1
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Yu P, Hu S, Tian X, Shen W, Yu P, Guo K, Xie Y, Bao L, Lu X. Steering Lu 3N clusters in C 76-78 cages: cluster configuration dominated by cage transformation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17290-17296. [PMID: 36377636 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05049h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While the strong interaction between the internal unit and the fullerene cage inside metallofullerenes is widely acknowledged, how the cage transformation interacts with the cluster configuration remains elusive. For this purpose, we herein synthesized three metallofullerene molecules with an easy-to-compare cluster configuration and cage arrangement, namely Lu3N@Cs(17 490)-C76, Lu3N@C2(22 010)-C78, and Lu3N@D3h(5)-C78. The three lutetium-based nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) with small C76-78 carbon cages were synthesized by a modified arc-discharge method and their structures were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Notably, the cage transformation from Cs(17 490)-C76 to C2(22 010)-C78via a simple C2-unit insertion leads to a remarkable configuration change of the encapsulated Lu3N cluster from an unusual asymmetric plane to a common symmetric one. This close correlation between the cluster configuration and cage transformation is further confirmed by the pyramidal Lu3N cluster in Lu3N@D3h(5)-C78 other than the symmetric planar Lu3N unit in Lu3N@C2(22 010)-C78, as a result of an even larger difference in the cage arrangement. Astonishingly, such a cluster shrinkage, accompanied by an increase in the cage size from Cs(17 490)-C76 to D3h(5)-C78, is dramatically opposite to the cluster expansion with cage elongation found in La2C2- or Y2C2-based metallofullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Shuaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Xinyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Pengyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Yunpeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074 China.
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2
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Schlesier C, Liu F, Dubrovin V, Spree L, Büchner B, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Mixed dysprosium-lanthanide nitride clusterfullerenes DyM 2N@C 80-I h and Dy 2MN@C 80-I h (M = Gd, Er, Tm, and Lu): synthesis, molecular structure, and quantum motion of the endohedral nitrogen atom. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13139-13153. [PMID: 31268459 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Systematic exploration of the synthesis of mixed-metal Dy-M nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs, M = Gd, Er, Tm, Lu) is performed, and the impact of the second metal on the relative yield is evaluated. We demonstrate that the ionic radius of the metal appears to be the main factor allowing explanation of the relative yields in Dy-M mixed-metal systems with M = Sc, Lu, Er, and Gd. At the same time, Dy-Tm NCFs show anomalously low yields, which is not consistent with the relatively small ionic radius of Tm3+ but can be explained by the high third ionization potential of Tm. Complete separation of Dy-Gd and Dy-Er, as well as partial separation of Dy-Lu M3N@C80 nitride clusterfullerenes, is accomplished by recycling HPLC. The molecular structures of DyGd2N@C80 and DyEr2N@C80 are analyzed by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A remarkable ordering of mixed-metal nitride clusters is found despite similar size and electronic properties of the metals. Possible pyramidalization of the nitride clusters in these and other nitride clusterfullerenes is critically analyzed with the help of DFT calculations and reconstruction of the nitrogen inversion barrier in M3N@C80 molecules is performed. Although a double-well potential with a pyramidal cluster structure is found to be common for most of them, the small size of the inversion barrier often leads to an apparent planar structure of the cluster. This situation is found for those M3N@C80 molecules in which the energy of the lowest vibrational level exceeds that of the inversion barrier, including Dy3N@C80 and DyEr2N@C80. The genuine pyramidal structure can be observed by X-ray diffraction only when the lowest vibrational level is below the inversion barrier, such as those found in Gd3N@C80 and DyGd2N@C80. The quantum nature of molecular vibrations becomes especially apparent when the size of the inversion barrier is comparable to the energy of the lowest vibrational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schlesier
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - F Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - V Dubrovin
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - L Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - B Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - S M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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3
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Huang JL, Rao B, Kumar MP, Lu HF, Chao I, Lin CH. Dicyclopenta[ghi,pqr]perylene as a Structural Motif for Bowl-Shaped Hydrocarbons: Synthetic and Conformational Studies. Org Lett 2019; 21:2504-2508. [PMID: 30942076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dicyclopenta[ghi,pqr]perylene (DCPP) is a substructural fragment on the surface of C70 yet not on C60. Unlike its intensely investigated buckybowl cousins, corannulene and sumanene, DCPP is largely ignored due to the lack of synthetic accessibility. This communication describes the first preparation of a DCPP derivative from bay substituted perylene bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol as the key cyclization precursor. Further incorporation of indeno substitutions at peri positions was accomplished through Suzuki-Heck benzannulation. DCPP derivatives 4 adopts a planar structure in crystal. On the contrary, indeno DCPP 5 and bis-indeno DCPP 6 adopt the bowl-shaped conformation in both the solid state and solution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that the lowest-energy conformations of 4, 5, and 6 are all bowl-shaped. Nevertheless, small bowl-to-bowl inversion barrier for 4 (3.4 kcal/mol) is overcome by the crystal packing force, which leads to its observed planar structure. However, the bowl-shaped structures of 5 and 6 are affirmed by DFT calculation with intermediate and high bowl-to-bowl inversion barriers (10.4 and 18.5 kcal/mol, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Liang Huang
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128 , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - BillaBhargava Rao
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128 , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Manyam Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128 , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Hsiu-Feng Lu
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128 , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ito Chao
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128 , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsiu Lin
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128 , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
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4
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Brandenburg A, Krylov DS, Beger A, Wolter AUB, Büchner B, Popov AA. Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C 80 featuring three different metals in the endohedral cluster and its single-ion magnetism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10683-10686. [PMID: 30087957 PMCID: PMC6839965 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbide clusterfullerene DyYTiC@C80-Ih with three different metal atoms in the endohedral cluster is obtained by arc-discharge synthesis with methane as reactive gas and is successfully isolated by HPLC. The compound shows single-molecule magnetism (SMM) with magnetic hysteresis below 8 K. The SMM properties of DyYTiC@C80 are compared to those of DySc2N@C80 and the influence of the central atom in the endohedral cluster is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Brandenburg
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Stania R, Seitsonen AP, Kunhardt D, Büchner B, Popov AA, Muntwiler M, Greber T. Electrostatic Interaction across a Single-Layer Carbon Shell. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3586-3590. [PMID: 29902014 PMCID: PMC6837866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ions inside of fullerene molecules are model systems for the study of the electrostatic interaction across a single layer of carbon. For TbSc2N@C80 on h-BN/Ni(111), we observe with high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy a splitting of the C 1s core level. The data may be explained quantitatively with density functional theory. The correlation of the C 1s eigenvalues and the Coulomb potential of the inside ions at the corresponding carbon sites indicates incomplete screening of the electric field due to the endohedral ions. The screening comprises anisotropic charge transfer to the carbon atoms and their polarization. This behavior is essential for the ordering of endohedral single-molecule magnets and is expected to occur in any single-layer material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Stania
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. P. Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - D. Kunhardt
- Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - B. Büchner
- Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - A. A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M. Muntwiler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - T. Greber
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Wei T, Jin F, Guan R, Huang J, Chen M, Li Q, Yang S. Blending Non-Group-3 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Metal into a C80
Fullerene Cage with D
5h
Symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10273-10277. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui 230601 China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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7
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Wei T, Jin F, Guan R, Huang J, Chen M, Li Q, Yang S. Blending Non-Group-3 Transition Metal and Rare-Earth Metal into a C80
Fullerene Cage with D
5h
Symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui 230601 China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; Department of Chemical Physics; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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8
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Yang S, Wei T, Jin F. When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5005-5058. [PMID: 28681052 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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9
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Transformation of doped graphite into cluster-encapsulated fullerene cages. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1222. [PMID: 29089497 PMCID: PMC5663703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultimate goal in carbon nanoscience is to decipher formation mechanisms of highly ordered systems. Here, we disclose chemical processes that result in formation of high-symmetry clusterfullerenes, which attract interest for use in applications that span biomedicine to molecular electronics. The conversion of doped graphite into a C80 cage is shown to occur through bottom-up self-assembly reactions. Unlike conventional forms of fullerene, the iconic Buckminsterfullerene cage, Ih-C60, is entirely avoided in the bottom-up formation mechanism to afford synthesis of group 3-based metallic nitride clusterfullerenes. The effects of structural motifs and cluster–cage interactions on formation of compounds in the solvent-extractable C70–C100 region are determined by in situ studies of defined clusterfullerenes under typical synthetic conditions. This work establishes the molecular origin and mechanism that underlie formation of unique carbon cage materials, which may be used as a benchmark to guide future nanocarbon explorations. An understanding of how caged carbon materials self-assemble from doped graphite is a long-standing challenge. Here, the authors show that distinct bottom-up processes lead to the synthesis of high-symmetry clusterfullerenes.
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10
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Samoylova NA, Avdoshenko SM, Krylov DS, Thompson HR, Kirkhorn AC, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Ziegs F, Wolter AUB, Yang S, Stevenson S, Popov AA. Confining the spin between two metal atoms within the carbon cage: redox-active metal-metal bonds in dimetallofullerenes and their stable cation radicals. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7977-7990. [PMID: 28574078 PMCID: PMC5544111 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02288c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-lanthanide bonds are exceptionally rare, and dimetallofullerenes provide a unique possibility to stabilize and study these unusual bonding patterns. The presence of metal-metal bonds and consequences thereof for the electronic properties of M2@C82 (M = Sc, Er, Lu) are addressed by electrochemistry, electron paramagnetic resonance, SQUID magnetometry and other spectroscopic techniques. A simplified non-chromatographic separation procedure is developed for the isolation of Er2@C82 (Cs(6) and C3v(8) cage isomers) and Sc2@C82 (C3v(8) isomer) from fullerene mixtures. Sulfide clusterfullerenes Er2S@C82 with Cs(6) and C3v(8) fullerene cages are synthesized for the first time. The metal-metal bonding orbital of the spd hybrid character in M2@C82 is shown to be the highest occupied molecular orbital, which undergoes reversible single-electron oxidation with a metal-dependent oxidation potential. Sulfide clusterfullerenes with a fullerene-based HOMO have more positive oxidation potentials. The metal-based oxidation of Sc2@C82-C3v is confirmed by the EPR spectrum of the cation radical [Sc2@C82-C3v]+ generated by chemical oxidation in solution. The spectrum exhibits an exceptionally large a(45Sc) hyperfine coupling constant of 199.2 G, indicating a substantial 4s contribution to the metal-metal bonding orbital. The cationic salt [Er2@C82-C3v]+SbCl6- is prepared, and its magnetization behavior is compared to that of pristine Er2@C82-C3v and Er2S@C82-C3v. The formation of the single-electron Er-Er bond in the cation dramatically changes the coupling between magnetic moments of Er ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A. Samoylova
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis S. Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah R. Thompson
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Amelia C. Kirkhorn
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ziegs
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja U. B. Wolter
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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11
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Yamada M, Abe T, Saito C, Yamazaki T, Sato S, Mizorogi N, Slanina Z, Uhlík F, Suzuki M, Maeda Y, Lian Y, Lu X, Olmstead MM, Balch AL, Nagase S, Akasaka T. Adamantylidene Addition to M 3 N@I h -C 80 (M=Sc, Lu) and Sc 3 N@D 5h -C 80 : Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterization of the [5,6]-Open and [6,6]-Open Adducts. Chemistry 2017; 23:6552-6561. [PMID: 28145046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Additions of adamantylidene (Ad) to M3 N@Ih -C80 (M=Sc, Lu) and Sc3 N@D5h -C80 have been accomplished by photochemical reactions with 2-adamantyl-2,3'-[3H]-diazirine (1). In M3 N@Ih -C80 , the addition led to rupture of the [6,6]- or [5,6]-bonds of the Ih -C80 cage, forming the [6,6]-open fulleroid as the major isomer and the [5,6]-open fulleroid as the minor isomer. In Sc3 N@D5h -C80 , the addition also proceeded regioselectively to yield three major isomeric Ad mono-adducts, despite the fact that there are nine types of C-C bonds in the D5h -C80 cage. The molecular structures of the seven Ad mono-adducts, including the positions of the encaged trimetallic nitride clusters, have been unambiguously determined through single-crystal XRD analyses. Furthermore, results have shown that stepwise addition of Ad to Lu3 N@Ih -C80 affords several Ad bis-adducts, two of which have been isolated and characterized. The X-ray structure of one bis-adduct clearly revealed that the second Ad addition took place at a [6,6]-bond close to an endohedral metal atom. Theoretical calculations have also been performed to rationalize the regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Abe
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Chiharu Saito
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yamazaki
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Satoru Sato
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naomi Mizorogi
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Zdenek Slanina
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 62117, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Filip Uhlík
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yongfu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P.R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Marilyn M Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Alan L Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.,Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China.,Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan
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12
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Zhao P, Dang JS, Zhao X. Bingel–Hirsch reaction mechanisms on TiSc2N@Ih-C80: the role of endohedral titanium nitride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9709-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both singly bonded monoadducts and cycloadducts were considered to investigate Bingel–Hirsch reaction on TiSc2N@C80 by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Condensed Matter and Quantum Engineering
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Condensed Matter and Quantum Engineering
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Condensed Matter and Quantum Engineering
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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13
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Stevenson S, Thompson HR, Arvola KD, Ghiassi KB, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Isolation of CeLu2N@Ih-C80through a Non-Chromatographic, Two-Step Chemical Process and Crystallographic Characterization of the Pyramidalized CeLu2N within the Icosahedral Cage. Chemistry 2015; 21:10362-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Zhang Y, Krylov D, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Popov AA. Magnetic anisotropy of endohedral lanthanide ions: paramagnetic NMR study of MSc 2N@C 80- Ih with M running through the whole 4f row. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2328-2341. [PMID: 29308147 PMCID: PMC5645780 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramagnetic and variable temperature 13C and 45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance studies are performed for nitride clusterfullerenes MSc2N@C80 with icosahedral Ih(7) carbon cage, where M runs through all lanthanides forming nitride clusters. The influence of the endohedral lanthanide ions on the NMR spectral pattern is carefully followed, and dramatic differences are found in peak positions and line widths. Thus, 13C lines broaden from 0.01-0.02 ppm in diamagnetic MSc2N@C80 molecules (M = La, Y, Lu) to several ppm in TbSc2N@C80 and DySc2N@C80. Direction of the paramagnetic shift depends on the shape of the 4f electron density in corresponding lanthanide ions. In TmSc2N@C80 and ErSc2N@C80 with prolate 4f-density of lanthanide ions, 13C signals are shifted down-field, whereas 45Sc peaks are shifted up-field versus diamagnetic values. In all other MSc2N@C80 molecules lanthanide ions have oblate-shaped 4f electron density, and the lanthanide-induced shift is negative for 13C and positive for 45Sc peaks. Analysis of the pseudocontact and contact contributions to chemical shifts revealed that the pseudocontact term dominates both in 13C and 45Sc NMR spectra, although contact shifts for 13C signals are also considerable. Point charge computations of the ligand field splitting are performed to explain experimental results, and showed reasonable agreement with experimental pseudocontact shifts. Nitrogen atom bearing large negative charge and located close to the lanthanide ion results in large magnetic anisotropy of lanthanide ions in nitride clusterfullerenes with quasi-uniaxial ligand field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - D Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - M Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - S Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - A A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
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15
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Wei T, Liu F, Wang S, Zhu X, Popov AA, Yang S. An Expanded Family of Dysprosium-Scandium Mixed-Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Role of the Lanthanide Metal on the Carbon Cage Size Distribution. Chemistry 2015; 21:5750-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Feng Y, Wang T, Xiang J, Gan L, Wu B, Jiang L, Wang C. Tuneable dynamics of a scandium nitride cluster inside an Ih-C80 cage. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2057-61. [PMID: 25558825 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The internal clusters in metallofullerenes usually exhibit certain motion that is potentially usable in molecular gyroscopes and nano-machines. Based on (45)Sc NMR, the motion of the scandium nitride cluster within the C80 cage was investigated via varying the temperature and modifying the cage, and by changing the cluster size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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17
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Zhang Z, Liu Y, Han P, Zhuang S, Wang T, Luo S, Xu B. Metallofullerenes Encaging Mixed-Metal Clusters: Synthesis and Structural Studies of GdxHo3−xN@C80and GdxLu3−xN@C80. Chemphyschem 2014; 16:295-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Zhang Y, Krylov D, Schiemenz S, Rosenkranz M, Westerström R, Dreiser J, Greber T, Büchner B, Popov AA. Cluster-size dependent internal dynamics and magnetic anisotropy of Ho ions in HoM2N@C80 and Ho2MN@C80 families (M = Sc, Lu, Y). NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11431-11438. [PMID: 25149908 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paramagnetic NMR study of HoM2N@C80-Ih and Ho2MN@C80-Ih nitride cluster fullerenes (M = Sc, Lu, Y) reveals strong dependence of Ho-induced paramagnetic shifts (δ(para)) in (13)C NMR spectra on the size of the diamagnetic metal in the cluster. In particular, the δ(para) value in HoY2N@C80 is almost doubled in comparison to that in HoSc2N@C80. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism studies show that all Ho-nitride cluster fullerenes have the same magnetic ground state of Ho(3+). Point-charge ligand-field splitting calculations show that the increase of the M(3+) radius in going from Sc to Y results in a considerable increase of the energy splitting between different Jz states. This leads to a 19% higher magnetic anisotropy of Ho(3+) in HoY2N@C80 than in HoSc2N@C80 at 300 K. Variations of the molecular geometry and cluster dynamics with the size of the cluster are found to have even greater influence on δ(para) values. This work shows that the magnetic properties of the species confined inside the fullerene cages can be tuned using the geometrical factors such as the cluster and the cage size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Aroua S, Garcia‐Borràs M, Osuna S, Yamakoshi Y. Essential Factors for Control of the Equilibrium in the Reversible Rearrangement of M
3
N@
I
h
‐C
80
Fulleropyrrolidines: Exohedral Functional Groups versus Endohedral Metal Clusters. Chemistry 2014; 20:14032-9. [PMID: 25196964 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Aroua
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Zürich, Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 3, CH‐8093 Zürich (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44 633‐1235
| | - Marc Garcia‐Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia (Spain)
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia (Spain)
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Zürich, Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 3, CH‐8093 Zürich (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44 633‐1235
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20
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Svitova AL, Ghiassi KB, Schlesier C, Junghans K, Zhang Y, Olmstead MM, Balch AL, Dunsch L, Popov AA. Endohedral fullerene with μ3-carbido ligand and titanium-carbon double bond stabilized inside a carbon cage. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3568. [PMID: 24699547 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In all metallofullerenes known before this work, metal atoms form single highly polar bonds with non-metal atoms in endohedral cluster. This is rather surprising for titanium taking into account the diversity of organotitanium compounds. Here we show that the arc-discharge synthesis of mixed titanium-lutetium metallofullerenes in the presence of ammonia, melamine or methane unexpectedly results in the formation of TiLu2C@I(h)-C80 with an icosahedral Ih(7) carbon cage. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies of the compound reveal an unprecedented endohedral cluster with a μ3-carbido ligand and Ti-C double bond. The Ti(IV) in TiLu2C@I(h)-C80 can be reversibly reduced to the Ti(III) state. The Ti = C bonding and Ti-localized lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in TiLu2C@Ih-C80 bear a certain resemblance to titanium alkylidenes. TiLu2C@I(h)-C80 is the first metallofullerene with a multiple bond between a metal and the central, non-metal atom of the endohedral cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - K B Ghiassi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - C Schlesier
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - K Junghans
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - M M Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A L Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - L Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - A A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
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21
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Wang T, Wang C. Endohedral metallofullerenes based on spherical I(h)-C(80) cage: molecular structures and paramagnetic properties. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:450-8. [PMID: 24328037 DOI: 10.1021/ar400156z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes are carbon cages assembled from fused hexagons andpentagons that have closed networks and conjugated π systems. The curve of the fullerene structure requires that the constituent carbon atoms take on a pyramidal shape and produces extra strain energy. However, the highly symmetrical geometry of the fullerene decreases the surface tension in these structures, so highly symmetrical fullerenes are usually very stable. For example, C60 with icosahedral symmetry (Ih) is the most stable fullerene molecule. However, another highly symmetrical fullerene, Ih-C80, is extremely unstable. The reason for this difference is the open-shell electronic structure of Ih-C80, which has a 4-fold degenerate HOMO occupied by only two electrons. Predictably, once the degenerate HOMO of Ih-C80 accepts six more electrons, it forms a closed-shell electronic structure similar to Ih-C60 and with comparable stability. Because the hollow structure of fullerenes can encapsulate metal atoms and those internal metals can transfer electrons to the fullerene cage, the encapsulation of metal clusters may provide an ideal technique for the stabilization of the Ih-C80 fullerenes. In this Account, we focus on the molecular structures and paramagnetic properties of spherical Ih-C80 endohedral fullerenes encaging a variety of metal moieties, such as metal atoms (Mn), metal nitride (M3N), metal carbide (MnC2), metal carbonitride (M3CN), and metal oxides (M4Om). We introduce several types of endohedral metallofullerenes such as Sc4C2@Ih-C80, which exhibits a Russian-doll-like structure, and Sc3CN@Ih-C80, which encapsulates a planar metal carbonitride cluster. In addition, we emphasize the paramagnetic properties of Ih-C80-based metallofullerenes, such as Sc3C2@Ih-C80, Y2@C79N, and M3N@Ih-C80, to show how those spin-active species can present a controllable paramagnetism. This Account highlights an inspiring molecular world within the spherical Ih-C80 cages of various metallofullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Endohedral metal or a fullerene cage based oxidation? Redox duality of nitride clusterfullerenes Ce(x)M(3-x)N@C(78-88) (x = 1, 2; M = Sc and Y) dictated by the encaged metals and the carbon cage size. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1038-1048. [PMID: 24292599 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox behavior of endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular their oxidation process, can be classified as a fullerene-based or endohedral species-based process according to the mechanism of the electron transfer. Here we report on the phenomenon of the strain-driven electrochemical behavior achieved by encapsulating the cerium-containing clusters into a series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88. The Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes CexM3-xN@C2n (x = 1, 2; M = Sc or Y; 2n = 78-88) were synthesized and characterized. The magnitude of the inherent strain caused by the limited inner space of the carbon cage for the relatively large nitride clusters can be varied by choosing different scaffold metals (Sc, Lu, or Y) to tailor the size of the encaged CexM3-xN cluster and by matching the nitride cluster with different fullerene cages in the size range from C78 to C88. The redox properties of CexM3-xN@C2n were investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of Ce-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes, in particular whether the fullerene-based oxidation or the Ce(III) → Ce(IV) process is observed, is found to be dependent on the scaffold metal and the size of the fullerene cage. The endohedral oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) was observed for a number of compounds as revealed by the negative shift of their oxidation potentials with respect to the values measured for the non-Ce analogues. Experimental studies are supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that the prerequisites for the Ce-based endohedral oxidation process are suitable inherent cluster-cage strain and sufficiently high oxidation potential of the fullerene cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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23
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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25
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Lu X, Feng L, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Current status and future developments of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:7723-60. [PMID: 22907208 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of hybrid molecules formed by encapsulation of metallic species inside fullerene cages, exhibit unique properties that differ distinctly from those of empty fullerenes because of the presence of metals and their hybridization effects via electron transfer. This critical review provides a balanced but not an exhaustive summary regarding almost all aspects of EMFs, including the history, the classification, current progress in the synthesis, extraction, isolation, and characterization of EMFs, as well as their physiochemical properties and applications in fields such as electronics, photovoltaics, biomedicine, and materials science. Emphasis is assigned to experimentally obtained results, especially the X-ray crystallographic characterizations of EMFs and their derivatives, rather than theoretical calculations, although the latter has indeed enhanced our knowledge of metal-cage interactions. Finally, perspectives related to future developments and challenges in the research of EMFs are proposed. (381 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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26
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Liu F, Guan J, Wei T, Wang S, Jiao M, Yang S. A Series of Inorganic Solid Nitrogen Sources for the Synthesis of Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Dependence of Production Yield on the Oxidation State of Nitrogen and Counter Ion. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3814-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fupin Liu
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mingzhi Jiao
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National
Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory
of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
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27
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Svitova AL, Popov AA, Dunsch L. Gd-Sc-based mixed-metal nitride cluster fullerenes: mutual influence of the cage and cluster size and the role of scandium in the electronic structure. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3368-80. [PMID: 23469831 DOI: 10.1021/ic400049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the cage as well as of the cluster size has been studied in Gd-Sc nitride cluster fullerenes, which have been synthesized and isolated for these studies. A series of carbon cages ranging from C78 to C88 have been synthesized, isolated, and characterized in detail using absorption and vibrational spectroscopy as well as electrochemistry and density functional theory calculations. Gd-Sc mixed-metal cluster fullerenes in carbon cages different from C80 were described for the first time. A review of their structures, properties, and stability is given. The synthesis was performed with melamine as an effective solid source of nitrogen, providing high fullerene yield and suppressing empty fullerene formation. Substitution of gadolinium by scandium imposes a noticeable influence on the electronic structure of nitride cluster fullerenes as revealed by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Svitova
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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28
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Aroua S, Yamakoshi Y. Prato Reaction of M3N@Ih-C80 (M = Sc, Lu, Y, Gd) with Reversible Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20242-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309550z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Aroua
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093
Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093
Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Popov AA, Chen N, Pinzón JR, Stevenson S, Echegoyen LA, Dunsch L. Redox-active scandium oxide cluster inside a fullerene cage: spectroscopic, voltammetric, electron spin resonance spectroelectrochemical, and extended density functional theory study of Sc4O2@C80 and its ion radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19607-18. [PMID: 22924339 DOI: 10.1021/ja306728p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The clusterfullerene Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) with a mixed redox state of scandium was found to be an exciting molecule for endohedral electrochemistry as demonstrated by means of an in situ electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroelectrochemical study of the spin density distribution in its electrochemically generated cation and anion radicals. The compound exhibits two reversible reduction and oxidation steps with a relatively small electrochemical gap of 1.10 V. The ESR spectra of the ion radicals have a rich hyperfine structure caused by two pairs of equivalent Sc atoms. The Sc-based hyperfine structure with large hyperfine coupling constants shows that both oxidation and reduction of Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) are in cavea redox processes, which is the subject of endohedral electrochemistry. The assignment of the experimentally determined a((45)Sc) values to the two types of Sc atoms in the Sc(4)O(2) cluster was accomplished by extended density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. Sc atoms adopting a divalent state in the neutral Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) exhibited an especially large coupling constant of 150.4 G in the cation radical, which is the record high a((45)Sc) value for Sc-based endohedral metallofullerenes. Such a high value is explained by the nature of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) localized on the six-atom Sc(4)O(2) cluster. This HOMO is a Sc-Sc bonding MO and hence has large contributions from the 4s atomic orbitals of Sc(II). We claim that ESR spectroelectrochemistry is an invaluable experimental tool in the studies of metal-metal bonding in endohedral metallofullerenes and in endohedral electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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30
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Zhang Y, Popov AA, Schiemenz S, Dunsch L. Synthesis, isolation, and spectroscopic characterization of holmium-based mixed-metal nitride clusterfullerenes: HoxSc3-xN@C80 (x=1, 2). Chemistry 2012; 18:9691-8. [PMID: 22745152 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation and spectroscopic characterization of holmium-based mixed metal nitride clusterfullerenes Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) are reported. Two isomers of Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) were synthesized by the reactive gas atmosphere method and isolated by multistep recycling HPLC. The isomeric structures of Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (x=1, 2) were characterized by laser-desorption time-of-flight (LD-TOF) mass spectrometry and UV/Vis/NIR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. A comparative study of M(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (M=Gd, Dy, Lu, Ho) demonstrates the dependence of their electronic and vibrational properties on the encaged metal. Despite the distinct perturbation induced by 4f(10) electrons, we report the first paramagnetic (13) C NMR study on Ho(x) Sc(3-x) N@C(80) (I; x=1, 2) and confirm I(h) -symmetric cage structure. A (45) Sc NMR study on HoSc(2) N@C(80) (I, II) revealed a temperature-dependent chemical shift in the temperature range of 268-308 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Group of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, 101171 Dresden, Germany
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Osuna S, Valencia R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Swart M, Solà M, Poblet JM. Full Exploration of the Diels-Alder Cycloaddition on Metallofullerenes M3N@C80 (M=Sc, Lu, Gd): The D5h versus Ih Isomer and the Influence of the Metal Cluster. Chemistry 2012; 18:8944-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Westerström R, Dreiser J, Piamonteze C, Muntwiler M, Weyeneth S, Brune H, Rusponi S, Nolting F, Popov A, Yang S, Dunsch L, Greber T. An Endohedral Single-Molecule Magnet with Long Relaxation Times: DySc2N@C80. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9840-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301044p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Westerström
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jan Dreiser
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Cinthia Piamonteze
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Muntwiler
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Weyeneth
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Condensed Matter
Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rusponi
- Institute of Condensed Matter
Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frithjof Nolting
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry
and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Department of Electrochemistry
and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Hefei National Laboratory for
Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry
and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Chen C, Liu F, Li S, Wang N, Popov AA, Jiao M, Wei T, Li Q, Dunsch L, Yang S. Titanium/yttrium mixed metal nitride clusterfullerene TiY2N@C80: synthesis, isolation, and effect of the group-III metal. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3039-45. [PMID: 22324808 DOI: 10.1021/ic202354u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Titanium/yttrium mixed metal nitride clusterfullerene (MMNCF) TiY(2)N@C(80) has been successfully synthesized, representing the first Ti-containing non-scandium MMNCF. TiY(2)N@C(80) has been isolated by multistep HPLC and characterized by various spectroscopies in combination with DFT computations. The electronic absorption property of TiY(2)N@C(80) was characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, indicating the resemblance to that of TiSc(2)N@C(80) with broad shoulder absorptions. The optical band gap of TiY(2)N@C(80) (1.39 eV) is very close to that of TiSc(2)N@C(80) (1.43 eV) but much smaller than that of Y(3)N@C(80)(I(h), 1.58 eV). Such a resemblance of the overall absorption feature of TiY(2)N@C(80) to TiSc(2)N@C(80) suggests that TiY(2)N@C(80) has a similar electronic configuration to that of TiSc(2)N@C(80), that is, (TiY(2)N)(6+)@C(80)(6-). FTIR spectroscopic study and DFT calculations accomplish the assignment of the C(80):I(h) isomer to the cage structure of TiY(2)N@C(80), with the C(1) conformer being the lowest energy structure, which is different from the C(s) conformer assigned to TiSc(2)N@C(80). The electrochemical properties of TiY(2)N@C(80) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, revealing the reversible first oxidation and first reduction step with E(1/2) at 0.00 and -1.13 V, respectively, both of which are more negative than those of TiSc(2)N@C(80), while the electrochemical energy gap of TiY(2)N@C(80) (1.11 V) is almost the same as that of TiSc(2)N@C(80) (1.10 V). Contrary to the reversible first reduction step, the second and third reduction steps of TiY(2)N@C(80) are irreversible, and this redox behavior is dramatically different from that of TiSc(2)N@C(80), which shows three reversible reduction steps, indicating the strong influence of the encaged group-III metal (Y or Sc) on the electronic properties of TiM(2)N@C(80) (M = Y, Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Jiao M, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wei T, Chen C, Liu F, Yang S. Urea as a New and Cheap Nitrogen Source for the Synthesis of Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes: The Role of Decomposed Products on the Selectivity of Fullerenes. Chemistry 2012; 18:2666-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li SJ, Lei SL, Huang J, Li QX. First-principles Study on the Electronic Structure of Novel Titanium Yttrium Mixed-metal Nitride Clusterfullerene. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/24/04/439-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yang S, Liu F, Chen C, Jiao M, Wei T. Fullerenes encaging metal clusters--clusterfullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11822-39. [PMID: 21720619 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Clusterfullerenes represent a novel branch of endohedral fullerenes, which are characterized by a robust fullerene cage with metal clusters encaged in its hollow. Since the discovery of nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) in 1999, the family of clusterfullerenes has been significantly expanded within the past decade, with new members including carbide clusterfullerenes (CCFs), hydrocarbide clusterfullerenes (HCCFs), oxide clusterfullerenes (OCFs), sulfide clusterfullerenes (SCFs), and carbonitride clusterfullerenes (CNCFs). We first present the classification of clusterfullerenes and list all the clusterfullerenes reported to date. For each type of clusterfullerenes, we review in detail their synthesis, separation, intriguing molecular structures and properties. For NCFs, as the first and most important clusterfullerenes, we point out the significance of their discovery and focus on their new synthesis and separation methods as well as the new advances. Finally the potential applications of clusterfullerenes are addressed. We conclude that clusterfullerenes appear to be the fastest growing family of endohedral fullerenes up to now, and emphasize the importance of exploring new structures and chemical functionalizations of clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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Lu X, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Chemistry of endohedral metallofullerenes: the role of metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5942-57. [PMID: 21437332 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs achieved in the chemical functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), especially single crystallographic X-ray characterizations of their derivatives, have presented fundamentally new insights into the structures and properties of these metal-carbon hybrid molecules, and have also brought immense potential applications. In particular, the interplay between the encapsulated metallic species and the fullerene cage has been well investigated. On one hand, the position and motion of the encapsulated metals can be effectively controlled by exohedral modification. On the other hand, the cage structures, the chemical behaviours of cage carbons and thus the chemical reactivity of the whole molecule are also apparently influenced by the electronic configuration and geometrical conformation of the internal metals via strong metal-cage interactions. In this article, we contribute a systematic review of the important chemical transformations of EMFs reported to date, including disilylation, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with ylides, cyclopropanation with carbenes and carbanions, cycloaddition with dienes and benzyne, radical reactions, and other miscellaneous reactions, in addition to noncovalent interactions such as supramolecular complexation. The roles that internal metals play in controlling the reactivity of cage carbons are particularly emphasized. Finally, some applicable materials based on EMFs and their derivatives are summarized and practical perspectives are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA Center), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Yang S, Zhang L, Zhang W, Dunsch L. A Facile Route to Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes by Using Guanidinium Salts: A Selective Organic Solid as the Nitrogen Source. Chemistry 2010; 16:12398-405. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026 (China), Fax: (+86) 551‐3601750
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz‐Institute for Solid State and Materials, Research (IFW) Dresden, 01171 Dresden (Germany), Fax: (+49) 351‐4659‐811
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz‐Institute for Solid State and Materials, Research (IFW) Dresden, 01171 Dresden (Germany), Fax: (+49) 351‐4659‐811
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026 (China), Fax: (+86) 551‐3601750
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz‐Institute for Solid State and Materials, Research (IFW) Dresden, 01171 Dresden (Germany), Fax: (+49) 351‐4659‐811
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Popov AA, Chen C, Yang S, Lipps F, Dunsch L. Spin-flow vibrational spectroscopy of molecules with flexible spin density: electrochemistry, ESR, cluster and spin dynamics, and bonding in TiSc2N@C80. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4857-4871. [PMID: 20731461 DOI: 10.1021/nn101115d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The recently isolated TiSc(2)N@C(80) was used to study the spin state of a Ti(3+) ion in a mixed metal nitride cluster in a fullerene cage. The electronic state of the new clusterfullerene is characterized starting with the redox behavior of this structure. It differs markedly from that of homometallic nitride clusterfullerenes in giving reversible one-electron transfers even on the cathodic scale. Both oxidation and reduction of TiSc(2)N@C(80) occur at the endohedral cluster changing the valence state of Ti from Ti(II) in anion to Ti(IV) in cation. The unpaired electron in TiSc(2)N@C(80) is largely fixed at the Ti ion as shown by low temperature ESR measurements. Isotropic g-factor 1.9454 points to the significant spin-orbit coupling with an unquenched orbital momentum of the 3d electron localized on Ti. Measurements with the frozen solution also point to the strong anisotropy of the g-tensor. DFT computations show that the cluster can adopt several nearly isoenergetic configurations. DFT-based Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations reveal that, unlike in Sc(3)N@C(80), the cluster dynamics in TiSc(2)N@C(80) cannot be described as a 3D rotation. The cluster rotates around the Ti-N axis, while the Ti atom oscillates in one position around the pentagon/hexagon edge. Evolution of the spin populations along the BOMD trajectory has shown that the spin distribution in the cluster is very flexible, and both an intracluster and cluster-cage spin flows take place. Fourier transformation of the time dependencies of the spin populations results in the spin-flow vibrational spectra, which reveal the major spin-flow channels. It is shown that the cluster-cage spin flow is selectively coupled to one vibrational mode, thus, pointing to the utility of the clusterfullerene for the molecular spin transport. Spin-flow vibrational spectroscopy is thus shown to be a useful method for characterization of the spin dynamics in radicals with flexible spin density distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW, Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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40
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Popov AA, Zhang L, Dunsch L. A pseudoatom in a cage: trimetallofullerene Y(3)@C(80) mimics y(3)n@c(80) with nitrogen substituted by a pseudoatom. ACS NANO 2010; 4:795-802. [PMID: 20073501 DOI: 10.1021/nn901422z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Y(3)C(80) obtained in the synthesis of nitride clusterfullerenes Y(3)N@C(2n) (2n = 80-88) by the reactive atmosphere method is found to be a genuine trimetallofullerene, Y(3)@C(80), with low ionization potential and divalent state of yttrium atoms. DFT studies of the electronic structure of Y(3)@C(80) show that this molecule mimics Y(3)N@C(80) with the pseudoatom (PA) instead of the nitrogen atom. Topology analysis of the electron density and electron localization function show that yttrium atoms form Y-PA bonds rather than direct Y-Y bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the Y(3)PA cluster is as rigid as Y(3)N and rotates inside the fullerene cage as a single entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Zhang L, Popov AA, Yang S, Klod S, Rapta P, Dunsch L. An endohedral redox system in a fullerene cage: the Ce based mixed-metal cluster fullerene Lu2CeN@C80. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7840-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c002918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jin P, Zhou Z, Hao C, Gao Z, Tan K, Lu X, Chen Z. NC unit trapped by fullerenes: a density functional theory study on Sc3NC@C2n (2n = 68, 78 and 80). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12442-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b923106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fu W, Xu L, Azurmendi H, Ge J, Fuhrer T, Zuo T, Reid J, Shu C, Harich K, Dorn HC. 89Y and 13C NMR cluster and carbon cage studies of an yttrium metallofullerene family, Y3N@C(2n) (n = 40-43). J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11762-9. [PMID: 19639998 DOI: 10.1021/ja902286v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The members of a new family of yttrium trimetallic nitride-templated (TNT) endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), Y(3)N@C(2n) (n = 40-43), have been synthesized and purified. On the basis of experimental and computational (13)C NMR studies, we propose cage structures for Y(3)N@I(h)-C(80) (IPR allowed), Y(3)N@D(5h)-C(80) (IPR allowed), Y(3)N@C(s)-C(82) (non-IPR), Y(3)N@C(s)-C(84) (non-IPR), and Y(3)N@D(3)-C(86) (IPR allowed). A significant result is the limited number of isomers found for each carbon cage. For example, there are 24 isolated pentagon rule (IPR) and 51 568 non-IPR structures possible for the C(84) cage, but only one major isomer of Y(3)N@C(s)-C(84) was found. The current study confirms the unique role of the trimetallic nitride (M(3)N)(6+) cluster template in the Kratschmer-Huffman electric-arc process for fullerene cage size and high symmetry isomer selectivity. This study reports the first (89)Y NMR results for Y(3)N@I(h)-C(80,) Y(3)N@C(s)(51365)-C(84), and Y(3)N@D(3)(19)-C(86), which reveal a progression from isotropic to restricted (Y(3)N)(6+) cluster motional processes. Even more surprising is the sensitivity of the (89)Y NMR chemical shift parameter to subtle changes in the electronic environment at each yttrium nuclide in the (Y(3)N)(6+) cluster (more than 200 ppm for these EMFs). This (89)Y NMR study suggests that (89)Y NMR will evolve as a powerful tool for cluster motional studies of EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
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Valencia R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Clotet A, de Graaf C, Chaur MN, Echegoyen L, Poblet JM. Electronic structure and redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes M(3)N@C(2n) (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, 96). Chemistry 2009; 15:10997-1009. [PMID: 19760713 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An extensive study of the redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes (MNEFs) based on DFT computational calculations has been performed. The electronic structure of the singly oxidized and reduced MNEFs has been thoroughly analyzed and the first anodic and cathodic potentials, as well as the electrochemical gaps, have been predicted for a large number of M(3)N@C(2n) systems (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, and 96). In particular, calculations that include thermal and entropic effects correctly predict the different anodic behavior of the two isomers (I(h) and D(5h)) of Sc(3)N@C(80), which is the basis for their electrochemical separation. Important differences were found in the electronic structure of reduced M(3)N@C(80) when M=Sc or when M is a more electropositive metal, such as Y or Gd. Moreover, the changes in the electrochemical gaps within the Gd(3)N@C(2n) series (2n=80, 84, and 88) have been rationalized and the use of Y-based computational models to study the Gd-based systems has been justified. The redox properties of the largest MNEFs characterized so far, La(3)N@C(2n) (2n=92 and 96), were also correctly predicted. Finally, the quality of these predictions and their usefulness in distinguishing the carbon cages for MNEFs with unknown structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Valencia
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili c/Marcellí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Popov A, Dunsch L. Bonding in Endohedral Metallofullerenes as Studied by Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules. Chemistry 2009; 15:9707-29. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yang S, Chen C, Popov AA, Zhang W, Liu F, Dunsch L. An endohedral titanium(III) in a clusterfullerene: putting a non-group-III metal nitride into the C(80)-I(h) fullerene cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6391-3. [PMID: 19841787 DOI: 10.1039/b911267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the successful isolation of TiSc(2)N@C(80), the first Ti-containing nitride clusterfullerene (NCF), a non-group-III metal is stabilized in a NCF for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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Scheer M, Schindler A, Gröger C, Virovets A, Peresypkina E. A Spherical Molecule with a Carbon-FreeIh-C80Topological Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5046-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tarábek J, Yang S, Dunsch L. Redox Properties of Mixed Lutetium/Yttrium Nitride Clusterfullerenes: Endohedral LuxY3−xN@C80(I) (x=0-3) Compounds. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1037-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Scheer M, Schindler A, Gröger C, Virovets A, Peresypkina E. Ein sphärisches Molekül mit einem Kohlenstoff-freien Ih-C80-topologischen Gerüst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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