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Chen G, Chu F, Zhang S, Li W, Zhou S, Wei W, Chen W, Wang X, Yue L, Feng H, Cui Y, Pan Y. Ortho C-H Bond Activations in an Atmospheric Microwave Plasma Ion Source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:951-959. [PMID: 38597607 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
C-H bond ortho-substitution reaction has always been a significant and challenging topic in organic chemistry. We proposed a synthesis method based on microwave plasma torches. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to monitor rapid reaction products. 2-Alkylbenzimidazole can be formed through the reaction of phenylnitrenium ion and nitriles on a millisecond scale. This reaction can achieve the one-step formation of benzimidazoles from benzene ring single-substituted compounds without the addition of external oxidants or catalysts. A similar C-H bond activation reaction can be accomplished with ketones. Meanwhile, the microwave plasma reactor was modified, and the resulting 2-methylbenzimidazole was successfully collected, indicating the device has good application potential in organic reactions such as C-H bond activation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanru Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shuheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wangyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yue
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang, P. R. China
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2
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Chen CJ, Williams ER. The role of analyte concentration in accelerated reaction rates in evaporating droplets. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4704-4713. [PMID: 37181782 PMCID: PMC10171075 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated reactions in microdroplets have been reported for a wide range of reactions with some microdroplet reactions occurring over a million times faster than the same reaction in bulk solution. Unique chemistry at the air-water interface has been implicated as a primary factor for accelerated reaction rates, but the role of analyte concentration in evaporating droplets has not been as well studied. Here, theta-glass electrospray emitters and mass spectrometry are used to rapidly mix two solutions on the low to sub-microsecond time scale and produce aqueous nanodrops with different sizes and lifetimes. We demonstrate that for a simple bimolecular reaction where surface chemistry does not appear to play a role, reaction rate acceleration factors are between 102 and 107 for different initial solution concentrations, and these values do not depend on nanodrop size. A rate acceleration factor of 107 is among the highest reported and can be attributed to concentration of analyte molecules, initially far apart in dilute solution, but brought into close proximity in the nanodrop through evaporation of solvent from the nanodrops prior to ion formation. These data indicate that analyte concentration phenomenon is a significant factor in reaction acceleration where droplet volume throughout the experiment is not carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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3
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Aqueous microdroplets enable abiotic synthesis and chain extension of unique peptide isomers from free amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212642119. [PMID: 36191178 PMCID: PMC9586328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212642119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amide bond formation, the essential condensation reaction underlying peptide synthesis, is hindered in aqueous systems by the thermodynamic constraints associated with dehydration. This represents a key difficulty for the widely held view that prebiotic chemical evolution leading to the formation of the first biomolecules occurred in an oceanic environment. Recent evidence for the acceleration of chemical reactions at droplet interfaces led us to explore aqueous amino acid droplet chemistry. We report the formation of dipeptide isomer ions from free glycine or L-alanine at the air-water interface of aqueous microdroplets emanating from a single spray source (with or without applied potential) during their flight toward the inlet of a mass spectrometer. The proposed isomeric dipeptide ion is an oxazolidinone that takes fully covalent and ion-neutral complex forms. This structure is consistent with observed fragmentation patterns and its conversion to authentic dipeptide ions upon gentle collisions and for its formation from authentic dipeptides at ultra-low concentrations. It also rationalizes the results of droplet fusion experiments that show that the dipeptide isomer facilitates additional amide bond formation events, yielding authentic tri- through hexapeptides. We propose that the interface of aqueous microdroplets serves as a drying surface that shifts the equilibrium between free amino acids in favor of dehydration via stabilization of the dipeptide isomers. These findings offer a possible solution to the water paradox of biopolymer synthesis in prebiotic chemistry.
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4
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Tan X, Zhang J, Liu X, Jin Y. Metal-free oxidative ketonization–olefination of indoles by cross-coupling with 1,3-dicarbonyl substrate. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Zheng L, Tao K, Guo W. Recent Developments in Photo‐Catalyzed/Promoted Synthesis of Indoles and Their Functionalization: Reactions and Mechanisms. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
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6
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Li YL, Zhou BW, Cheng J, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang L, Guo YL. Mass Spectrometry-Based Discovery of New Chemical Scaffold Rearrangement Ions: Aza-biphenylene as a Novel Potent Biradical Agent in Cancer Chemotherapy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14517-14527. [PMID: 33054169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of a new drug is time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Herein, a novel integrative strategy for discovering potential new lead compounds has been developed, which was based on the characteristics of mass spectrometry (MS). MS was used to predict the potential forced degradation products (DPs) and metabolites of drugs by electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation (CID). Special rearrangement ions representing unique predicted DPs and metabolites were identified. The consistency between the predicted and the measured results was proven by in vitro metabolism and forced degradation of a commercial drug, respectively. From this, new chemical scaffold rearrangement ions named (aza)-biphenylenes, as potent anticancer agents, were discovered. As a representative aza-biphenylene analogue, 2-azabiphenylene was proven in vitro to induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of various human cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, 2-azabiphenylene exhibited the best comparable bioactivity with the positive control sorafenib, but showed significantly lower in vitro cytotoxicity than sorafenib (at least a 5-fold decrease in cytotoxicity) because it could be targeted to the tumor microenvironment at low pH. A biradical mechanism accompanied by a mitochondrion-dependent oxidative stress mechanism was proposed to explore its anticancer mechanism. The highly reactive intermediate aza-biphenylenediyl worked as an active pharmaceutical ingredient and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. This provided the basis for the potential applications of CID-induced special rearrangement ions in developing new lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Wei Z, Li Y, Cooks RG, Yan X. Accelerated Reaction Kinetics in Microdroplets: Overview and Recent Developments. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2020; 71:31-51. [PMID: 32312193 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-121319-110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Various organic reactions, including important synthetic reactions involving C-C, C-N, and C-O bond formation as well as reactions of biomolecules, are accelerated when the reagents are present in sprayed or levitated microdroplets or in thin films. The reaction rates increase by orders of magnitude with decreasing droplet size or film thickness. The effect is associated with reactions at the solution-air interface. A key factor is partial solvation of the reagents at the interface, which reduces the critical energy for reaction. This phenomenon is of intrinsic interest and potentially of practical value as a simple, rapid method of performing small-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Yangjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA;
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8
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Zeng N, Long Z, Wang Y, Sun J, Ouyang J, Na N. An Acetone Sensor Based on Plasma-Assisted Cataluminescence and Mechanism Studies by Online Ionizations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15763-15768. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zi Long
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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9
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Zhang H, Wei Z, Jiang J, Cooks RG. Nebulization Prior to Isolation, Ionization, and Dissociation of the Neutral Serine Octamer Allows Its Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Environment School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Environment School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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10
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Zhao P, White T, Graham Cooks R, Chen Q, Liu Y, Chen H. Detection of Neutral CO Lost During Ionic Dissociation Using Atmospheric Pressure Thermal Dissociation Mass Spectrometry (APTD-MS). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2317-2326. [PMID: 30206811 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of ion dissociation patterns is particularly important to structural analysis by mass spectrometry (MS). However, typically, only the charged fragments from an ion dissociation event are detected in tandem MS experiments; neutrals are not identified. In recent years, we have developed an atmospheric pressure thermal dissociation (APTD) technique that can be applied to dissociate ions at atmosphere pressure and thus provide one way to characterize neutral fragments. In this paper, we focus on the detection of neutral CO resulting from amino acid and peptide ion dissociation. In the first set of experiments, several protonated amino acids (e.g., + 1 ion of phenylalanine) were found to undergo loss of a neutral (s) of total mass 46 Da, a process leading to iminium ion formation. We successfully detected the neutral species CO by using a CO sensor, UV-Vis and MS analysis following selective CO trapping with a rhodium complex. The capture of CO from dissociation of protonated amino acids supports the assignment of the loss of 46 Da to neutral losses of CO and H2O, rather than loss of formaldehyde or dihydroxycarbene, other possible fragmentation pathways that have been subject of debate for a long time. In a second experiment, we used the APTD method in combination with the CO detection technique, to demonstrate the formation of CO in the conversion of b ions to a ions during peptide ion dissociations. These results showed the potential of APTD in the elucidation of ion dissociation mechanisms, using simple home-built apparatus. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45780, USA
| | - Travis White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45780, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Department of Process and Analytical Chemistry and Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Process and Analytical Chemistry and Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45780, USA.
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11
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Zhang H, Wei Z, Jiang J, Cooks RG. Nebulization Prior to Isolation, Ionization, and Dissociation of the Neutral Serine Octamer Allows Its Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17141-17145. [PMID: 30371969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Environment School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Environment School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150090 China
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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12
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Billamboz M, Banaszak E, Rigo B. Tuning the Selectivity: Study of Solvent-Free Acid-Mediated Pinacolic-Pinacolone Rearrangement under Microwave Irradiation. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Billamboz
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur (HEI); Yncréa Hauts-de-France; UCLille Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie; 13 rue de Toul - F-59046 Lille France
- TIMR UTC-ESCOM EA4297; 1 allée du Réseau Jean-Marie Buckmaster 60200 Compiègne France
| | - Estelle Banaszak
- TIMR UTC-ESCOM EA4297; 1 allée du Réseau Jean-Marie Buckmaster 60200 Compiègne France
| | - Benoît Rigo
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur (HEI); Yncréa Hauts-de-France; UCLille Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie; 13 rue de Toul - F-59046 Lille France
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13
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Profiling the short-lived cationic species generated during catalytic dehydration of short-chain alcohols. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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14
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Mao Z, Cao L, Zhang F, Zhang F. Microwave-Assisted Rapid Preparation of Mesoporous Phenolic Resin Nanospheres toward Highly Efficient Solid Acid Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28709-28718. [PMID: 30086220 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel microwave-assisted polymerization and self-assembly protocol was developed to prepare ordered mesoporous phenolic resin (MPRN) with nanospherical morphology for the first time. This unique strategy dramatically saved the synthesis time about 2 days with an energy-efficient way. Owing to its abundant phenyl groups in the framework, it was easily transformed to benzenesulfonic acid-functionalized MPRN (SO3H-MPRN) by simple sulfonation treatment. The obtained SO3H-MPRN sample still possessed a large surface area, two-dimensional hexagonal mesoporous structure, and uniform spherical shape. Importantly, because of its intrinsic organic framework, the pore surface of SO3H-MPRN was hydrophobic. Accordingly, it exhibited the excellent catalytic activity and selectivity in aqueous formaldehyde-participated Prins reaction and water-medium Fischer-indole reaction. On the basis of material characterizations and the control experiments, this remarkable catalytic performance could be ascribed to the synergetic effect derived from its short mesoporous channel and hydrophobic pore surface, which resulted in the decreased reactant diffusion limitation and the reduced water competitive adsorption. Also, it was stable in water because of the periodically arranged acid species in the resin framework and thus was easily recycled and used repetitively for at least five times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Mao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Linqing Cao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Fei Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Fang Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
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15
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Falcone CE, Jaman Z, Wleklinski M, Koswara A, Thompson DH, Cooks RG. Reaction screening and optimization of continuous-flow atropine synthesis by preparative electrospray mass spectrometry. Analyst 2018; 142:2836-2845. [PMID: 28703239 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00622e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Preparative electrospray (ES) exploits the acceleration of reactions in charged microdroplets to perform a small scale chemical synthesis. In combination with on-line mass spectrometric (MS) analysis, it constitutes a rapid screening tool to select reagents to generate specific products. A successful reaction in preparative ES triggers a refined microfluidic reaction screening procedure which includes the optimization for stoichiometry, temperature and residence time. We apply this combined approach for refining a flow synthesis of atropine. A successful preparative ES pathway for the synthesis of the phenylacetyl ester intermediate, using tropine/HCl/phenylacetyl chloride, was optimized for solvent in both the preparative ES and microfluidics flow systems and a base screening was conducted by both methods to increase atropine yield, increase percentage conversion and reduce byproducts. In preparative ES, the first step yielded 55% conversion (judged using MS) to intermediate and the second step yielded 47% conversion to atropine. When combined in two discrete steps in continuous-flow microfluidics, a 44% conversion of the starting material and a 30% actual yield of atropine were achieved. When the reactions were continuously telescoped in a new form of preparative reactive extractive electrospray (EES), atropine was synthesized with a 24% conversion. The corresponding continuous-flow microfluidics experiment gave a 55% conversion with an average of 34% yield in 8 min residence time. This is the first in depth study to utilize telescoped preparative ES and the first use of dual ESI emitters for multistep synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Zinia Jaman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Andy Koswara
- Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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16
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Kotha S, Todeti S, Das T, Datta A. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of C3
-Symmetric Star-Shaped Molecules Containing Heterocycles: A New Tactics for Multiple Fischer Indolization. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Saidulu Todeti
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Tarasankar Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
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17
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Liu P, Zhao P, Cooks RG, Chen H. Atmospheric pressure neutral reionization mass spectrometry for structural analysis. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6499-6507. [PMID: 28989675 PMCID: PMC5628576 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01999h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral fragments from an ion dissociation event could be detected via reionization at atmospheric pressure.
Ion dissociation is the usual basis for tandem MS analysis but a significant limitation is that only charged fragments from ion dissociation events are detected while neutral fragments are simply lost. This study reports our continued effort to solve this problem by developing atmospheric pressure neutral reionization mass spectrometry (APNR). In APNR, analyte ions are thermally dissociated (atmospheric pressure thermal dissociation, APTD) followed by soft reionization using electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI). Our results show that APNR is a powerful method for structural analysis of various biomolecules such as peptides, saccharides and nucleotides, as well as for elucidating unimolecular ion dissociation mechanisms. It was found that APNR provides extensive fragment ions including a series of y ions in peptides, which benefit sequencing and provide complementary information to collision induced dissociation (CID). In particular, direct cleavage of disulfide bonds of peptides occurs during APTD, facilitating peptide sequencing and disulfide bond mapping. In addition, many cross-ring cleavage fragments are detected during APNR analysis of oligosaccharides, indicating that the APTD dissociation process is energetic and potentially useful for identifying glycan linkage sites. Fragmentation patterns of oligosaccharide isomers can be used for their differentiation. Furthermore, in the cases of dissociation of nucleotides and synthetic naphthoylindole drugs, the putative neutral, phosphorylated riboses and indoles, were successfully detected using APNR, providing strong evidence to confirm previously proposed unimolecular ion dissociation mechanisms. We believe this APNR technique along with APTD should be of high value in structure determination of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Liu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Edison Biotechnology Institute , Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA 45701 .
| | - Pengyi Zhao
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Edison Biotechnology Institute , Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA 45701 .
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN , USA 47907 .
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Edison Biotechnology Institute , Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA 45701 .
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18
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Bain RM, Ayrton ST, Cooks RG. Fischer Indole Synthesis in the Gas Phase, the Solution Phase, and at the Electrospray Droplet Interface. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1359-1364. [PMID: 28194736 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that reactions occurring in the microdroplets formed during electrospray ionization can, under the right conditions, exhibit significantly greater rates than the corresponding bulk solution-phase reactions. The observed acceleration under electrospray ionization could result from a solution-phase, a gas-phase, or an interfacial reaction. This study shows that a gas-phase ion/molecule (or ion/ion) reaction is not responsible for the observed rate enhancement in the particular case of the Fischer indole synthesis. The results show that the accelerated reaction proceeds in the microdroplets, and evidence is provided that an interfacial process is involved. Graphical Abstract <!-- [INSERT GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT TEXT HERE] -->.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bain
- 560 Oval Drive Department of Chemistry and the Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stephen T Ayrton
- 560 Oval Drive Department of Chemistry and the Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- 560 Oval Drive Department of Chemistry and the Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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19
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Yang M, Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang F, Hou Y, Su Y, Guo Y. An unexpected acid-catalyzed decomposition reaction of cilnidipine and pranidipine to the decarboxylative bridged tricyclic products via cascade rearrangements. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00496f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A gas-phase Carroll rearrangement occurring during electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry led to the discovery of bridged tricyclic degradation products from cilnidipine and pranidipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Yang
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Shanghai Pudong Institute for Food and Drug Control
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yuting Hou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yue Su
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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20
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Zhang JT, Wang HY, Zhang X, Zhang F, Guo YL. Study of short-lived and early reaction intermediates in organocatalytic asymmetric amination reactions by ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study of the reactive intermediates in organocatalytic asymmetric amination reactions by reactive SAESI coupled to ion-mobility mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Hao-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310035
- China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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21
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22
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He Q, Badu-Tawiah AK, Chen S, Xiong C, Liu H, Zhou Y, Hou J, Zhang N, Li Y, Xie X, Wang J, Mao L, Nie Z. In situ bioconjugation and ambient surface modification using reactive charged droplets. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3144-8. [PMID: 25688934 DOI: 10.1021/ac504111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular ions are generated in induced electrospray ionization, and they can be transported to grounded ambient surfaces in the form of charged microdroplets. Efficient amide bonds formation between amines and carboxylic acids were observed inside charged droplets during transfer to the surface. Biomolecules derivatized using this method were self-assembled on a bare gold surface via Au-S bonds under the charged microdroplet environment. Cyclic voltammetric analysis of the self-assembled molecular film showed accelerated protein derivatization with cysteine, which allowed the covalent immobilization of the protein to the gold surface. Cytochrome C-functionalized electrodes prepared using the induced dual nanoelectrospray process showed bioactivity toward aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide below 50 μM. In effect, we have developed a method that allows derivatization of biomolecules and their immobilization at ambient surfaces in a single experimental step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Suming Chen
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yueming Zhou
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Hou
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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23
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Wang HY, Zhang JT, Sun SH, Zhang SS, Zhang F, Zhu H, Guo YL. Study on the accelerated Gutknecht self-cyclocondensation of amino-sugars under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22331h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An unexpected catalyst-free gas phase Gutknecht self-cyclocondensation of d-glucosamine hydrochloride to 2,5-deoxyfructosazine under APCI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organmetallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jun-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organmetallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Shi-Hao Sun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organmetallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organmetallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organmetallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organmetallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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24
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Wleklinski M, Sarkar D, Hollerbach A, Pradeep T, Cooks RG. Ambient preparation and reactions of gas phase silver cluster cations and anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18364-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The production and reactivity of silver cluster cations and anions at atmospheric pressure is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Depanjan Sarkar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Adam Hollerbach
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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25
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Espy RD, Wleklinski M, Yan X, Cooks RG. Beyond the flask: Reactions on the fly in ambient mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Liu P, Forni A, Chen H. Development of Solvent-Free Ambient Mass Spectrometry for Green Chemistry Applications. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4024-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500527q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Liu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, †Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Edison Biotechnology
Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Amanda Forni
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, †Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Edison Biotechnology
Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical
Instrumentation, †Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Edison Biotechnology
Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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27
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Peña-López M, Neumann H, Beller M. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Indoles from Anilines and Epoxides. Chemistry 2014; 20:1818-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Chai Y, Shen S, Weng G, Pan Y. Gas-phase synthesis and reactivity of Cu+–benzyne complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11668-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu+–benzyne complexes bearing ligands (L) were synthesized and their addition reactivity was studied in the gas phase using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chai
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Shen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Weng
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou, China
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29
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Lu M, Campbell JL, Chauhan R, Grapperhaus CA, Chen H. Probing the reactivity and radical nature of oxidized transition metal-thiolate complexes by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:502-512. [PMID: 23315345 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal thiolate complexes such as [PPN](+)[RuL3](-) (PPN = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene) ammonium and L = diphenylphosphinobenzenethiolate) are known to undergo addition reactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons via the formation of new C-S bonds in solution upon oxidation. The reaction mechanism is proposed to involve metal-stabilized thiyl radical intermediates, a new type of distonic ions such as [RuL3](+) ion in the case of [PPN](+)[RuL3](-). This study presents the reactivity and structure investigation of [RuL3](+) by mass spectrometry (MS) in conjunction with ion/molecule reactions. The addition reactions of [RuL3](+) with alkenes or methyl ketones in the gas phase are indeed observed, in agreement with the proposed mechanism. Such reactivity is also maintained by several fragment ions of [RuL3](+), indicating the preserved thiyl diradical core structure is responsible for the addition reaction. The thiyl radical nature of [RuL3](+) was further verified by the ion/molecule reaction of [RuL3](+) with dimethyl disulfide, in which the characteristic CH3S• transfer occurs, both at atmospheric pressure and also at low pressure (~mTorr). These results provide, for the first time, clear mass spectrometric evidence of the radical nature of [RuL3](+) (i.e., the distonic ion structure of [RuL3](+)), arising from the oxidation of non-innocent thiolate ligands of the complex [PPN](+)[RuL3](-). Similar thiolate complexes, including ReL3 and NiL2, were also examined. Although reactions of oxidized ReL3 or NiL2 with CH3SSCH3 take place at atmospheric pressure, the corresponding reaction did not occur in vacuum. Consistent with these data, the addition of ethylene was not observed either, indicating lower reactivities of [ReL3](+) and [NiL2](+) in comparison to [RuL3](+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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30
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31
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Eberlin LS, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Chemical aspects of the extractive methods of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2013; 64:481-505. [PMID: 23331308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization techniques allow complex chemical samples to be analyzed in their native state with minimal sample preparation. This brings the obvious advantages of simplicity, speed, and versatility to mass spectrometry: Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), for example, is used in chemical imaging for tumor margin diagnosis. This review on the extractive methods of ambient ionization focuses on chemical aspects, mechanistic considerations, and the accelerated chemical reactions occurring in charged liquid droplets generated in the spray process. DESI uses high-velocity solvent droplets to extract analytes from surfaces. Nano-DESI employs liquid microjunctions for analyte dissolution, whereas paper-spray ionization uses DC potentials applied to wet porous material such as paper or biological tissue to field emit charged analyte-containing solvent droplets. These methods also operate in a reactive mode in which added reagents allow derivatization during ionization. The accelerated reaction rates seen in charged microdroplets are useful in small-scale rapid chemical synthesis.
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32
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Liu P, Lu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Dewald HD, Chen H. Recent advances of electrochemical mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5519-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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33
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Li BL, Xu DQ, Zhong AG. Novel SO3H-functionalized ionic liquids catalyzed a simple, green and efficient procedure for Fischer indole synthesis in water under microwave irradiation. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Chen TC, Xu W, Garimella S, Ouyang Z. Study of the efficiency for ion transfer through bent capillaries. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1466-1472. [PMID: 23147823 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Discontinuous atmospheric pressure interfaces (DAPIs) with bent capillaries represent a highly simplified and flexible means for introducing ions into a vacuum manifold for mass analysis or gas phase ion reactions. In this work, a series of capillaries of different radians and curvatures were used with DAPI for studying the impact of the capillary bending on the ion transfer. The variation of transfer efficiency was systematically characterized for dry and solvated ions. The efficiency loss for dry ions was less than one order of magnitude, even with a three-turn bent capillary. The transfer of solvated ions generated by electrospray was found to be minimally impacted by the bending of the transfer capillary. For multiply protonated ions, the transfer efficiency for ions at lower charge states could be relatively well retained, presumably due to the lower reactivity associated with proton transfer reaction and the compensation in intensity by conversion of ions at higher charge states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chi Chen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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35
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Zhu W, Yuan Y, Zhou P, Zeng L, Wang H, Tang L, Guo B, Chen B. The expanding role of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for probing reactive intermediates in solution. Molecules 2012; 17:11507-37. [PMID: 23018925 PMCID: PMC6268401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has rapidly occupied a prominent position for liquid-phase mechanistic studies due to its intrinsic advantages allowing for efficient "fishing" (rapid, sensitive, specific and simultaneous detection/identification) of multiple intermediates and products directly from a "real-world" solution. In this review we attempt to offer a comprehensive overview of the ESI-MS-based methodologies and strategies developed up to date to study reactive species in reaction solutions. A full description of general issues involved with probing reacting species from complex (bio)chemical reaction systems is briefly covered, including the potential sources of reactive intermediate (metabolite) generation, analytical aspects and challenges, basic rudiments of ESI-MS and the state-of-the-art technology. The main purpose of the present review is to highlight the utility of ESI-MS and its expanding role in probing reactive intermediates from various reactions in solution, with special focus on current progress in ESI-MS-based approaches for improving throughput, testing reality and real-time detection by using newly developed MS instruments and emerging ionization sources (such as ambient ESI techniques). In addition, the limitations of modern ESI-MS in detecting intermediates in organic reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Le Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
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36
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Schröder D. Applications of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in mechanistic studies and catalysis research. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1521-32. [PMID: 22702223 DOI: 10.1021/ar3000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies form the basis for a better understanding of chemical processes, helping researchers develop more sustainable reactions by increasing the yields of the desired products, reducing waste production, and lowering the consumption of resources and energy overall. Conventional methods for the investigation of reaction mechanisms in solution include kinetic studies, isotope labeling, trapping of reactive intermediates, and advanced spectroscopic techniques. Within the past decade, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has provided an additional tool for mechanistic studies because researchers can directly probe liquid samples by mass spectrometry under gentle conditions. Specifically, ESI-MS allows researchers to identify the molecular entities present in solution over the course of a chemical transformation. ESI-MS is particularly useful for investigations of organic reactions or metal catalysis that involve ionic intermediates. Accordingly, researchers are increasingly using ESI-MS in mechanistic studies and catalyst development. However, a further understanding of the ESI process and how it can facilitate mechanistic studies has not accompanied this increased use of the technique. Therefore, at least in part the ESI-MS method not only has offered great promise for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms but also became a black box with the occasional risk of misinterpretation. In this Account, we summarize applications of ESI-MS for synthetic and mechanistic research. Recently researchers have established direct linkages between gas-phase data obtained via ESI-MS and processes occurring in solution, and these results reveal qualitative and quantitative correlations between ESI-MS measurements and solution properties. In this context, time dependences, concentration series, and counterion effects can serve as criteria that allow researchers assess if the gas-phase measurements correlate with the situation in the solution. Furthermore, we report developments that bridge the gap between gas-phase and solution-phase studies. We also describe predictions derived from ESI-MS that have been verified with solution-phase chemistry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schröder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Gore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sundarababu Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
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38
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Li A, Jjunju FPM, Cooks RG. Peptide Cross-Linking at Ambient Surfaces by Reactions of Nanosprayed Molecular Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9417-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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39
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Li A, Jjunju FPM, Cooks RG. Peptide Cross-Linking at Ambient Surfaces by Reactions of Nanosprayed Molecular Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Cyriac J, Cooks RG. Reactions of organic ions at ambient surfaces in a solvent-free environment. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:842-849. [PMID: 22290484 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-free ion/surface chemistry is studied at atmospheric pressure, specifically pyrylium cations, are reacted at ambient surfaces with organic amines to generate pyridinium ions. The dry reagent ions were generated by electrospraying a solution of the organic salt and passing the resulting electrosprayed droplets pneumatically through a heated metal drying tube. The dry ions were then passed through an electric field in air to separate the cations from anions and direct the cations onto a gold substrate coated with an amine. This nontraditional way of manipulating polyatomic ions has provided new chemical insights, for example, the surface reaction involving dry isolated 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium cations and condensed solid-phase ethanolamine was found to produce the expected N-substituted pyridinium product ion via a pseudobase intermediate in a regiospecific fashion. In solution however, ethanolamine was observed to react through its N-centered and O-centered nucleophilic groups to generate two isomeric products via 2H-pyran intermediates. The O-centered nucleophile reacted less rapidly to give the minor product. The surface reaction product was characterized in situ by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and ex situ using mass spectrometry and H/D exchange, and found to be chemically the same as the major pyridinium solution-phase reaction product.
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Guo C, Jiang K, Yue L, Xia Z, Wang X, Pan Y. Intriguing roles of reactive intermediates in dissociation chemistry of N-phenylcinnamides. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7070-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Analysis and modification of surfaces using molecular ions in the ambient environment. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:741-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Coelho F, Eberlin MN. The Bridge Connecting Gas-Phase and Solution Chemistries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5261-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yao SJ, Wang HY, Zhang L, Guo YL. Study on reactions of long-lived phenoxathiin radical cation with aliphatic alcohols, phenol and phenyl halides in ambient condition by fused-droplet electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:385-394. [PMID: 22006637 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
he reactions of phenoxathiin radical cations with diverse organic compounds in ambient conditions were realized by using fused-droplet electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the investigation, the phenoxathiin radical cation was prepared by electrospray ionization. The reactants included aliphatic alcohols, phenol and phenyl halides and the reaction studies showed the unique reactivity the of phenoxathiin radical cation towards neutral organic compounds in ambient conditions, which has not been revealed in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Jun Yao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Zhao ZX, Wang HY, Xu C, Guo YL. Gas-phase synthesis of hydrodiphenylcyclopropenylium via nonclassical Favorskii rearrangement from alkali-cationized alpha,alpha'-dibromodibenzyl ketone. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2665-2672. [PMID: 20740544 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase synthesis of hydrodiphenylcyclopropenylium from alkali-cationized alpha,alpha'-dibromodibenzyl ketone (1) via nonclassical Lewis-acid-induced Favorskii rearrangement has been studied by electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and theoretical methods, showing that cations [1-Br](+) by debromination from 1 and 1.M(+)(M = Li or Na) by alkali-metal cationization of 1 could convert into the protonated diphenylcyclopropenone 2.H(+) by collision-induced dissociation in the gas phase. A concerted mechanism for the Lewis-acid-induced Favorskii rearrangement from alkali-metal-cationized alpha,alpha'-dibromodibenzyl ketone was proposed and studied, based on mass spectrometric results and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Zhao
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Chingin K, Frankevich V, Balabin R, Barylyuk K, Chen H, Wang R, Zenobi R. Direct Access to Isolated Biomolecules under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2358-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chingin K, Frankevich V, Balabin R, Barylyuk K, Chen H, Wang R, Zenobi R. Direct Access to Isolated Biomolecules under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lin JY, Chen TY, Chen JY, Chen YC. Multilayer gold nanoparticle-assisted thermal desorption ambient mass spectrometry for the analysis of small organics. Analyst 2010; 135:2668-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00157k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Luo M, Hu B, Zhang X, Peng D, Chen H, Zhang L, Huan Y. Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive Detection of Uranyl Species in Natural Water Samples. Anal Chem 2009; 82:282-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9019494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingbiao Luo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, P. R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, P. R. China
| | - Daofeng Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yanfu Huan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province 344000, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, P. R. China
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