1
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Jayasekharan T. Hg-Hg bonding and its influence on the stability of (HgS) n clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23468-23486. [PMID: 39221613 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02531h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Pulsed laser ablation of a HgS(s) precursor shows the formation of small cluster ions, (HgS)n=2-4+, together with HgSn=1-8± and [(HgS)n + Sm]±. The computed structure, atomization energy, and HOMO-LUMO gap energy values of the lowest energy ring singlet show stable (HgS)n=2-8. However, the computed bond conductance of the Hg-Hg bond in (HgS)n shows a high value for (HgS)n=2-4 (ξ = 1.072-0.122), whereas it is low for (HgS)n=5-8 (ξ = 0.039-0.006) and decreases significantly as the ring expands, indicating that (HgS)n≥5 is unstable. It evidences that the weak chemical bonding between Hg2+-Hg2+ closed shell (5d10-5d10) electrons plays a significant role in the stability of ring (HgS)n=2-4. Thus, it validates the experimental observation of stable cluster ions up to (HgS)4+. In contrast, the low energy chain triplet (HgS)n=2-8 shows a progressive increase in stability and bond conductance with chain length, indicating sustained mercurophilic interactions in long chain clusters like its crystal structure. Furthermore, the lowest/low energy isomers of HgSn=1-8 have been computed for their energetics, HOMO-LUMO gaps, and electron affinity using DFT-B3LYP/PBE0 methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankan Jayasekharan
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Physics Group Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India.
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2
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Xu S, Wang Q, Rajeshkumar T, Jiang S, Maron L, Xu X. Reductive Dimerization of Alkenes and Allenes Enabled by Photochemically Activated Zinc-Zinc Bonded Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19590-19598. [PMID: 38957130 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Metal radicals have shown versatile reactivity in modern synthetic chemistry. However, the use of zinc radicals for molecular synthesis has been barely explored. Here, we show that a transient zinc radical can be formed through photoactivation of a zinc-zinc bonded compound, which is able to mediate the selective dimerization of alkenes and allenes. Treatment of dizinc compounds [L2Zn2] [L = CH3C(2,6-iPr2C6H3N)CHC(CH3)(NCH2CH2PR2); R = Ph (LPh) or iPr (LiPr)] with a diverse array of aromatic alkenes under UV irradiation (365 nm) facilely afforded the head-to-head coupling products, i.e., 1,4-dizinciobutanes in high yields. In addition, arylallenes could also be selectively dimerized by the dizinc compound to give 2,5-dizincyl-functionalized 1,5-hexadienes under the same conditions. Control reactions of [LPh2Zn2] in the presence of UV irradiation isolated a zinc phenyl complex and a trimeric zinc phosphide complex resulting from C-P bond cleavage at the tridentate ligand. Reactions of photoactivated dizinc compounds with organic spin traps, i.e., 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bpy), successfully isolated zinc radical trapping products [LZnOTEMP] and [LPhZn(2,2'-bpy)·-], respectively. The profile of alkene dimerization was elucidated by density functional theory calculations, which confirmed that a transient zinc radical [LZn·] was initially generated through homolytic Zn-Zn bond cleavage via photoactivation followed by single-electron transfer and radical dimerization. The unique selectivity of the current reaction was also studied computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qiujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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3
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Mahawar P, Rajeshkumar T, Spaniol TP, Maron L, Okuda J. Dihydrogen Cleavage by a Zinc-Zinc Bond of a Heteroleptic Dizinc(I) Cation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8493-8501. [PMID: 38651332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of dihydrogen across a metal-metal bond to form reactive metal hydrides in homogeneous catalysis is known for transition metals but not for zinc(I)-zinc(I) bond as found in Carmona's eponymous dizinconene [Zn2Cp*2] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5). Dihydrogen reacted with the heteroleptic zinc(I)-zinc(I) bonded cation [(L2)Zn-ZnCp*][BAr4F] (L2 = TMEDA, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, TEEDA, N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) under 2 bar at 80 °C to give the zinc(II) hydride cation [(L2)ZnH(thf)][BAr4F] along with zinc metal and Cp*H derived from the intermediate [Cp*ZnH]. DFT calculations show that the cleavage of dihydrogen occurs through a highly unsymmetrical transition state. Mechanistic studies agree with a heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen as a result of the cationic charge and unsymmetrical ligand coordination. To explore the existence of zinc(I) hydride, thermally unstable hydridotriphenylborate complexes of zinc(I) [(L2)Zn(HBPh3)-ZnCp*] (L2 = TMEDA, TEEDA; TMPDA, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propylenediamine) have been prepared by salt metathesis and were shown to undergo fast exchange with both BPh3 and [HBPh3]-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mahawar
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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4
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Andrews LS, Tsegaw YA, Cho HG, Riedel S. Observation and Characterization of the Hg-O Diatomic Molecule: A Matrix-Isolation and Quantum-Chemical Investigation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202740. [PMID: 36322698 PMCID: PMC10107950 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mercuric oxide is a well-known and stable solid, but the diatomic molecule Hg-O is very fragile and does not survive detection in the gas phase. However, laser ablation of Hg atoms from a dental amalgam alloy target into argon or neon containing about 0.3 % of 16 O2 or of 18 O2 during their condensation into a cryogenic matrix at 4 K allows the formation of O atoms which react on annealing to make ozone and new IR absorptions in solid argon at 521.2 cm-1 for Hg-16 O or at 496.4 cm-1 for Hg-18 O with the oxygen isotopic frequency ratio 521.2/496.4=1.0499. Solid neon gives a 529.0 cm-1 absorption with a small 7.8 cm-1 blue shift. CCSD(T) calculations found 594 cm-1 for Hg16 O and 562 cm-1 for Hg18 O (frequency ratio=1.0569). Such calculations usually produce harmonic frequencies that are slightly higher than the anharmonic (observed) values, which supports their relationship. These observed frequencies have the isotopic shift predicted for Hg-O and are within the range of recent high-level frequency calculations for the Hg-O molecule. Spectra for the related mercury superoxide and ozonide species are also considered for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester S Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Yetsedaw A Tsegaw
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Han-Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Theoretical Analysis of Polynuclear Zinc Complexes Isolobally Related to Hydrocarbons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314858. [PMID: 36499186 PMCID: PMC9736195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the isolobal analogy of ZnCp (Cp = η5-C5H5) and ZnR (R = alkyl or aryl group) fragments with hydrogen atom and fragment [Zn(CO)2] with a CH2 carbene, the following complexes [(ZnCp)2{µ-Zn(CO)2}], 1, [(ZnPh)2{µ-Zn(CO)2}], 2, [(ZnPh){µ-Zn(CO)2}(ZnCp)], 3, [(ZnCp)2{µ-Zn2(CO)4}], 4, [(ZnPh)2{µ-Zn2(CO)4}], 5, [(ZnPh){µ-Zn(CO)2}2(ZnCp)], 6, [Zn3(CO)6], 7 and [Zn5(CO)10], 8, were built. These polynuclear zinc compounds are isolobally related to simple hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, cyclopropane and cyclopentane). They have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) to compare the nature and topology of the Zn-Zn bond with previous studies. There are bond critical points (BCPs) between each pair of adjacent Zn centers in complexes 1-8 with Zn-Zn distances within the range 2.37-2.50 Å. The nature of the Zn-Zn bond in these complexes can be described as polar rather than pure covalent bonds. Although in a subtle way, the presence of different ligands and zinc oxidation states introduces asymmetry and polarity in the Zn-Zn bond. In addition, the Zn-Zn bond is delocalized in nature in complex 7 whereas it can be described as a localized bond for the remaining zinc complexes here studied.
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6
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Hämmer M, Höppe HA. The Unconventional Cadmium Borosulfates Cd[B2O(SO4)3] and Cd4[B2O(SO4)6]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henning A. Höppe
- Universität Augsburg Institut fuer Physik Universitätsstr. 1 86159 Augsburg GERMANY
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7
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Gu Z, Comito RJ. Binucleating Bis(pyrazolyl)alkane Ligands and Their Cationic Dizinc Complexes: Modular, Bimetallic Catalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Robert J. Comito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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8
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Jiang S, Cai Y, Carpentier A, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Xu X. Synthesis and Reactivity of Triangular Heterometallic Complexes Containing Zn-Zn Bond. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8083-8089. [PMID: 35533341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work provides a facile access to a series of triangular [Zn2M] (M = group 10 and 11 metals) clusters. Treatment of Zn-Zn-bonded compounds [LZn-ZnL] (L = CH3C(2,6-iPr2C6H3N)CHC(CH3)(NCH2CH2PR2); R = Ph, iPr) with zero-valent transition-metal reagents selectively afforded the corresponding triangular clusters [Zn2M], where M = Ni(0), Pd(0), and Pt(0). Notably, the isoelectronic triangular clusters [Zn2M]+, where M = Ag(I) and Cu(I), could also be obtained by reactions of [LZn-ZnL] with AgOTf and CuOTf, respectively. The [Zn2Ag]+ complex containing elusive Zn-Ag bonds was investigated by density functional theory analysis, showing a 3c-2e bonding feature in the metallic ring. The electrochemical behaviors of [Zn2M] complexes were examined and revealed the donation of electron density from the Zn-Zn σ-bond to the metal centers. Reaction of the [Zn2Ni] complex with isocyanide gave heterometallic species by coordination of isocyanide to the nickel center, keeping the trimetallic ring core structure intact. In contrast, the Zn-Zn bond was rapidly cleaved upon treatment of the [Zn2Ni] complex with dihydrogen or phenyl acetylene, generating the hydride- or acetylide-bridged heterotrimetallic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Li DZ, Zhang LJ, Pei L. On the nature of bonding in a new boronyl species Zn 2(BO) 2: a linear four-center two-electron σ bond. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:287-294. [PMID: 34882158 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03920b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Zn-Zn bond as one of the metal-to-metal bonds in clusters and molecules is of fundamental interest in many areas of natural science. Neutral boronyl can be viewed as a σ radical and is found in boronyl metal complexes. However, a complex with the Zn-Zn bond stabilized by boronyl ligands has not been found so far. Herein, we report on the computational design of the simplest case of such a system: linear D∞h OBZnZnBO. The structural and electronic properties and chemical bonding on a series of zinc complexes Znx(BO)y (x = 1,2; y = 1,2) with boronyl as ligands have been studied using quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP and PBE0 levels, respectively. For the Zn2(BO)2 cluster, the linear D∞h OBZnZnBO is the global minimum, in which the calculated Zn-Zn bond length of rZn-Zn = 2.400 Å at the B3LYP level, which appears to be close to the latest recommended covalent radii (2.40 Å) of the proposed single bond covalent radii of the Zn-Zn bond. Chemical bonding analyses show that D∞h OBZnZnBO possesses a linear four-center two-electron (4c-2e) σ bond. The σ bond framework has a contribution of Zn orbitals 54% and B orbitals 44%, which involve Zn 4s 20% and 4p 34%, and B 2s 28% and 2p 16%, respectively. Furthermore, the D∞h HZnZnH and NCZnZnCN clusters also exhibit one linear 4c-2e σ bond due to the secondary contribution from the H s and C sp components, respectively. The linear 4c-2e σ bond greatly stabilizes the dizinc complexes. D∞h OBZnZnBO is thermochemically stable with respect to the possible formation channel at room temperature, whereas the formation energy of the exergonic channel, 2ZnBO (C∞v, 2Σg) → OBZnZnBO (D∞h, 1Σg), is evaluated to be -58.75 kcal mol-1 at the B3LYP level. Thus, D∞h OBZnZnBO as the first observation of the Zn-Zn covalent bond in zinc complexes with boronyl as ligands may be synthesized in laboratories in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Li
- Binzhou Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China.
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Binzhou Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China.
| | - Ling Pei
- Binzhou Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China.
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10
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Li B, Huse K, Wölper C, Schulz S. Synthesis and reactivity of heteroleptic zinc(I) complexes toward heteroallenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13692-13695. [PMID: 34842862 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic zinc(I) complexes L1,2Zn-ZnCp* (L1 = HC[C(CF3)NC6F5]21; L2 = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H32) are synthesized by reactions of Cp*2Zn2 with L1H and L2ZnH. 2 reacts with t-BuNCO to give unprecedented carbamate complex (4), while reactions with RN3 gave bis-hexazene, triazenide, and trimeric azide complexes (5-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Kevin Huse
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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11
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Asymmetric Solvation of the Zinc Dimer Cation Revealed by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy of Zn 2+(H 2O) n ( n = 1-20). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116026. [PMID: 34199627 PMCID: PMC8199724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating metal-ion solvation—in particular, the fundamental binding interactions—enhances the understanding of many processes, including hydrogen production via catalysis at metal centers and metal corrosion. Infrared spectra of the hydrated zinc dimer (Zn2+(H2O)n; n = 1–20) were measured in the O–H stretching region, using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. These spectra were then compared with those calculated by using density functional theory. For all cluster sizes, calculated structures adopting asymmetric solvation to one Zn atom in the dimer were found to lie lower in energy than structures adopting symmetric solvation to both Zn atoms. Combining experiment and theory, the spectra show that water molecules preferentially bind to one Zn atom, adopting water binding motifs similar to the Zn+(H2O)n complexes studied previously. A lower coordination number of 2 was observed for Zn2+(H2O)3, evident from the highly red-shifted band in the hydrogen bonding region. Photodissociation leading to loss of a neutral Zn atom was observed only for n = 3, attributed to a particularly low calculated Zn binding energy for this cluster size.
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12
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Andrews L, Cho H. Cyanides and Isocyanides of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Electronic Structure Calculations for the Linear MNC, NCMCN, CNMNC, NCMMCN, and CNMMNC Molecules. Chemphyschem 2020; 22:204-220. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Han‐Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012 South Korea
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13
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Chatterjee B, Chang WC, Jena S, Werlé C. Implementation of Cooperative Designs in Polarized Transition Metal Systems—Significance for Bond Activation and Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basujit Chatterjee
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wei-Chieh Chang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Soumyashree Jena
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Sadjadi S, Matta CF, Hamilton IP. Bonding and metastability for Group 12 dications. J Comput Chem 2020; 42:40-49. [PMID: 33063900 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Electronic structure and bonding properties of the Group 12 dications M2 2+ (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) are investigated and electron density-derived quantities are used to characterize the metastability of these species. Of particular interest are the complementary descriptions afforded by the Laplacian of the electron density ∇2 ρ(r) and the one-electron Bohm quantum potential (Q = ∇ 2 ρ r / 2 ρ r ) along the bond path. Further, properties derived from the pair density including the localization-delocalization matrices (LDMs) and the interacting quantum atoms (IQA) energies are analyzed within the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). From the crossing points of the singlet (ground) and triplet (excited) potential energy curves, the barriers for dissociation (BFD) are estimated to be 25.2 kcal/mol (1.09 eV) for Zn2 2+ , 22.8 kcal/mol (0.99 eV) for Cd2 2+ , and 26.4 kcal/mol (1.14 eV) for Hg2 2+ . For comparison and benchmarking purposes, the case of N2 2+ is considered as a texbook example of metastability. At the equilibrium geometries, LDMs, which are used here as an electronic fingerprinting tool, discriminate and group together Group 12 M2 2+ from its isoelectronic Group 11 M2 . While "classical" bonding indices are inconclusive in establishing regions of metastability in the bonding, it is shown that the one-electron Bohm quantum potential is promising in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAbdolreza Sadjadi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chérif F Matta
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian P Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Li B, Wölper C, Huse K, Schulz S. Intermediate snapshot on the insertion reaction of isocyanates into the Zn-Cp* bond of dizincocene Cp* 2Zn 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8643-8646. [PMID: 32601630 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03831h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic Zn(i) complexes Cp*Zn-Zn(N(R)C(Cp*)O) (R = Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2-C6H32, t-Bu 3) with unsymmetrically η4-coordinated Cp* substituents represent snapshots of the insertion reaction of RNCO into the Zn-Cp* bond of Cp*2Zn21. The bonding situation in 2 and 3, which represent the first Zn(i) olefin complexes, was evaluated by computational calculation and further compared to other Zn(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Kevin Huse
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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16
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Wang Q, Zhang S, Cui P, Weberg AB, Thierer LM, Manor BC, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Tomson NC. Interdependent Metal-Metal Bonding and Ligand Redox-Activity in a Series of Dinuclear Macrocyclic Complexes of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4200-4214. [PMID: 31587561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an isostructural series of dinuclear iron, cobalt, and nickel complexes bound by a redox-active macrocyclic ligand. The series spans five redox levels (34-38 e-/cluster core), allowing for a detailed investigation into both the degree of metal-metal interaction and the extent of ligand-based redox-activity. Magnetometry, electrochemistry, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and crystallography were used in conjunction with DFT computational analyses to extract the electronic structures of the six homodinuclear complexes. The isoelectronic, 34 e- species [(3PDI2)Fe2(PMe3)2(μ-Cl)](OTf) and [(3PDI2)Co2(PMe3)2(μ-Cl)](OTf)3 exhibit metal-metal single bonds, with varying amounts of electron density delocalization into the ligand as a function of the effective nuclear charge of the metal ions. One- and two-electron reductions of [(3PDI2)Co2(PMe3)2(μ-Cl)](OTf)3 lead to isolable products, which show successive increases in both the Co-Co distances and the extent of reduction of the ligand manifold. This trend results from reduction of a Co-Co σ* orbital, which was found to be heavily mixed with the redox-active manifold of the 3PDI2 ligand. A similar trend was observed in the 37 and 38 e- dinickel complexes [(3PDI2)Ni2(PMe3)2(μ-Cl)](OTf)2 and [(3PDI2)Ni2(PMe3)2(μ-Cl)](OTf); however, their higher electron counts lead to high-spin ground states that result from occupation of a high-lying δ/δ* manifold with significant Ni-NPDI σ* character. This change in ground state configuration reforms a M-M bonding interaction in the 37 e- complex, but formation of the 38 e- species again disrupts the M-M bond alongside the transfer of electron density to the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuran Wang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alexander B Weberg
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Laura M Thierer
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brian C Manor
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Neil C Tomson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Liu X, Zhang M, Wu S, Zhong R, Liu Y, Arif AM, Geng Y, Su Z. All‐Metallic Zn=Zn Double‐π Bonded Octahedral Zn
2
M
4
(M=Li, Na) Clusters with Negative Oxidation State of Zinc. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:459-463. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingman Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Shuixing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 P. R. China
| | - Ronglin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130023 P.R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Ali Muhammad Arif
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
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18
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Saha R, Pan S, Chattaraj PK, Merino G. Filling the void: controlled donor-acceptor interaction facilitates the formation of an M-M single bond in the zero oxidation state of M (M = Zn, Cd, Hg). Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1056-1064. [PMID: 31848549 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intriguing question of whether it is possible to form a genuine M0-M0 single bond for the M2 species (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) is addressed here. So far, all the bonds reported in the literature are exclusively MI-MI. Herein, we present viable M2(NHBMe)2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg; NHBMe = (HCNMe)2B) complexes in which the controlled donor-acceptor interaction leads to an M0-M0 single bond. In these complexes, M2 in the 1∑g ground state with the (nσg+)2(nσu+)2 (n = 7, 10 and 14 for M = Zn, Cd and Hg, respectively) valence electron configuration forms donor-acceptor bonding with singlet 2NHBMe ligands where a combined effect of dominant (+,-) σ-backdonation from the antibonding (nσu+)2 orbital of M2 to the 2NHBMe ligands and a somewhat weaker (+,+) σ-donation from the 2NHBMe ligands to the bonding (n + 1)σg+ orbital leads to the unorthodox bonding situation of forming an M-M single bond in the zero oxidation state by eventually nullifying one effect by another. This is an unprecedented situation in the sense that the NHBMe ligand acts as a strong σ-acceptor and a weaker σ-donor. A comparison with the experimentally reported M2(PhDipp)2 complexes reveals the uniqueness of the NHBMe ligand in exhibiting such a bonding scenario. The M2(NHBMe)2 complex is thermochemically viable with respect to possible dissociation channels at room temperature, except for metal extrusion processes, M2(NHBMe)2 → M + M(NHBMe)2 and M2(NHBMe)2 → M2 + (NHBMe)2. Although the latter two processes are exergonic, they are kinetically protected by a high free energy barrier of 26.5-39.5 kcal mol-1. The experimental characterization of M2(PhDipp)2 despite similar exergonic channels reveals such kinetic stability to be enough for the viability of the M2(NHBMe)2 complexes. Furthermore, the ligand exchange reaction considering M2(PhMe)2 as the starting material also turned out to be feasible. Therefore, the M2(NHBMe)2 complexes are the first cases that feature a neutral M2 moiety with a single M0-M0 covalent bond, where M is a Group 12 metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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19
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Formation of Short Zn−Zn Bonds Stabilized by Simple Cyanide and Isocyanide Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Andrews L, Cho HG. Formation of Short Zn-Zn Bonds Stabilized by Simple Cyanide and Isocyanide Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:2496-2504. [PMID: 31802605 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyanogen diluted in argon was reacted with laser ablated Zn atoms to produce the NCZnCN and NCZnZnCN cyanides and higher energy isocyanides ZnNC, CNZnNC, and CNZnZnNC, which were isolated in excess argon at 4 K. These reaction products, identified from the matrix infrared spectra of their -CN and -NC chromophore ligand stretching modes, were confirmed by 13 C and 15 N isotopic substitution and comparison with frequencies calculated by the B3LYP and CCSD(T) methods using the all electron aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. The cyanide and isocyanide products were increased markedly by mercury arc UV photolysis, which covers the zinc atomic absorption. The above electronic structure calculations that produce appropriate ligand frequencies for these dizinc products also provide their Zn-Zn bond lengths: CCSD(T) calculations find a short 2.367 Å Zn-Zn bond in the NCZnZnCN cyanide, a shorter 2.347 Å Zn-Zn bond in the 37.4 kJ mol-1 higher energy isocyanide CNZnZnNC, and a longer 4.024 Å bond in the dizinc van der Waals dimer. Thus, the diatomic cyanide (-CN) and isocyanide (-NC) ligands are as capable of stabilizing the Zn-Zn bond as many much larger ligands based on their measured and our calculated Zn-Zn bond lengths. This is the first example of dizinc complexes stabilized by different ligand isomers. Additional weaker bands in this region can be assigned to the analogous trizinc molecules NCZnZnZnCN and CNZnZnZnNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Han-Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
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21
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Jiang S, Chen M, Xu X. Formation of Zn-Zn and Zn-Pd Bonded Complexes by Reactions of Terminal Zinc Hydrides with Pd(II) Species. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13213-13220. [PMID: 31502831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Divalent palladium-induced homocoupling of terminal zinc hydrides to zinc-zinc bonded complexes was achieved herein. Reactions of zinc hydrides [LZnH] (L = CH3C(2,6-iPr2C6H3N)CHC(CH3)(N(CH2)nCH2PPh2); 1a: n = 1; 1b: n = 2) with 0.5 equiv of allyl(cyclopentadienyl)palladium(II) afforded heterotrinuclear [Zn2Pd] complexes 3 containing direct Zn-Zn and Zn-Pd bonds, with concomitant elimination of propylene and cyclopentadiene. Complexes 3 were also accessed by the reactions of zinc hydrides 1 with allylpalladium(II) chloride with release of propylene and hydrogen chloride. Treatment of zinc hydrides 1 with 1 equiv of allyl(cyclopentadienyl)palladium(II) gave Zn-Pd bonded complex 5 by elimination of propylene, which can be transformed into heterotrinuclear complex 3 by further reaction with one additional molar equivalent of zinc hydrides. Heterobimetallic Zn-Pd complex 5b was found to be an effective catalyst in the hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde and its derivatives. Reaction of 5b with silane reagent Ph2SiH2 produced [Pd2Si2H2] complex 8 with cleavage of the Pd-Zn bond, which served as an initiating species in the catalytic reaction. Complexes 4b, 5, and 8 in this study were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
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22
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Ayala R, Galindo A. A QTAIM and DFT study of the dizinc bond in non-symmetric [CpZn2Ln] complexes. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Andrews L, Cho H. Mercury Cyanides and Isocyanides: NCHgCN and CNHgNC as well as NCHgHgCN and CNHgHgNC: Simple Molecules with Short, Strong Hg−Hg Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Han‐Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 South Korea
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24
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Andrews L, Cho H. Mercury Cyanides and Isocyanides: NCHgCN and CNHgNC as well as NCHgHgCN and CNHgHgNC: Simple Molecules with Short, Strong Hg−Hg Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11874-11878. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Han‐Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 South Korea
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25
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Oda A, Ohkubo T, Kuroda Y. Room temperature O transfer from N 2O to CO mediated by the nearest Cd(i) ions in MFI zeolite cavities. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2308-2317. [PMID: 30628613 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04425b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dominant oxidation state of cadmium is +ii. Although extensive investigations into the +ii oxidation state have been carried out, the chemistry of CdI is still largely underdeveloped. Here, we report a new functionality of cadmium created by the zeolite lattice: room temperature O transfer from N2O to CO mediated by the nearest monovalent cadmium ions in MFI zeolite. Thermal activation of CdII ion-exchanged MFI zeolite in vacuo affords the diamagnetic [CdI-CdI]2+ species with a short CdI-CdI σ bond (2.67 Å). This species generates two CdI˙ sites under UV irradiation through homolytic cleavage of the CdI-CdI σ bond, and the thus-formed nearest CdI˙ sites abstract an O atom from N2O to generate the [CdII-Ob-CdII]2+ core, where Ob means bridged oxygen. This bridging atomic oxygen species is transferred to CO at room temperature, through which CO oxidation and regeneration of the CdI-CdI σ bond then proceed. This is the first example pertaining to the reversible redox reactivity of the nearest monovalent cadmium ions toward stable small molecules. In situ spectroscopic characterization captured all the intermediates in the reaction processes, and these data allowed us to calibrate the density-functional-theory cluster calculations, by means of which we were able to show that the charge compensation requirement at the nearest two Al sites arrayed circumferentially in the 10-membered ring of MFI zeolite creates such novel functionalities of cadmium. The unprecedented reactivity of CdI and its origin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oda
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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26
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Lawrence SR, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Stasch A. Mechanistic insights of anionic ligand exchange and fullerene reduction with magnesium( i) compounds. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16936-16942. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exchange of anionic ligands on the Mg22+ ion via an associative mechanism can be facile and depends on ligand sterics and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
| | | | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
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27
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Chen M, Jiang S, Maron L, Xu X. Transition metal-induced dehydrogenative coupling of zinc hydrides. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1931-1935. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-induced dehydrogenative homocoupling of zinc(ii) hydrides to a zinc–zinc bonded complex has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- 215123 Suzhou
| | - Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- 215123 Suzhou
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO
- CNRS & INSA
- Université Paul Sabatier
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- 215123 Suzhou
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28
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Cámpora J. Ernesto Carmona: Organometallic Chemistry Pioneer in Southern Europe—A Biographical Outline. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Lemes MA, Stein HN, Gabidullin B, Steinmann SN, Murugesu M. Tetrazine-Based Ligand Transformation Driving Metal-Metal Bond and Mixed-Valence Hg I/Hg II. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10273-10277. [PMID: 31459157 PMCID: PMC6645122 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the self-assembly of cluster aggregates remains an important challenge in coordination chemistry. A chelating tetrazine-based ligand was employed to isolate an unprecedented tetranuclear Hg4 complex exhibiting HgI/HgII mixed valence, which also contains metal-metal bonds. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and theoretical approaches (density functional theory) were employed to shed some light on the structure and self-assembly of this discrete molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon A. Lemes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University
of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hilarie N. Stein
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University
of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bulat Gabidullin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University
of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephan N. Steinmann
- Univ
Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Claude
Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University
of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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30
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31
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Abstract
This review article provides a survey of contemporary investigations on main group metal cluster formation, addressing homo- and heterometallic clusters (including small numbers of transition metal atoms), with or without an external ligand shell, thereby excluding clusters with non-metal atoms as bridging ligands. Most of the studies reflected herein represent insights into the formation of intermediates from the starting material, or the final cluster formation from established intermediates. In rare cases, the entire process was suggested as a result of comprehensive, multi-method elucidations. The article is to be understood as a state-of-the-art report, as the subject matter is currently a rising field of research, which is still in its infancy, despite some early activities that date back to the 1980s. At the same time, the article intends to point toward both the importance and the feasibility of according studies, in order to encourage researchers to gain even more knowledge in this field. Only deep understanding of cluster formation will allow for design, and ultimately control, of their syntheses, with the long-term goal of their optimization and purposeful application in catalysis or novel material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Weinert
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mitzinger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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32
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33
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Echeverría J, Falceto A, Alvarez S. Zinc-Zinc Double Bonds: A Theoretical Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Echeverría
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica; Secció de Química Inorgànica; Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès, 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Andrés Falceto
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica; Secció de Química Inorgànica; Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès, 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica; Secció de Química Inorgànica; Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional; Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franquès, 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
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34
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Lepetit C, Fau P, Fajerwerg K, Kahn ML, Silvi B. Topological analysis of the metal-metal bond: A tutorial review. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Echeverría J, Falceto A, Alvarez S. Zinc-Zinc Double Bonds: A Theoretical Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10151-10155. [PMID: 28598561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While double bonds are known for transition metals of Groups 9 and 10 as well as for boron and p-block elements of Groups 14-16, Zn sits in a small region of the periodic table with no well-characterized double bonds. A qualitative reasoning indicates that zero-valent zinc has the potential to form Zn=Zn double bonds. A computational study in search for complexes that might showcase this new bond type is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Echeverría
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Falceto
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Joy J, Jemmis ED. A halogen bond route to shorten the ultrashort sextuple bonds in Cr2 and Mo2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8168-8171. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04653g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective extraction of destabilizing σ-electrons from the sextuple bond of Cr2 and Mo2via σ-hole on a halogen bond donor shortens and strengthens the ultra-short metal–metal bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothish Joy
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Thiruvananthapuram
- Kerala
- India
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37
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Barik SK, Chowdhury MG, De S, Parameswaran P, Ghosh S. Extended Sandwich Molecules Displaying Direct Metal-Metal Bonds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Barik
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; 600036 Chennai India
| | | | - Susmita De
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; 673601 Kozhikhode India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; 673601 Kozhikhode India
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; 600036 Chennai India
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li QS, Su JH. Synthesis and structures of mononuclear and dinuclear gallium complexes with α-diimine ligands: reduction of the metal or ligand? Dalton Trans 2016; 45:246-52. [PMID: 26596462 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the dichloro gallium(III) α-diimine complex [(L(ipr))˙(-)GaCl2] (1, L(ipr) = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)]2) by different equivalents of sodium metal afforded the gallium complexes [(L(ipr))(2-)Ga(III)(μ2-Cl)2Na(THF)4] (2) and [(Na(THF)6)(+)·((L(ipr))(2-)Ga-Ga(L(ipr))(2-))˙(-)] (3). Interestingly, in complex 2 a Na(+)Cl(-) ion pair is incorporated, while compound 3 is an anionic digallium complex. Moreover, a cationic gallium complex with a tetrachlorogallium(III) counter anion, [(LGaCl2)(+)·(GaCl4)(-)] (4), was accessed from the reaction of GaCl3 with 0.5 equiv. of ligand L(ipr). In contrast, the reaction of GaCl3 with the doubly reduced anion (Na2L(2-)) of the smaller α-diimine ligands L(Me) ([(2,6-Me2C6H3)NC(Me)]2) or L(Et) ([(2,6-Et2C6H3)NC(Me)]2) yielded the Ga-Ga-bonded complexes [(L(Et))˙(-)ClGa(II)-Ga(II)Cl(L(Et))˙(-)] (5) and [(L(Me))˙(-)ClGa(II)-Ga(II)Cl(L(Me))˙(-)] (6). Here L is the neutral α-diimine ligand, L˙(-) represents the monoanion, and L(2-) is the dianionic form of the ligand. The complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction and their electronic structures were studied by DFT computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Qian-Shu Li
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Martínez-Martínez A, O’Hara C. Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Magnesiate Chemistry. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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40
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Falceto A, Theopold KH, Alvarez S. Cr-Cr Quintuple Bonds: Ligand Topology and Interplay Between Metal-Metal and Metal-Ligand Bonding. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10966-77. [PMID: 26502158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromium-chromium quintuple bonds seem to be approaching the lower limit for their bond distances, and this computational density functional theory study tries to explore the geometrical and electronic factors that determine that distance and to find ways to fine-tune it via the ligand choice. While for monodentate ligands the Cr-Cr distance is predicted to shorten as the Cr-Cr-L bond angle increases, with bridging bidentate ligands the trend is the opposite, since those ligands with a larger number of spacers between the donor atoms favor larger bond angles and longer bond distances. Compared to Cr-Cr quadruple bonds, the quintuple bonding in Cr2L2 compounds (with L a bridging bidentate N-donor ligand) involves a sophisticated mechanism that comprises a positive pyramidality effect for the σ and one π bond, but a negative effect for one of the δ bonds. Moreover, the shorter Cr-Cr distances produce a mismatch of the bridging ligand lone pairs and the metal acceptor orbitals, which results in a negative correlation of the Cr-Cr and Cr-N bond distances in both experimental and calculated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Falceto
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus H Theopold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Petersen TO, Tausch E, Schaefer J, Scherer H, Roesky PW, Krossing I. Ethyl-Zinc(II)-Cation Equivalents: Synthesis and Hydroamination Catalysis. Chemistry 2015; 21:13696-702. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Oda A, Ohkubo T, Yumura T, Kobayashi H, Kuroda Y. Synthesis of an unexpected [Zn2](2+) species utilizing an MFI-type zeolite as a nano-reaction pot and its manipulation with light and heat. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:10038-47. [PMID: 25947340 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared with mercury, the existence of [Zn2](2+) species is rare. We succeeded in preparing a stable [Zn2](2+) species by utilizing an MFI-type zeolite as a nano-reaction pot, which was confirmed using XAFS spectroscopy: the bands at R = 2.35 Å due to the Zn(+)-Zn(+) scattering and at 9660.7 eV due to the 1s-σ* (the anti-bonding orbital comprised of the 4s-4s orbital) transition of the [Zn2](2+) species. This species also gives the characteristic band around 42 000 cm(-1) due to its σ-σ* transition. Furthermore, UV-irradiation corresponding to the σ-σ* transition causes the bond dissociation, forming two unprecedented Zn(+) ions, and detached Zn(+) ions were recombined through heat-treatment at 573 K: [Zn(+)-Zn(+)] ⇄ 2Zn(+). These processes were reproduced by applying the DFT calculation method to the assumed triplet, σ(α)-σ*(α), structure formed on the M7-S2 site with the specific Al array in the MFI-type zeolite. Research into the specific field using zeolites to synthesize "ultra-state ions" is very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Blake MP, Kaltsoyannis N, Mountford P. Synthesis, molecular and electronic structure, and reactions of a Zn-Hg-Zn bonded complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5743-6. [PMID: 25720674 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00637f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of ((Ar')NacNac)ZnI with potassium/mercury amalgam gave the trimetallic compound {((Ar')NacNac)Zn}2Hg (1) containing a Zn-Hg-Zn unit and the first example of a bond between two different Group 12 metals; DFT and QTAIM analyses suggest that 1 is best described as two formally Zn(I) atoms with a Hg(0) atom positioned between them; reactions of 1 with stoichiometric I2, FpI or Fp2 gave addition products of the type ((Ar')NacNac)ZnX (X = I, Fp) and Hg. (Ar')NacNac = HC{C(Me)N(2,6-C6H3(i)Pr2)}2; Fp = CpFe(CO)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Blake
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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44
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A multicentre-bonded [ZnI]8 cluster with cubic aromaticity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6331. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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45
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Structural and theoretical studies of a new CuI-CuI complex bearing bulky unsymmetrical benzamidinate Ligand. Chem Res Chin Univ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-015-4287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Stasch A. Synthesis of a dimeric magnesium(I) compound by an Mg(I)/Mg(II) redox reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10200-3. [PMID: 25047459 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of dimeric magnesium(I) compounds of the general type RMgMgR (R=monoanionic substituent) is still a challenging synthetic task and limited to few examples with sterically demanding ligands with delocalized CN-frameworks that all have been accessed by Na or K metal reduction of magnesium(II) halide precursors. Here we report on the synthesis of a novel diiminophosphinato magnesium(I) compound that has been synthesized by a facile redox reaction using a known magnesium(I) complex. The synthetic strategy may be applicable to other ligand systems and can help expand the class of low oxidation state magnesium complexes even if reductions with Na or K are unsuccessful. The new dimeric magnesium(I) complex has been structurally characterized and undergoes a C-C coupling reaction with tert-butylisocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stasch
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800 (Australia).
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Stasch A. Synthesis of a Dimeric Magnesium(I) Compound by an MgI/MgIIRedox Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Carbon-free D4h [Znn(P4)2]2− and [Znn(P4)2]Li2 (n=2–5): Novel multimetal sandwich complexes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gondzik S, Schulz S, Bläser D, Wölper C, Haack R, Jansen G. Reactions of a Zn(i) complex with group 14 azides – formation of zinc azide and zinc hexazene complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:927-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Gondzik S, Schulz S, Bläser D, Wölper C. Reaction of L2Zn2 with Ph2E2 – synthesis of LZnEPh and reactions with oxygen and H-acidic substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1189-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
L2Zn2 (L = HC[C(Me)N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)]2) and Ph2E2 (E = Se, Te) react to form LZnSePh (1) and LZnTePh (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gondzik
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - S. Schulz
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - D. Bläser
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - C. Wölper
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen, Germany
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