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Long C, He Y, Guan Z. Emerging Strategies for Asymmetric Synthesis: Combining Enzyme Promiscuity and Photo‐/Electro‐redox Catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao‐Jiu Long
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
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2
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Carballares D, Morellon-Sterling R, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Design of Artificial Enzymes Bearing Several Active Centers: New Trends, Opportunities and Problems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5304. [PMID: 35628115 PMCID: PMC9141793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing enzymes which possess several catalytic activities is a topic where intense research has been carried out, mainly coupled with the development of cascade reactions. This review tries to cover the different possibilities to reach this goal: enzymes with promiscuous activities, fusion enzymes, enzymes + metal catalysts (including metal nanoparticles or site-directed attached organometallic catalyst), enzymes bearing non-canonical amino acids + metal catalysts, design of enzymes bearing a second biological but artificial active center (plurizymes) by coupling enzyme modelling and directed mutagenesis and plurizymes that have been site directed modified in both or in just one active center with an irreversible inhibitor attached to an organometallic catalyst. Some examples of cascade reactions catalyzed by the enzymes bearing several catalytic activities are also described. Finally, some foreseen problems of the use of these multi-activity enzymes are described (mainly related to the balance of the catalytic activities, necessary in many instances, or the different operational stabilities of the different catalytic activities). The design of new multi-activity enzymes (e.g., plurizymes or modified plurizymes) seems to be a topic with unarguable interest, as this may link biological and non-biological activities to establish new combo-catalysis routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-S.)
| | - Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-S.)
- Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-S.)
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Long CJ, He YH, Guan Z. Asymmetric oxidative Mannich reactions promoted by photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2544-2561. [PMID: 35266948 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric Mannich reaction is an essential method in contemporary organic chemistry. As a representative of clean and green synthesis methods, photochemical and electrochemical oxidation strategies have re-emerged in recent years, providing new ideas for asymmetric Mannich reactions. Numerous chiral β-amino carbonyl compounds have been accessed in satisfactory yields with excellent enantioselectivity via such novel asymmetric oxidative Mannich reactions. This minireview highlights plentiful advances in asymmetric oxidative Mannich reactions that rely on photoredox or anodic-oxidation and covers the literature from 2014 to date. Furthermore, the future development of this field is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jiu Long
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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4
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Velikogne S, Breukelaar WB, Hamm F, Glabonjat RA, Kroutil W. C=C-Ene-Reductases Reduce the C=N Bond of Oximes. ACS Catal 2020; 10:13377-13382. [PMID: 33251037 PMCID: PMC7685226 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although enzymes have been found for many reactions, there are still transformations for which no enzyme is known. For instance, not a single defined enzyme has been described for the reduction of the C=N bond of an oxime, only whole organisms. Such an enzymatic reduction of an oxime may give access to (chiral) amines. By serendipity, we found that the oxime moiety adjacent to a ketone as well as an ester group can be reduced by ene-reductases (ERs) to an intermediate amino group. ERs are well-known enzymes for the reduction of activated alkenes, as of α,β-unsaturated ketones. For the specific substrate used here, the amine intermediate spontaneously reacts further to tetrasubstituted pyrazines. This reduction reaction represents an unexpected promiscuous activity of ERs expanding the toolkit of transformations using enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Velikogne
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Willem B. Breukelaar
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Hamm
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ronald A. Glabonjat
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Dare EO, Vendrell‐Criado V, Consuelo Jiménez M, Pérez‐Ruiz R, Díaz Díaz D. Fluorescent-Labeled Octasilsesquioxane Nanohybrids as Potential Materials for Latent Fingerprinting Detection. Chemistry 2020; 26:13142-13146. [PMID: 32460420 PMCID: PMC7692944 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The recent demand for fluorescent-labeled materials (FLMs) in forensic security concepts such as latent fingerprints (LFs) that encode information for anti-counterfeiting and encryption of confidential data makes necessary the development of building new and innovative materials. Here, novel FLMs based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) functionalized with fluorophores via "click" reactions have been successfully synthesized and fully characterized. A comprehensive study of their photophysical properties has displayed large Stokes's shift together with good photostability in all cases, fulfilling the fundamental requisites for any legible LF detection on various surfaces. The excellent performance of the hetero-bifunctional FLM in the visualization of LF is emphasized by their legibility, selectivity, sensitivity and temporal photostability. In this study, development mechanisms have been proposed and the overall concept constitute a novel approach for vis-à-vis forensic investigations to trace an individual's identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enock O. Dare
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitaetsstr. 3193040RegensburgGermany
- Department of ChemistryFederal University of AgricultureP.M. B2240AbeokutaNigeria
| | | | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaCamino de Vera, s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Raúl Pérez‐Ruiz
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaCamino de Vera, s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitaetsstr. 3193040RegensburgGermany
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad de La LagunaAvda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez38206La LagunaTenerifeSpain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio GonzálezUniversidad de La LagunaAvda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 238206La LagunaTenerifeSpain
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6
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de Munnik M, Lohans CT, Langley GW, Bon C, Brem J, Schofield CJ. A Fluorescence-Based Assay for Screening β-Lactams Targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transpeptidase Ldt Mt2. Chembiochem 2020; 21:368-372. [PMID: 31322798 PMCID: PMC7028133 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis l,d-transpeptidases (Ldts), which are involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, have emerged as promising targets for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, an efficient method for testing inhibition of these enzymes is not currently available. We present a fluorescence-based assay for LdtMt2 , which is suitable for high-throughput screening. Two fluorogenic probes were identified that release a fluorophore upon reaction with LdtMt2 , thus making it possible to assess the availability of the catalytic site in the presence of inhibitors. The assay was applied to a panel of β-lactam antibiotics and related inhibitors; the results validate observations that the (carba)penem subclass of β-lactams are more potent Ldt inhibitors than other β-lactam classes, though unexpected variations in potency were observed. The method will enable systematic structure-activity relationship studies on Ldts, thereby facilitating the identification of new antibiotics active against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska de Munnik
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Christopher T. Lohans
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's University18 Stuart StreetKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Gareth W. Langley
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Present address: Charles River LaboratoriesChesterford Research ParkSaffron WaldenEssexCB10 1XLUK
| | - Corentin Bon
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Present address: Department of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurUMR 3523 CNRSRue du Dr. Roux75015ParisFrance
| | - Jürgen Brem
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
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8
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Saima, Lavekar AG, Kumar S, Rastogi SK, Sinha AK. Biocatalysis for C–S bond formation: Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) catalysed thiolysis/hydrothiolation reactions in sole water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1615098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, C.S.I.R. – Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya G. Lavekar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, C.S.I.R. – Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, C.S.I.R. – Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, India
| | - Sumit K. Rastogi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, C.S.I.R. – Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, India
| | - Arun K. Sinha
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, C.S.I.R. – Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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9
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Chen YJ, Xiang Y, He YH, Guan Z. Anti-selective direct asymmetric Mannich reaction catalyzed by protease. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Caselle EA, Yoon JH, Bhattacharya S, Rempillo JJ, Lengyel Z, D’Souza A, Moroz YS, Tolbert PL, Volkov AN, Forconi M, Castañeda CA, Makhlynets OV, Korendovych IV. Kemp Eliminases of the AlleyCat Family Possess High Substrate Promiscuity. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:1425-1430. [PMID: 31788134 PMCID: PMC6884320 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Minimalist enzymes designed to catalyze model reactions provide useful starting points for creating catalysts for practically important chemical transformations. We have shown that Kemp eliminases of the AlleyCat family facilitate conversion of leflunomide (an immunosupressor pro-drug) to its active form teriflunomide with outstanding rate enhancement (nearly four orders of magnitude) and catalytic proficiency (more than seven orders of magnitude) without any additional optimization. This remarkable activity is achieved by properly positioning the substrate in close proximity to the catalytic glutamate with very high pKa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Caselle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Sagar Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Joel J.L. Rempillo
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Zsófia Lengyel
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Areetha D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Patricia L. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Alexander N. Volkov
- VIB Centre for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
- Jean Jeener NMR Cetre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Marcello Forconi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George St. Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Carlos A. Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Olga V. Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Ivan V. Korendovych
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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11
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Chen YJ, Zhang GY, He YH, Guan Z. Aryl C–H amination initiated by laccase-mediated oxidation of 4-phenylurazole. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00968j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A mild amination of aryl C–H initiated by laccase-mediated oxidation of 4-phenylurazole is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Guo-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
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12
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Ding X, Dong CL, Guan Z, He YH. Concurrent Asymmetric Reactions Combining Photocatalysis and Enzyme Catalysis: Direct Enantioselective Synthesis of 2,2-Disubstituted Indol-3-ones from 2-Arylindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Chun-Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
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13
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Ding X, Dong CL, Guan Z, He YH. Concurrent Asymmetric Reactions Combining Photocatalysis and Enzyme Catalysis: Direct Enantioselective Synthesis of 2,2-Disubstituted Indol-3-ones from 2-Arylindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:118-124. [PMID: 30421485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of photoredox and enzymatic catalysis for the direct asymmetric one-pot synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted indol-3-ones from 2-arylindoles through concurrent oxidization and alkylation reactions is described. 2-Arylindoles can be photocatalytically oxidized to 2-arylindol-3-one with subsequent enantioselective alkylation with ketones catalyzed by wheat germ lipase (WGL). The chiral quaternary carbon center at C2 of the indoles was directly constructed. This mode of concurrent photobiocatalysis provides a mild and powerful strategy for one-pot enantioselective synthesis of complex compounds. The experiments proved that other lipases containing structurally analogous catalytic triad in the active site also can catalyze the reaction in the same way. This reaction is the first example of combining the non-natural catalytic activity of hydrolases with visible-light catalysis for enantioselective organic synthesis and it does not require any cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chun-Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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14
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Guo R, Yang G, Feng Z, Zhu Y, Yang P, Song H, Wang W, Huang P, Zhang J. Glutathione-induced amino-activatable micellar photosensitization platform for synergistic redox modulation and photodynamic therapy. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1238-1249. [PMID: 29589866 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00094h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) was considered to be a promising cancer treatment modality, however, the therapeutic efficiency was often attenuated by the intrinsic antioxidant defense systems. Herein, a kind of novel glutathione-induced amino-activatable micelle was designed, which was expected to weaken the antioxidant capacity and in the meantime release the photosensitizer by the exhaustion of intracellular glutathione (GSH). The amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-(2-((2,4-dinitro-N-(ethyl) phenyl)sulfonamido) ethyl methacrylate) copolymers were synthesized and assembled into a core-shell nano structure in aqueous media. The nano structure demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity to bio-thiols in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, pheophorbide a (PhA) was encapsulated as the model photosensitizer. Upon internalization by HepG2 cells, the strongly electron-withdrawing 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl groups on the PADEE segments were readily cleaved by GSH, during which time the secondary amino groups (pKb = 11.32) were recovered and completely protonated, leading to disassembly of the micelles and rapid release of PhA. Importantly, the consumption of GSH weakened the intracellular antioxidant capacity, resulting in the synergetic accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under laser irradiation. As a result, this micellar photosensitization system could overcome the antioxidant capacity of advanced stage tumors through a simultaneous extrinsic and intrinsic strategy, facilitating therapeutic efficiency. These results demonstrate that the as-designed micelles provide a versatile photosensitization platform for on-demand PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China. jhuazhang @tju.edu.cn
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15
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Risso VA, Martinez-Rodriguez S, Candel AM, Krüger DM, Pantoja-Uceda D, Ortega-Muñoz M, Santoyo-Gonzalez F, Gaucher EA, Kamerlin SCL, Bruix M, Gavira JA, Sanchez-Ruiz JM. De novo active sites for resurrected Precambrian enzymes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16113. [PMID: 28719578 PMCID: PMC5520109 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering studies often suggest the emergence of completely new enzyme functionalities to be highly improbable. However, enzymes likely catalysed many different reactions already in the last universal common ancestor. Mechanisms for the emergence of completely new active sites must therefore either plausibly exist or at least have existed at the primordial protein stage. Here, we use resurrected Precambrian proteins as scaffolds for protein engineering and demonstrate that a new active site can be generated through a single hydrophobic-to-ionizable amino acid replacement that generates a partially buried group with perturbed physico-chemical properties. We provide experimental and computational evidence that conformational flexibility can assist the emergence and subsequent evolution of new active sites by improving substrate and transition-state binding, through the sampling of many potentially productive conformations. Our results suggest a mechanism for the emergence of primordial enzymes and highlight the potential of ancestral reconstruction as a tool for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A. Risso
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Adela M. Candel
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Dennis M. Krüger
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Pantoja-Uceda
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica Biologica, Instituto de Quimica Fisica Rocasolano, CSIC, c/Serrano 119, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Eric A. Gaucher
- School of Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marta Bruix
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica Biologica, Instituto de Quimica Fisica Rocasolano, CSIC, c/Serrano 119, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Gavira
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalograficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-University of Granada Avenida de la Palmeras 4, Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Jose M. Sanchez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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16
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Xiang Y, Song J, Zhang Y, Yang DC, Guan Z, He YH. Enzyme-Catalyzed Asymmetric Domino Thia-Michael/Aldol Condensation Using Pepsin. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6042-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Da-Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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17
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Moroz YS, Dunston TT, Makhlynets OV, Moroz OV, Wu Y, Yoon JH, Olsen AB, McLaughlin JM, Mack KL, Gosavi PM, van Nuland NAJ, Korendovych IV. New Tricks for Old Proteins: Single Mutations in a Nonenzymatic Protein Give Rise to Various Enzymatic Activities. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14905-11. [PMID: 26555770 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Design of a new catalytic function in proteins, apart from its inherent practical value, is important for fundamental understanding of enzymatic activity. Using a computationally inexpensive, minimalistic approach that focuses on introducing a single highly reactive residue into proteins to achieve catalysis we converted a 74-residue-long C-terminal domain of calmodulin into an efficient esterase. The catalytic efficiency of the resulting stereoselective, allosterically regulated catalyst, nicknamed AlleyCatE, is higher than that of any previously reported de novo designed esterases. The simplicity of our design protocol should complement and expand the capabilities of current state-of-art approaches to protein design. These results show that even a small nonenzymatic protein can efficiently attain catalytic activities in various reactions (Kemp elimination, ester hydrolysis, retroaldol reaction) as a result of a single mutation. In other words, proteins can be just one mutation away from becoming entry points for subsequent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii S Moroz
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Tiffany T Dunston
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Olga V Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Olesia V Moroz
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Yibing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jennifer H Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Alissa B Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Jaclyn M McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Korrie L Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Pallavi M Gosavi
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Nico A J van Nuland
- Jean Jeener NMR Centre, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan V Korendovych
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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18
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Gandomkar S, Fischereder EM, Schrittwieser JH, Wallner S, Habibi Z, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Enantioselective Oxidative Aerobic Dealkylation of N-Ethyl Benzylisoquinolines by Employing the Berberine Bridge Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15051-4. [PMID: 26487450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Dealkylation methods are well described for organic chemistry and the reaction is known in nature and drug metabolism; however, to our knowledge, enantioselective N-dealkylation has not been yet reported. In this study, exclusively the (S)-enantiomers of racemic N-ethyl tertiary amines (1-benzyl-N-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines) were dealkylated to give the corresponding secondary (S)-amines in an enantioselective fashion at the expense of molecular oxygen. The reaction is catalyzed by the berberine bridge enzyme, which is known for CC bond formation. The dealkylation was demonstrated on a 100 mg scale and gave optically pure dealkylated products (ee>99 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria).,Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C. District 1, Evin, Daneshjou Blvd, Tehran (Iran)
| | - Eva-Maria Fischereder
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C. District 1, Evin, Daneshjou Blvd, Tehran (Iran)
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
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19
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Gandomkar S, Fischereder EM, Schrittwieser JH, Wallner S, Habibi Z, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Enantioselektive oxidative aerobe Desalkylierung vonN-Ethylbenzyl- isochinolinen mithilfe des Berberin-Brücken-Enzyms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Hadidi P, Yeh TC, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Critical seeding density improves the properties and translatability of self-assembling anatomically shaped knee menisci. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:173-82. [PMID: 25234157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A recent development in the field of tissue engineering is the rise of all-biologic, scaffold-free engineered tissues. Since these biomaterials rely primarily upon cells, investigation of initial seeding densities constitutes a particularly relevant aim for tissue engineers. In this study, a scaffold-free method was used to create fibrocartilage in the shape of the rabbit knee meniscus. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the minimum seeding density, normalized by an area of 44 mm(2), necessary for the self-assembling process of fibrocartilage to occur; (ii) examine relevant biomechanical properties of engineered fibrocartilage, such as tensile and compressive stiffness and strength, and their relationship to seeding density; and (iii) identify a reduced, or optimal, number of cells needed to produce this biomaterial. It was found that a decreased initial seeding density, normalized by the area of the construct, produced superior mechanical and biochemical properties. Collagen per wet weight, glycosaminoglycans per wet weight, tensile properties and compressive properties were all significantly greater in the 5 million cells per construct group as compared to the historical 20 million cells per construct group. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that a lower seeding density results in a denser tissue. Additionally, the translational potential of the self-assembling process for tissue engineering was improved though this investigation, as fewer cells may be used in the future. The results of this study underscore the potential for critical seeding densities to be investigated when researching scaffold-free engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha Hadidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Timothy C Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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21
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Li L, Qin W. Potential responses to neutral thiophenols of polymeric membrane electrodes and their applications in potentiometric biosensing. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpected potential responses to electrically neutral thiophenols of anion-exchanger doped polymeric membranes have been observed and applied in potentiometric biosensing of horseradish peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS
- Yantai
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS
- Yantai
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22
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Bayat S, Abd Malek E, Yahaya NM, Salleh AB, Tejo BA, Abdul Rahman MB. Asymmetric aldol reactions catalyzed by the promiscuous aldo–ketoreductase enzyme. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Catalytic promiscuity of Escherichia coli BioH esterase: Application in the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyran derivatives. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Izquierdo DF, Barbosa O, Burguete MI, Lozano P, Luis SV, Fernandez-Lafuente R, García-Verdugo E. Tuning lipase B from Candida antarctica C–C bond promiscuous activity by immobilization on poly-styrene-divinylbenzene beads. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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25
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Rajagopalan A, Schober M, Emmerstorfer A, Hammerer L, Migglautsch A, Seisser B, Glueck SM, Niehaus F, Eck J, Pichler H, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Enzymatic Aerobic Alkene Cleavage Catalyzed by a Mn3+-Dependent Proteinase A Homologue. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2427-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Biocatalysts for cascade reaction: porcine pancreas lipase (PPL)-catalyzed synthesis of bis(indolyl)alkanes. Amino Acids 2013; 45:937-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Liu ZQ, Xiang ZW, Wu Q, Lin XF. Unexpected three-component domino synthesis of pyridin-2-ones catalyzed by promiscuous acylase in non-aqueous solvent. Biochimie 2013; 95:1462-5. [PMID: 23567338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Acylase "Amano" (AA)-catalyzed synthesis of valuable pyridin-2-ones via domino Knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition-intramolecular cyclization-oxidization reaction between aldehyde, cyanoacetamide and ethyl acetoacetate or cyclohexyl acetoacetate was developed in the sense of a one-pot strategy. Various aliphatic, aromatic and hetero-aromatic pyridin-2-ones could also be produced in the reaction. The mechanism was illustrated according to the controlled reaction, pyridin-2-one was formed via the oxidization by oxygen at the final step. This simple and efficient enzymatic domino reaction not only widens its application of AA to organic synthesis, but is also an attractive way for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, No. 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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28
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Madalińska L, Kwiatkowska M, Cierpiał T, Kiełbasiński P. Investigations on enzyme catalytic promiscuity: The first attempts at a hydrolytic enzyme-promoted conjugate addition of nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated sulfinyl acceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Hu W, Guan Z, Deng X, He YH. Enzyme catalytic promiscuity: The papain-catalyzed Knoevenagel reaction. Biochimie 2012; 94:656-61. [PMID: 21963435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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30
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Wang JL, Liu BK, Yin C, Wu Q, Lin XF. Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed the unprecedented three-component Hantzsch-type reaction of aldehyde with acetamide and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in non-aqueous solvent. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Mutti FG, Lara M, Kroutil M, Kroutil W. Ostensible enzyme promiscuity: alkene cleavage by peroxidases. Chemistry 2011; 16:14142-8. [PMID: 20981671 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme promiscuity is generally accepted as the ability of an enzyme to catalyse alternate chemical reactions besides the 'natural' one. In this paper peroxidases were shown to catalyse the cleavage of a C=C double bond adjacent to an aromatic moiety for selected substrates at the expense of molecular oxygen at an acidic pH. It was clearly shown that the reaction occurs due to the presence of the enzyme; furthermore, the reactivity was clearly linked to the hemin moiety of the peroxidase. Comparison of the transformations catalysed by peroxidase and by hemin chloride revealed that these two reactions proceed equally fast; additional experiments confirmed that the peptide backbone was not obligatory for the reaction and only a single functional group of the enzyme was required, namely in this case the prosthetic group (hemin). Consequently, we propose to define such a promiscuous activity as 'ostensible enzyme promiscuity'. Thus, we call an activity that is catalysed by an enzyme 'ostensible enzyme promiscuity' if the reactivity can be tracked back to a single catalytic site, which on its own can already perform the reaction equally well in the absence of the peptide backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco G Mutti
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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32
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Li C, Zhou YJ, Wang N, Feng XW, Li K, Yu XQ. Promiscuous protease-catalyzed aldol reactions: A facile biocatalytic protocol for carbon–carbon bond formation in aqueous media. J Biotechnol 2010; 150:539-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Carbonell P, Faulon JL. Molecular signatures-based prediction of enzyme promiscuity. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:2012-9. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Busto E, Gotor-Fernández V, Gotor V. Hydrolases: catalytically promiscuous enzymes for non-conventional reactions in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4504-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c003811c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Abbate V, Bassindale AR, Brandstadt KF, Lawson R, Taylor PG. Enzyme mediated silicon–oxygen bond formation; the use of Rhizopus oryzae lipase, lysozyme and phytase under mild conditions. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9361-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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37
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Wang JL, Xu JM, Wu Q, Lv DS, Lin XF. Promiscuous enzyme-catalyzed regioselective Michael addition of purine derivatives to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in organic solvent. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Varadarajan N, Georgiou G, Iverson BL. An engineered protease that cleaves specifically after sulfated tyrosine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7861-3. [PMID: 18780393 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Enzyme assays are analytical tools to visualize enzyme activities. In recent years a large variety of enzyme assays have been developed to assist the discovery and optimization of industrial enzymes, in particular for "white biotechnology" where selective enzymes are used with great success for economically viable, mild and environmentally benign production processes. The present article highlights the aspects of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates, sensors, and enzyme fingerprinting, which are our particular areas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, Berne, 3012, Switzerland.
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40
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Piovan L, Kagohara E, Ricci LC, Keppler AF, Capelari M, Andrade LH, Comasseto JV, Porto AL. Chemoselective screening for the reduction of a chiral functionalised (±)-2-(phenylthio)cyclohexanone by whole cells of Brazilian micro-organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Varadarajan N, Georgiou G, Iverson B. An Engineered Protease that Cleaves Specifically after Sulfated Tyrosine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Owens DK, Alerding AB, Crosby KC, Bandara AB, Westwood JH, Winkel BSJ. Functional analysis of a predicted flavonol synthase gene family in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1046-61. [PMID: 18467451 PMCID: PMC2442520 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.117457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains five sequences with high similarity to FLAVONOL SYNTHASE1 (AtFLS1), a previously characterized flavonol synthase gene that plays a central role in flavonoid metabolism. This apparent redundancy suggests the possibility that Arabidopsis uses multiple isoforms of FLS with different substrate specificities to mediate the production of the flavonols, quercetin and kaempferol, in a tissue-specific and inducible manner. However, biochemical and genetic analysis of the six AtFLS sequences indicates that, although several of the members are expressed, only AtFLS1 encodes a catalytically competent protein. AtFLS1 also appears to be the only member of this group that influences flavonoid levels and the root gravitropic response in seedlings under nonstressed conditions. This study showed that the other expressed AtFLS sequences have tissue- and cell type-specific promoter activities that overlap with those of AtFLS1 and encode proteins that interact with other flavonoid enzymes in yeast two-hybrid assays. Thus, it is possible that these "pseudogenes" have alternative, noncatalytic functions that have not yet been uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Owens
- Departments of Biological Sciences , Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0390, USA
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