs
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.,Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
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6
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Jurczyk J, Woo J, Kim SF, Dherange BD, Sarpong R, Levin MD. Single-atom logic for heterocycle editing. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2022; 1:352-364. [PMID: 35935106 PMCID: PMC9355079 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-022-00052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry continues to be impacted by new synthetic methods. Particularly sought after, especially at the drug discovery stage, is the ability to enact the desired chemical transformations in a concise and chemospecific fashion. To this end, the field of organic synthesis has become captivated by the idea of 'molecular editing'-to rapidly build onto, change or prune molecules one atom at a time using transformations that are mild and selective enough to be employed at the late stages of a synthetic sequence. In this Review, the definition and categorization of a particularly promising subclass of molecular editing reactions, termed 'single-atom skeletal editing', are proposed. Although skeletal editing applies to both cyclic and acyclic compounds, this Review focuses on heterocycles, both for their centrality in medicinal chemistry and for the definitional clarity afforded by a focus on ring systems. A classification system is presented by highlighting methods (both historically important examples and recent advances) that achieve such transformations, with the goal to spark interest and inspire further development in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Sojung F. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
| | - Mark D. Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
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7
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Di Terlizzi L, Roncari F, Crespi S, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Aryl-Cl vs heteroatom-Si bond cleavage on the route to the photochemical generation of σ,π-heterodiradicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:667-685. [PMID: 34775550 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of aryl chlorides having a X-SiMe3 group (X = O, NR, S, SiMe2) tethered to the aromatic ring has been investigated in detail, with the aim to generate valuable ϭ,π-heterodiradicals. Two competitive pathways arising from the excited triplet state of the aromatics have been observed, namely heterolysis of the aryl-chlorine bond and homolysis of the X-silicon bond. The former path is found in chlorinated phenols and anilines, whereas the latter is exclusive in the case of silylated thiophenols and aryl silanes. A combined experimental/computational approach was pursued to explain such a photochemical behavior.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Roncari
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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8
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Dotson JJ, Liepuoniute I, Bachman JL, Hipwell VM, Khan SI, Houk KN, Garg NK, Garcia-Garibay MA. Taming Radical Pairs in the Crystalline Solid State: Discovery and Total Synthesis of Psychotriadine. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4043-4054. [PMID: 33682403 PMCID: PMC8292139 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state photodecarbonylation is an attractive but underutilized methodology to forge hindered C-C bonds in complex molecules. This study discloses the use of this reaction to assemble the vicinal quaternary stereocenter motif present in bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloids. Our strategy was enabled by experimental and computational investigations of the role of substrate conformation on the success or failure of the solid-state photodecarbonylation reaction. This informed a crystal engineering strategy to optimize the key step of the total synthesis. Ultimately, this endeavor culminated in the successful synthesis of the bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloid "psychotriadine," which features the elusive piperidinoindoline framework. Psychotriadine, a previously unknown compound, was identified in the extracts of the flower Psychotria colorata, suggesting it is a naturally occurring metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Dotson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ieva Liepuoniute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - J Logan Bachman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Vince M Hipwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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9
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Nakao S, Saikai M, Nishimoto Y, Yasuda M. InBr
3
‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction between Electron‐Deficient Alkenyl Ethers with Silyl Enolates for Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,5‐Dioxo‐alk‐2‐enes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Nakao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
| | - Miki Saikai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2‐1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565‐0871 Osaka Japan
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10
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Dotson JJ, Bachman JL, Garcia-Garibay MA, Garg NK. Discovery and Total Synthesis of a Bis(cyclotryptamine) Alkaloid Bearing the Elusive Piperidinoindoline Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11685-11690. [PMID: 32520547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloids have been popular topics of study for many decades. Five possible scaffolds for bis(cyclotryptamine) alkaloids were originally postulated in the 1950s, but only four of these scaffolds have been observed in natural products to date. We describe synthetic access to the elusive fifth scaffold, the piperidinoindoline, through syntheses of compounds now termed "dihydropsychotriadine" and "psychotriadine". The latter of these compounds was subsequently identified in extracts of the flower Psychotria colorata. Our synthetic route features a stereospecific solid-state photodecarbonylation reaction to introduce the key vicinal quaternary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Dotson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - J Logan Bachman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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Leyva E, de Loera D, Espinosa-González CG, Noriega S. Physicochemical Properties and Photochemical Reactions in Organic Crystals. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272822666190313152105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Molecular organic photochemistry is concerned with the description of physical and chemical processes generated upon the absorption of photons by organic molecules. Recently, it has become an important part of many areas of science: chemistry, biology, biochemistry, medicine, biophysics, material science, analytical chemistry, among others. Many synthetic chemists are using photochemical reactions in crystals to generate different types of organic compounds since this methodology represents a green chemistry approach.Objective & Method:Chemical reactions in crystals are quite different from reactions in solution. The range of organic solid state reactions and the degree of control which could be achieved under these conditions are quite wider and subtle. Therefore, for a large number of molecular crystals, the photochemical outcome is not the expected product based on topochemical principles. To explain these experimental results, several physicochemical factors in crystal structure have been proposed such as defects, reaction cavity, dynamic preformation or photoinduced lattice instability and steric compression control. In addition, several crystal engineering strategies have been developed to bring molecules into adequate orientations with reactive groups in good proximity to synthesize complex molecules that in many cases are not available by conventional methods. Some strategies involve structural modifications like intramolecular substitution with different functional groups to modify intermolecular interactions. Other strategies involve chemical techniques such as mixed crystal formation, charge transfer complexes, ionic and organometallic interactions. Furthermore, some examples of the single crystal to single crystal transformations have also been developed showing an elegant method to achieve regio and stereoselectivity in a photochemical reaction.Conclusion:The several examples given in this review paper have shown the wide scope of photochemical reactions in organic molecular crystals. There are several advantages of carrying photochemical reaction in the solid state. Production of materials unobtainable by the traditional solution phase reactions, improved specificity, reduction of impurities, and enhancement in the yields by the reduction of side reactions. These advantages and the multidisciplinary nature of solid-state photochemistry make this discipline quite likely to develop a lot in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Denisse de Loera
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Claudia G. Espinosa-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Saúl Noriega
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; Manuel Nava No. 6. Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
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12
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Tsukamoto Y, Itoh S, Kobayashi M, Obora Y. Iridium-Catalyzed α-Methylation of α-Aryl Esters Using Methanol as the C1 Source. Org Lett 2019; 21:3299-3303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Satoshi Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yasushi Obora
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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13
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Dotson JJ, Perez-Estrada S, Garcia-Garibay MA. Taming Radical Pairs in Nanocrystalline Ketones: Photochemical Synthesis of Compounds with Vicinal Stereogenic All-Carbon Quaternary Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8359-8371. [PMID: 29842773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the use of crystalline ketones to control the fate of the radical pair intermediates generated in the Norrish type I photodecarbonylation reaction to render it a powerful tool in the challenging synthesis of sterically congested carbon-carbon bonds. This methodology makes the synthetically more accessible hexasubstituted ketones ideal synthons for the construction of adjacent, all-carbon substituted, stereogenic quaternary stereocenters. We describe here the structural and thermochemical parameters required of the starting ketone in order to react in the solid state. Finally, the scope and scalability of the reaction and its application in the total synthesis of two natural products is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Dotson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Salvador Perez-Estrada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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14
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Park JH, Chung TS, Hipwell VM, Rivera E, Garcia-Garibay MA. Transient Kinetics and Quantum Yield Studies of Nanocrystalline α-Phenyl-Substituted Ketones: Sorting Out Reactions from Singlet and Triplet Excited States. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8192-8197. [PMID: 29890075 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that diarylmethyl radicals generated by pulsed laser excitation in nanocrystalline (NC) suspensions of tetraarylacetones constitute a valuable probe for the detailed mechanistic analysis of the solid-state photodecarbonylation reaction. Using a combination of reaction quantum yields and laser flash photolysis in nanocrystalline suspensions of ketones with different substituents on one of the α-carbons, we are able to suggest with confidence that a significant fraction of the initial α-cleavage reaction takes place from the ketone singlet excited state, that the originally formed diarylmethyl-acyl radical pair loses CO in the crystal with time constants in the sub-nanosecond regime, and that the secondary bis(diarylmethyl) triplet radical pair has a lifetime limited by the rate of intersystem crossing of ca. 70 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90024-1569 , United States
| | - Tim S Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90024-1569 , United States
| | - Vince M Hipwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90024-1569 , United States
| | - Edris Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90024-1569 , United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90024-1569 , United States
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15
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Liu P, Liu W, Li CJ. Catalyst-Free and Redox-Neutral Innate Trifluoromethylation and Alkylation of Aromatics Enabled by Light. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14315-14321. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Ministry
of Education Key laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug
Discovery, Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center
for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department
of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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16
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Kumar R, Halder J, Nanda S. Asymmetric total synthesis of ( R )-α-cuparenone, ( S )-cuparene and formal synthesis of ( R )-β-cuparenone through Meinwald rearrangement and ring closing metathesis (RCM) reaction. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Chung TS, Xue Y, Carranza A, Garcia-Garibay MA. Stereospecific photochemistry of Δ2-1,2,3-triazolines in solution and in the solid state: scope and mechanistic studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1458-1463. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple two-step process for the synthesis of aziridines relies on the crystallization and stereospecific solid state photoreaction of triazolines obtained by dipolar cycloaddition between azides and activated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim S. Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Yang Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Alberto Carranza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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18
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Kärkäs M, Porco JA, Stephenson CRJ. Photochemical Approaches to Complex Chemotypes: Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9683-747. [PMID: 27120289 PMCID: PMC5025835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of photochemical transformations is a powerful strategy that allows for the formation of a high degree of molecular complexity from relatively simple building blocks in a single step. A central feature of all light-promoted transformations is the involvement of electronically excited states, generated upon absorption of photons. This produces transient reactive intermediates and significantly alters the reactivity of a chemical compound. The input of energy provided by light thus offers a means to produce strained and unique target compounds that cannot be assembled using thermal protocols. This review aims at highlighting photochemical transformations as a tool for rapidly accessing structurally and stereochemically diverse scaffolds. Synthetic designs based on photochemical transformations have the potential to afford complex polycyclic carbon skeletons with impressive efficiency, which are of high value in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus
D. Kärkäs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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19
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Ravelli D, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions via Photogenerated Intermediates. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9850-913. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ravelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Photogreen Lab, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli
12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department
of Chemistry, Photogreen Lab, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli
12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Photogreen Lab, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli
12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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20
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Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards 2015. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards 2015. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Hernández-Linares MG, Guerrero-Luna G, Pérez-Estrada S, Ellison M, Ortin MM, Garcia-Garibay MA. Large-Scale Green Chemical Synthesis of Adjacent Quaternary Chiral Centers by Continuous Flow Photodecarbonylation of Aqueous Suspensions of Nanocrystalline Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1679-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512524j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Guerrero-Luna
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Salvador Pérez-Estrada
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Martha Ellison
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Maria-Mar Ortin
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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23
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Stereocontrolled synthesis and functionalization of cyclobutanes and cyclobutanones. Molecules 2013; 18:15541-72. [PMID: 24352013 PMCID: PMC6269998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade a certain number of new cyclobutane and cyclobutanone synthesis and functionalization protocols have been published. Organo- and biocatalyzed eco-friendly approaches to cyclobutane-containing molecules have been developed with interesting results. Also, successful new total synthesis of bioactive compounds and drugs have been recently reported where a four membered ring represented the key intermediate. Therefore, the rising interest in this field represents a great point of discussion for the scientific community, disclosing the synthetic potential of strained four membered ring carbocyclic compounds. Herein we report a critical survey on the literature concerning the enantiocontrolled synthesis and functionalization of cyclobutane derivatives, with particular attention to metal-free, low impact methodologies, published during the period 2000-2013.
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24
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Aiguabella N, del Pozo C, Verdaguer X, Fustero S, Riera A. Synthesis and Application of β-Substituted Pauson-Khand Adducts: Trifluoromethyl as a Removable Steering Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Aiguabella N, del Pozo C, Verdaguer X, Fustero S, Riera A. Synthesis and Application of β-Substituted Pauson-Khand Adducts: Trifluoromethyl as a Removable Steering Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5355-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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27
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Gottumukkala AL, Matcha K, Lutz M, de Vries JG, Minnaard AJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Quaternary Stereocenter Formation. Chemistry 2012; 18:6907-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Ma M, Yang C, Li B, Shao Y, Zhao G, Xia W. Photochemical Studies on 5-Methylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Derivatives: p-Orbital Overlap Controlled Enantioselectivity. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Shiraki S, Vogelsberg CS, Garcia-Garibay MA. Solid-state photochemistry of crystalline pyrazolines: reliable generation and reactivity control of 1,3-biradicals and their potential for the green chemistry synthesis of substituted cyclopropanes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1929-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Shao Y, Yang C, Gui W, Liu Y, Xia W. Photochemical studies on aromatic γ,δ-epoxy ketones: efficient synthesis of benzocyclobutanones and indanones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3560-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Kuzmanich G, Natarajan A, Shi Y, Patrick BO, Scheffer JR, Garcia-Garibay MA. Stable radicals during photodecarbonylations of trityl-alkyl ketones enable solid state reactions through primary and secondary radical centers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1731-4. [PMID: 21947128 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solid state photoexcitation of several triphenylmethyl-alkyl ketones resulted in the loss of CO and the exclusive formation of radical-radical combination products. Differences in reactivity suggest a stepwise mechanism with the unprecedented formation of primary and secondary radicals in some of the radical pair intermediates in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Kuzmanich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1559, USA
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32
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Zhang P, Le H, Kyne RE, Morken JP. Enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary centers by branch-selective Pd-catalyzed allyl-allyl cross-coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9716-9. [PMID: 21648464 PMCID: PMC3131072 DOI: 10.1021/ja2039248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of racemic tertiary allylic carbonates and allylboronates is described. This reaction generates all-carbon quaternary centers in a highly regioselective and enantioselective fashion. The outcome of these reactions is consistent with a process that proceeds by way of 3,3'-reductive elimination of bis(η(1)-allyl)palladium intermediates. Strategies for distinguishing the product alkenes and application to the synthesis of (+)-α-cuparenone are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
| | - Hai Le
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
| | - Robert E. Kyne
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
| | - James P. Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
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33
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemical reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1000-45. [PMID: 21246702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute in a significant way to the existing repertoire of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions by allowing access to exceptional molecular structures that cannot be obtained by conventional means. In this Review, the most important photochemical transformations that have been employed in natural product synthesis are presented. Selected total syntheses are discussed as examples, with particular attention given to the photochemical key step and its stereoselectivity. The structural relationship between the photochemically generated molecule and the natural product is shown, and, where necessary, the consecutive reactions in the synthesis are illustrated and classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bach
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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34
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemische Reaktionen als Schlüsselschritte in der Naturstoffsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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35
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Shiraki S, Natarajan A, Garcia-Garibay MA. The synthesis and stereospecific solid-state photodecarbonylation of hexasubstituted meso- and d,l-ketones. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1480-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Xia W, Shao Y, Gui W, Yang C. Efficient synthesis of polysubstituted isochromanones via a novel photochemical rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11098-100. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14269k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Wheeler KA, Wiseman JD, Grove RC. Enantiocontrolled solid-state photodimerizations via a chiral sulfonamidecinnamic acid. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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García-Garibay MA. The entropic enlightenment of organic photochemistry: strategic modifications of intrinsic decay pathways using an information-based approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1574-88. [PMID: 21060939 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Early photochemistry flourished with sunlight plus the experimental and intellectual infrastructure provided by the chemistry of organic compounds. Through the pioneering work of Giacomo Ciamician and Emanuele Paternò, it was shown that photochemical reactions give rise to products that are not accessible by thermal methods, and the green chemistry potential of organic photoreactions was already recognized at the time. Over the last century, the photochemical behavior of many chromophores and functional groups has been well documented in solution. From those studies, it has become clear that applications in organic synthesis suffer from complications arising from competing decay pathways that are intrinsic to those excited states. While there are few opportunities to control the outcome of excited molecules in solution, the potential of organic photochemistry under the influence of highly ordered structures can be appreciated with examples from photobiology. Knowing that nature can synthesize triglycerides with light, CO(2), H(2)O and a few thermal reactions, organic photochemistry should have a great potential and aim high. With that in mind, after exploring the modes of action used by living organisms to take advantage of sunlight, one can identify an approach that relies on entropic factors that result from changes in the information content of the reactant. Analogies with information theory suggest a strategy that may be used to manage chemical information to modify the intrinsic properties of chromophores. Extrapolating from recent examples, it is suggested that an information-based approach to organic photochemistry may result in important advances not only in chemical synthesis and green chemistry, but also in many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA.
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39
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Štefane B. Selective Addition of Organolithium Reagents to BF2-Chelates of β-Ketoesters. Org Lett 2010; 12:2900-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100620j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Štefane
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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40
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Yang C, Xia W. Solid‐State Asymmetric Photochemical Studies Using the Ionic Chiral Auxiliary Approach. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:1774-1784. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- The State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resource & The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 3026, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 451‐86402588
| | - Wujiong Xia
- The State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resource & The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 3026, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 451‐86402588
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41
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An S, Jeong J, Baskar B, Lee J, Seo J, Rhee Y. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Substituted 2-Cyclopentenones from 5-Siloxypent-3-en-1-ynes. Chemistry 2009; 15:11837-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Photochemical studies on exo-bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl and bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl aryl ketones: two approaches for synthesis of enantiomerically enriched cyclopentene derivatives. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Resendiz MJE, Family F, Fuller K, Campos LM, Khan SI, Lebedeva NV, Forbes MDE, Garcia-Garibay MA. Radical reactions with double memory of chirality (2MOC) for the enantiospecific synthesis of adjacent stereogenic quaternary centers in solution: cleavage and bonding faster than radical rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8425-33. [PMID: 19473007 PMCID: PMC4078905 DOI: 10.1021/ja900781n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solution photochemistry of bis(phenylpyrrolidinonyl)ketones (R,R)-1b and (S,S)-1b exhibited a remarkably high memory of chirality. Stereospecific decarbonylation to products (R,R)-3b and (S,S)-3b, respectively, occurred with an ee of ca. 80%. The reaction is thought to occur along the single state manifold by sequential Norrish type-I alpha-cleavage, decarbonylation, and radical-radical combination in a time scale that is comparable to that required for the radical intermediate to expose its other enantiotopic face by rotation about an axis perpendicular to that of the p orbital (ca. 3-7 ps). The absolute configuration of a key intermediate and that of ketone (R,R)-1b were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the ee values of the photochemical products with the help of chiral shift reagent (+)-Eu(tfc)(3) and chiral LC-MS/MS. On the basis of the ee and de values at 25 degrees C, it could be determined that ca. 70% of the bond forming events occur with double memory of chirality, ca. 21% occur after rotation of one radical to form the meso product (R,S)-3b, and only 9% occur after double rotation to form the opposite enantiomer. This report represents the first example of a doubly enantiospecific Norrish type-I and decarbonylation reaction in solution and illustrates potentially efficient ways to obtain compounds with adjacent stereogenic quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino J E Resendiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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44
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45
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Yoshida M, Shoji Y, Shishido K. Total Syntheses of Enokipodins A and B Utilizing Palladium-Catalyzed Addition of An Arylboronic Acid to An Allene. Org Lett 2009; 11:1441-3. [PMID: 19245241 DOI: 10.1021/ol9001637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
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46
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Family F, Garcia-Garibay MA. Photodecarbonylation of Ketodiacids as Ammonium Salts: Efficient Formation of C−C Bonds Between Adjacent Quaternary Centers in the Crystalline State. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2476-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802761t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnosh Family
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 E. Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 E. Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095
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47
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation, structural determination, synthesis and chemical and microbiological transformations of natural sesquiterpenoids. 423 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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48
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Sankaranarayanan J, Bort LN, Mandel SM, Chen P, Krause JA, Brooks EE, Tsang P, Gudmundsdottir AD. Orbital-Overlap Control in the Solid-State Reactivity of β-Azido-Propiophenones: Selective Formation of cis-Azo-Dimers. Org Lett 2008; 10:937-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ol703098q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren N. Bort
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Sarah M. Mandel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Elwood E. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Pearl Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
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49
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Kuzmanich G, Natarajan A, Chin KK, Veerman M, Mortko CJ, Garcia-Garibay MA. Solid-state photodecarbonylation of diphenylcyclopropenone: a quantum chain process made possible by ultrafast energy transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1140-1. [PMID: 18183985 DOI: 10.1021/ja078301x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Kuzmanich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024-1569, USA
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Resendiz MJE, Natarajan A, Garcia-Garibay MA. Diastereoselective synthesis and spin-dependent photodecarbonylation of di(3-phenyl-2-pyrrolidinon-3-yl)ketones: synthesis of nonadjacent and adjacent stereogenic quaternary centers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:193-5. [PMID: 18092084 DOI: 10.1039/b711786h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marino J E Resendiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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