1
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Sun W, Li W, Li G. Structural and Electronic Chirality in Inorganic Crystals: from Construction to Application. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400436. [PMID: 38571318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Chirality represents a fundamental characteristic inherent in nature, playing a pivotal role in the emergence of homochirality and the origin of life. While the principles of chirality in organic chemistry are well-documented, the exploration of chirality within inorganic crystal structures continues to evolve. This ongoing development is primarily due to the diverse nature of crystal/amorphous structures in inorganic materials, along with the intricate symmetrical and asymmetrical relationships in the geometry of their constituent atoms. In this review, we commence with a summary of the foundational concept of chirality in molecules and solid states matters. This is followed by an introduction of structural chirality and electronic chirality in three-dimensional and two-dimensional inorganic materials. The construction of chirality in inorganic materials is classified into physical photolithography, wet-chemistry method, self-assembly, and chiral imprinting. Highlighting the significance of this field, we also summarize the research progress of chiral inorganic materials for applications in optical activity, enantiomeric recognition and chiral sensing, selective adsorption and enantioselective separation, asymmetric synthesis and catalysis, and chirality-induced spin polarization. This review aims to provide a reference for ongoing research in chiral inorganic materials and potentially stimulate innovative strategies and novel applications in the realm of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuzhe Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Guowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Lin Y, Li J, Liang X, Hu T, Huang Z, Zhu Z, Diao M, Zhao X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Steering Electron-Induced Surface Reaction via a Molecular Assembly Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10150-10158. [PMID: 38557061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrons not only serve as a "reactant" in redox reactions but also play a role in "catalyzing" some chemical processes. Despite the significance and ubiquitousness of electron-induced chemistry, many related scientific issues still await further exploration, among which is the impact of molecular assembly. In this work, microscopic insights into the vital role of molecular assembly in tweaking the electron-induced surface chemistry are unfolded by combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory studies. It is shown that the selective dissociation of a C-Cl bond in 4,4″-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl (DCTP) on Cu(111) can be efficiently triggered by an electron injection via the STM tip into the unoccupied molecular orbital. The DCTP molecules are embedded in different assembly structures, including its self-assembly and coassemblies with Br adatoms. The energy threshold for the C-Cl bond cleavage increases as more Br adatoms stay close to the molecule, indicative of the sensitive response of the electron-induced surface reactivity of the C-Cl bond to the subtle change in the molecular assembly. Such a phenomenon is rationalized by the energy shift of the involved unoccupied molecular orbital of DCTP that is embedded in different assemblies. These findings shed new light on the tuning effect of molecular assembly on electron-induced reactions and introduce an efficient approach to precisely steer surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Hu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengxiao Diao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhantao Peng
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Cao Y, Mieres-Perez J, Rowen JF, Sanchez-Garcia E, Sander W, Morgenstern K. Chirality control of a single carbene molecule by tip-induced van der Waals interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4500. [PMID: 37495625 PMCID: PMC10371978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions such as van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds are crucial for the chiral induction and control of molecules, but it remains difficult to study them at the single-molecule level. Here, we report a carbene molecule on a copper surface as a prototype of an anchored molecule with a facile chirality change. We examine the influence of the attractive van der Waals interactions on the chirality change by regulating the tip-molecule distance, resulting in an excess of a carbene enantiomer. Our model study provides insight into the change of molecular chirality controlled by van der Waals interactions, which is fundamental for understanding the mechanisms of chiral induction and amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Cao
- Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joel Mieres-Perez
- Computational Bioengineering, Technical University Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Computational Biochemistry, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Julien Frederic Rowen
- Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Bioengineering, Technical University Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Computational Biochemistry, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany.
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4
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Srivastava G, Štacko P, Mendieta-Moreno JI, Edalatmanesh S, Kistemaker JCM, Heideman GH, Zoppi L, Parschau M, Feringa BL, Ernst KH. Driving a Third Generation Molecular Motor with Electrons Across a Surface. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3931-3938. [PMID: 36794964 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Excitation of single molecules with electrons tunneling between a sharp metallic tip of a scanning tunneling microscope and a metal surface is one way to study and control dynamics of molecules on surfaces. Electron tunneling induced dynamics may lead to hopping, rotation, molecular switching, or chemical reactions. Molecular motors that convert rotation of subgroups into lateral movement on a surface can in principle also be driven by tunneling electrons. For such surface-bound motor molecules the efficiency of motor action with respect to electron dose is still not known. Here, the response of a molecular motor containing two rotor units in the form of overcrowded alkene groups to inelastic electron tunneling has been examined on a Cu(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum at 5 K. Upon vibrational excitation, switching between different molecular conformations is observed, including conversion of enantiomeric states of chiral conformations. Tunneling at energies in the range of electronic excitations causes activation of motor action and movement across the surface. The expected unidirectional rotation of the two rotor units causes forward movements but with a low degree of translational directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitika Srivastava
- Molecular Surface Science and Coating Technology Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Peter Štacko
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jesús I Mendieta-Moreno
- Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jos C M Kistemaker
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - G Henrieke Heideman
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Zoppi
- Molecular Surface Science and Coating Technology Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Parschau
- Molecular Surface Science and Coating Technology Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Molecular Surface Science and Coating Technology Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Ishii A, Shiotari A, Sugimoto Y. Mechanically induced single-molecule helicity switching of graphene-nanoribbon-fused helicene on Au(111). Chem Sci 2021; 12:13301-13306. [PMID: 34777748 PMCID: PMC8528025 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicene is a functional material with chirality caused by its characteristic helical geometry. The inversion of its helicity by external stimuli is a challenging task in the advanced control of the molecular chirality. This study fabricated a novel helical molecule, specifically a pentahelicene-analogue twisted aromatic hydrocarbon fused with a graphene nanoribbon, via on-surface synthesis using multiple precursors. Noncontact atomic force microscopy imaging with high spatial resolution confirmed the helicity of the reaction products. The helicity was geometrically converted by pushing a CO-terminated tip into the twisted framework, which is the first demonstration of helicity switching at the single-molecule scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Ishii
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha 277-8561 Kashiwa Japan +81 4 7536 4058 +81 4 7536 3997
| | - Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha 277-8561 Kashiwa Japan +81 4 7536 4058 +81 4 7536 3997
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha 277-8561 Kashiwa Japan +81 4 7536 4058 +81 4 7536 3997
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6
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Simon GH, Kley CS, Roldan Cuenya B. Potential-Dependent Morphology of Copper Catalysts During CO 2 Electroreduction Revealed by In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2561-2568. [PMID: 33035401 PMCID: PMC7898873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical AFM is a powerful tool for the real-space characterization of catalysts under realistic electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 RR) conditions. The evolution of structural features ranging from the micrometer to the atomic scale could be resolved during CO2 RR. Using Cu(100) as model surface, distinct nanoscale surface morphologies and their potential-dependent transformations from granular to smoothly curved mound-pit surfaces or structures with rectangular terraces are revealed during CO2 RR in 0.1 m KHCO3 . The density of undercoordinated copper sites during CO2 RR is shown to increase with decreasing potential. In situ atomic-scale imaging reveals specific adsorption occurring at distinct cathodic potentials impacting the observed catalyst structure. These results show the complex interrelation of the morphology, structure, defect density, applied potential, and electrolyte in copper CO2 RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg H. Simon
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Christopher S. Kley
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
- Young Investigator Group Nanoscale Operando CO2 Photo-ElectrocatalysisHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH14109BerlinGermany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
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7
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Simon GH, Kley CS, Roldan Cuenya B. Potentialabhängige Morphologie von Kupferkatalysatoren während der Elektroreduktion von CO
2
, ermittelt durch In‐situ‐Rasterkraftmikroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg H. Simon
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christopher S. Kley
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Young Investigator Group Nanoscale Operando CO2 Photo-Electrocatalysis Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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8
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Im SW, Ahn HY, Kim RM, Cho NH, Kim H, Lim YC, Lee HE, Nam KT. Chiral Surface and Geometry of Metal Nanocrystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905758. [PMID: 31834668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a basic property of nature and has great importance in photonics, biochemistry, medicine, and catalysis. This importance has led to the emergence of the chiral inorganic nanostructure field in the last two decades, providing opportunities to control the chirality of light and biochemical reactions. While the facile production of 3D nanostructures has remained a major challenge, recent advances in nanocrystal synthesis have provided a new pathway for efficient control of chirality at the nanoscale by transferring molecular chirality to the geometry of nanocrystals. Interestingly, this discovery stems from a purely crystallographic outcome: chirality can be generated on high-Miller-index surfaces, even for highly symmetric metal crystals. This is the starting point herein, with an overview of the scientific history and a summary of the crystallographic definition. With the advance of nanomaterial synthesis technology, high-Miller-index planes can be selectively exposed on metallic nanoparticles. The enantioselective interaction of chiral molecules and high-Miller-index facets can break the mirror symmetry of the metal nanocrystals. Herein, the fundamental principle of chirality evolution is emphasized and it is shown how chiral surfaces can be directly correlated with chiral morphologies, thus serving as a guide for researchers in chiral catalysts, chiral plasmonics, chiral metamaterials, and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Im
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Yong Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ryeong Myeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Nam Heon Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeohn Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yae-Chan Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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9
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Merino-Díez N, Mohammed MSG, Castro-Esteban J, Colazzo L, Berdonces-Layunta A, Lawrence J, Pascual JI, de Oteyza DG, Peña D. Transferring axial molecular chirality through a sequence of on-surface reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5441-5446. [PMID: 34094071 PMCID: PMC8159356 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01653e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine management of chiral processes on solid surfaces has progressed over the years, yet still faces the need for the controlled and selective production of advanced chiral materials. Here, we report on the use of enantiomerically enriched molecular building blocks to demonstrate the transmission of their intrinsic chirality along a sequence of on-surface reactions. Triggered by thermal annealing, the on-surface reactions induced in this experiment involve firstly the coupling of the chiral reactants into chiral polymers and subsequently their transformation into planar prochiral graphene nanoribbons. Our study reveals that the axial chirality of the reactant is not only transferred to the polymers, but also to the planar chirality of the graphene nanoribbon end products. Such chirality transfer consequently allows, starting from adequate enantioenriched reactants, for the controlled production of chiral and prochiral organic nanoarchitectures with pre-defined handedness. The axial chirality of reactants is transferred through multistep on-surface reactions to chiral polymers and to prochiral graphene nanoribbons.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Merino-Díez
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 San Sebastián Spain .,CIC NanoGUNE, Nanoscience Cooperative Research Center 20018 San Sebastián Spain.,Centro de Física de Materiales-Material Physics Center (CFM-PCM) 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 San Sebastián Spain .,Centro de Física de Materiales-Material Physics Center (CFM-PCM) 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- CiQUS, Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Luciano Colazzo
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 San Sebastián Spain .,Centro de Física de Materiales-Material Physics Center (CFM-PCM) 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 San Sebastián Spain .,Centro de Física de Materiales-Material Physics Center (CFM-PCM) 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 San Sebastián Spain .,Centro de Física de Materiales-Material Physics Center (CFM-PCM) 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - J Ignacio Pascual
- CIC NanoGUNE, Nanoscience Cooperative Research Center 20018 San Sebastián Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 San Sebastián Spain .,Centro de Física de Materiales-Material Physics Center (CFM-PCM) 20018 San Sebastián Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- CiQUS, Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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10
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Park J, Kim JH, Bak S, Tahara K, Jung J, Kawai M, Tobe Y, Kim Y. On-Surface Evolution of meso-Isomerism in Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9611-9618. [PMID: 31095836 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chiral structures created through the adsorption of molecules onto achiral surfaces play pivotal roles in many fields of science and engineering. Here, we present a systematic study of a novel chiral phenomenon on a surface in terms of organizational chirality, that is, meso-isomerism, through coverage-driven hierarchical polymorphic transitions of supramolecular assemblies of highly symmetric π-conjugated molecules. Four coverage-dependent phases of dehydrobenzo[12]annulene were uniformly fabricated on Ag(111), exhibiting unique chiral characteristics from the single-molecule level to two-dimensional supramolecular assemblies. All coverage-driven phase transitions stem from adsorption-induced pseudo-diastereomerism, and our observation of a lemniscate-type (∞) supramolecular configuration clearly reveals a drastic chiral phase transition from an enantiomeric chiral domain to a meso-isomeric achiral domain. These findings provide new insights into controlling two-dimensional chiral architectures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Park
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and WCU Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Current address: Electrochemistry Group, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Ju-Hyung Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Bak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea.,Current address: DIC Korea Corp., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Maki Kawai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.,Current address: Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Current addresses: The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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11
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Park J, Kim J, Bak S, Tahara K, Jung J, Kawai M, Tobe Y, Kim Y. On‐Surface Evolution of
meso
‐Isomerism in Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Park
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and WCU Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Current address: Electrochemistry Group National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Ju‐Hyung Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research Ajou University 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Bak
- Department of Chemistry University of Ulsan 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu Ulsan 44610 Republic of Korea
- Current address: DIC Korea Corp. Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science and Technology Meiji University Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry University of Ulsan 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu Ulsan 44610 Republic of Korea
| | - Maki Kawai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
- Current address: Institute for Molecular Science 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Current addresses: The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiao Tung University 1001, Ta-Hsueh Rd. Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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12
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Larson AM, Groden K, Hannagan RT, McEwen JS, Sykes ECH. Understanding Enantioselective Interactions by Pulling Apart Molecular Rotor Complexes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5939-5946. [PMID: 31070888 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective interactions underpin many important phenomena from biological mechanisms to chemical catalysis. In this regard, there is great interest in understanding these effects at the molecular level. Surfaces provide a platform for these studies and aid in the long-term goal of designing heterogeneous enantiospecific interfaces. Herein we report a model system consisting of molecular rotors, one intrinsically chiral (propylene oxide) and one that becomes chiral when adsorbed on a surface (propene). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements enable the chirality of each individual molecule to be directly visualized, and density functional theory based calculations are performed to rationalize the chiral time-averaged appearance of the molecular rotors. While there are no attractive intermolecular interactions between the molecular species themselves, when mixed together there is a strong preference for the formation of 1:1 heteromolecular pairs. We demonstrate that STM tip-induced molecular manipulations can be used to assemble these complexes, examine the chirality of each species, and thereby interrogate if their interactions are enantioselective. A statistical analysis of this data reveals that intrinsically chiral propylene oxide preferentially binds one of the enantiomers of propene with a 3:2 ratio, thereby demonstrating that the surface chirality of small nonchiral molecules can be directed with a chiral modifier. As such, this investigation sheds light onto previously reported ensemble studies in which chirally seeded layers of molecules that are achiral in the gas phase can lead to an amplification of enantioselective adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Larson
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Kyle Groden
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
| | - Ryan T Hannagan
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
- Department of Physics , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
- Institute of Integrated Catalysis , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
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13
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Liu S, Baugh D, Motobayashi K, Zhao X, Levchenko SV, Gawinkowski S, Waluk J, Grill L, Persson M, Kumagai T. Anharmonicity in a double hydrogen transfer reaction studied in a single porphycene molecule on a Cu(110) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12112-12119. [PMID: 29676424 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anharmonicity plays a crucial role in hydrogen transfer reactions in hydrogen-bonding systems, which leads to a peculiar spectral line shape of the hydrogen stretching mode as well as highly complex intra/intermolecular vibrational energy relaxation. Single-molecule study with a well-defined model is necessary to elucidate a fundamental mechanism. Recent low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) experiments revealed that the cis↔cis tautomerization in a single porphycene molecule on Cu(110) at 5 K can be induced by vibrational excitation via an inelastic electron tunnelling process and the N-H(D) stretching mode couples with the tautomerization coordinate [Kumagai et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 111, 246101]. Here we discuss a pronounced anharmonicity of the N-H stretching mode observed in the STM action spectra and the conductance spectra. Density functional theory calculations find a strong intermode coupling of the N-H stretching with an in-plane bending mode within porphycene on Cu(110).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Wang YL, Sun K, Tu YB, Tao ML, Xie ZB, Yuan HK, Xiong ZH, Wang JZ. Chirality switching of the self-assembled CuPc domains induced by electric field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7125-7131. [PMID: 29479594 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chiral switching of the self-assembled domains of CuPc molecules on the Cd(0001) surface has been investigated by means of a low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). With the coverage increasing, the CuPc molecules show the structural evolutions from an initial gas-like state to a network phase, a square phase, and finally to a compact phase at full monolayer. In the network and square phases, the achiral CuPc molecules reveal both the point chirality and chiral domains. In particular, the chirality of network domain can be switched from one enantiomer to another driven by the electric filed from a STM tip, which can also lead to the lattice rotation of network phase. These results demonstrate that (i) there is strong interaction between the CuPc molecules and STM tip; (ii) the adsorbed CuPc molecules carry considerable net charge or polarizability due to the charge transfer; (iii) the network phase has a low barrier for the interconversion between right- and left-handed domains. Our findings are significant for the understanding and control of the domain's chirality in the self-assembled structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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15
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Dutta S, Gellman AJ. Enantiomer surface chemistry: conglomerate versus racemate formation on surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7787-7839. [PMID: 29165467 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on surface chirality is motivated by the need to develop functional chiral surfaces for enantiospecific applications. While molecular chirality in 3D has been the subject of study for almost two centuries, many aspects of 2D chiral surface chemistry have yet to be addressed. In 3D, racemic mixtures of chiral molecules tend to aggregate into racemate (molecularly heterochiral) crystals much more frequently than conglomerate (molecularly homochiral) crystals. Whether chiral adsorbates on surfaces preferentially aggregate into heterochiral rather than homochiral domains (2D crystals or clusters) is not known. In this review, we have made the first attempt to answer the following question based on available data: in 2D racemic mixtures adsorbed on surfaces, is there a clear preference for homochiral or heterochiral aggregation? The current hypothesis is that homochiral packing is preferred on surfaces; in contrast to 3D where heterochiral packing is more common. In this review, we present a simple hierarchical scheme to categorize the chirality of adsorbate-surface systems. We then review the body of work using scanning tunneling microscopy predominantly to study aggregation of racemic adsorbates. Our analysis of the existing literature suggests that there is no clear evidence of any preference for either homochiral or heterochiral aggregation at the molecular level by chiral and prochiral adsorbates on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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16
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MacLean O, Huang K, Leung L, Polanyi JC. Direct and Delayed Dynamics in Electron-Induced Surface Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17368-17375. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver MacLean
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C. Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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17
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Sun K, Luo JY, Zhang X, Wu ZJ, Wang Y, Yuan HK, Xiong ZH, Li SC, Xue QK, Wang JZ. Supramolecular Motors on Graphite Surface Stabilized by Charge States and Hydrogen Bonds. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10236-10242. [PMID: 28926223 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors are nanoscale machines that convert external energies into controlled mechanical movements. In supramolecular motors, the rotator and stator are held together mechanically, and thus the rotation can be essentially barrier free when molecular conformation is negligible. However, nearly all the supramolecular motors appeared in solutions or host-guest complexes. Surface-mounted supramolecular motors have rarely been addressed, even though they are easily manipulated by external fields. Here we report a surface-mounted supramolecular motor assembled by charge states and hydrogen bonds. On a graphite surface, individual ethanol clusters can be charged with a scanning tunneling microscopy tip and then trap the ethanol chains with a permanent dipole moment. Serving as a rotator, the trapped ethanol chains rotate around a charged cluster driven by the inelastic tunneling electrons. Random rotation in clockwise or anticlockwise direction occurs in the chiral molecular chains through chiral flipping. Directional rotation with clockwise chirality can be realized by introducing a chiral branch to the near end of ethanol chains to suppress the chiral flipping with steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ji-Yong Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hong-Kuan Yuan
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zu-Hong Xiong
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shao-Chun Li
- School of Physics, Nanjing University and National Lab of Solid State Microstructure , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qi-Kun Xue
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun-Zhong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
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18
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Karakalos S, Zaera F. Monte Carlo Simulations of the Uptake of Chiral Compounds on Solid Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:444-454. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Karakalos
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center
for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center
for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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19
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Hellwig R, Paintner T, Chen Z, Ruben M, Seitsonen AP, Klappenberger F, Brune H, Barth JV. Epitaxy-Induced Assembly and Enantiomeric Switching of an On-Surface Formed Dinuclear Organocobalt Complex. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1347-1359. [PMID: 28099797 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the surface-guided synthesis of a dinuclear organocobalt complex, its self-assembly into a complex nanoarchitecture, and a single-molecule level investigation of its switching behavior. Initially, an organic layer is prepared by depositing hexakis((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-benzene under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions onto Ag(111). After Co dosage at 200 K, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reveals an epitaxy-mediated organization mechanism of molecules and on-surface formed organometallic complexes. The dinuclear complexes contain two bis(η2-alkynyl) π-tweezer motifs, each stabilizing a single Co atom and express two enantiomers due to a conformation twist. The chirality is transferred to the two-dimensional architecture, whereby its Co adatoms are located at the corners of a 3.4.6.4 rhombitrihexagonal tessellation due to the systematic arrangement and anchoring of the complexes. Extensive density functional theory simulations support our interpretation of an epitaxy-guided surface tessellation and its chiral character. Additionally, STM tip-assisted manipulation experiments on isolated dinuclear complexes reveal controlled and reversible switching between the enantiomeric states via inelastic electron processes. After activation by bias pulses, structurally modified complexes display a distinctive Kondo feature attributed to metastable Co configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hellwig
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München , Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Tobias Paintner
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München , Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen D-76344, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen D-76344, Germany
- Institute de Physique et Chimie de Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg F-67034, France
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) , Paris Cedex 05 F-75230, France
| | | | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 3, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS) , Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München , Garching D-85748, Germany
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20
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Song H, Fu C, Li N, Zhu H, Peng Z, Zhao W, Dai J, Xing L, Huang Z, Chen W, Wang Y, Yang J, Wu K. On the shuttling mechanism of a chlorine atom in a chloroaluminum phthalocyanine based molecular switch. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22401-22405. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ClAlPc-based molecular switch works via the mechanism in which Cl is squeezed in between Al and an inner N-containing ring.
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21
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Abstract
The chiral recognition among biomolecules is fundamentally important for many processes of life, including the stereochemistry of evolution. Of special interest is chiral recognition during crystallization of racemates, when either homochiral recognition leads to a conglomerate of homochiral crystals or heterochiral recognition dominates resulting in a racemic compound. The complex nature of molecular recognition at the level of nucleation and crystal growth renders it difficult to understand and calls for manageable model systems. Notably, the approach of studying aggregation of molecules at surfaces under well-defined conditions includes the benefit of the availability of a multitude of highly sensitive investigation methods, of which scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with its submolecular resolution is tremendously valuable. Heterogeneous nucleation at surfaces is strongly favored over homogeneous nucleation in solution; hence, surfaces are significantly involved in stereochemical recognition during crystallization. Helicenes are a fascinating class of chiral compounds with outstanding optical activity. These π-conjugated, ortho-fused, aromatic hydrocarbons are promising candidates for organic electronic devices such as sensors, circular dichroic photonics, liquid crystal displays or spin filters. But in particular the defined footprint of their terminal benzo rings on a surface makes them interesting for studying stereochemical recognition with different single crystalline surfaces and the impact this has, in turn, on intermolecular recognition. In this Account, we describe the self-assembly of helicenes on metal surfaces with the focus on stereochemical recognition in two-dimensional structures. Using the isomeric all-carbon helicenes, heptahelicene and dibenzohelicene as examples, different aggregation phenomena on different surfaces of single crystalline copper, silver, and gold are investigated. By means of STM different modes of transmission of molecular handedness from single molecules into extended two-dimensional supramolecular structures are identified. For the problem of racemate versus conglomerate crystallization, the impact of surface and molecular structure and their interplay are analyzed. This leads to detailed conclusions about the importance of the match of molecular and surface binding sites for long-range self-assembly. The absence of polar groups puts emphasis on van der Waals interaction and their maximization by steric overlap of molecular parts in enantiomeric and diastereomeric interactions. With STM as a manipulation tool, dimers are manually separated in order to analyze their chiral composition. And finally, new nonlinear cooperative effects induced by small enantiospecific bias are discovered that lead to single enantiomorphism in two-dimensional racemate crystals as well as in racemic multilayered films. By means of these model studies many details that govern chiral recognition at surfaces are rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Cheng F, Leung L, Wang CG, Ji W, Polanyi JC. Retention of chirality in electron-induced reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6115-8. [PMID: 27073075 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00849f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two enantiomers were observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) when meta-iodopyridine was physisorbed on a 4.6 K Cu(110) surface. The chirality of the reagent was retained in the products of the electron-induced reaction. Dynamical calculations showed this to be a consequence of the reaction occurring on one side of the mirror plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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23
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Murphy CJ, Smith ZC, Pronschinski A, Lewis EA, Liriano ML, Wong C, Ivimey CJ, Duffy M, Musial W, Therrien AJ, Thomas SW, Sykes ECH. Ullmann coupling mediated assembly of an electrically driven altitudinal molecular rotor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:31931-7. [PMID: 26567846 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-bound molecular rotation can occur with the rotational axis either perpendicular (azimuthal) or parallel (altitudinal) to the surface. The majority of molecular rotor studies involve azimuthal rotors, whereas very few altitudinal rotors have been reported. In this work, altitudinal rotors are formed by means of coupling aryl halides through a surface-mediated Ullmann coupling reaction, producing a reaction state-dependent altitudinal molecular rotor/stator. All steps in the reaction on a Cu(111) surface are visualized by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The intermediate stage of the coupling reaction is a metal-organic complex consisting of two aryl groups attached to a single copper atom with the aryl rings angled away from the surface. This conformation leads to nearly unhindered rotational motion of ethyl groups at the para positions of the aryl rings. Rotational events of the ethyl group are both induced and quantified by electron tunneling current versus time measurements and are only observed for the intermediate structure of the Ullmann coupling reaction, not the starting material or finished product in which the ethyl groups are static. We perform an extensive set of inelastic electron tunneling driven rotation experiments that reveal that torsional motion around the ethyl group is stimulated by tunneling electrons in a one-electron process with an excitation energy threshold of 45 meV. This chemically tunable system offers an ideal platform for examining many fundamental aspects of the dynamics of chemically tunable molecular rotor and motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Zachary C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Emily A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Chloe Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Mitchell Duffy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Wojciech Musial
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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24
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Oh J, Lim H, Arafune R, Jung J, Kawai M, Kim Y. Lateral Hopping of CO on Ag(110) by Multiple Overtone Excitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:056101. [PMID: 26894720 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.056101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of action spectrum representing multiple overtone excitations of the v(M-C) mode was observed for lateral hopping of a CO molecule on Ag(110) induced by inelastically tunneled electrons from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope. The yield of CO hopping shows sharp increases at 261±4 mV, corresponding to the C-O internal stretching mode, and at 61±2, 90±2, and 148±7 mV, even in the absence of corresponding fundamental vibrational modes. The mechanism of lateral CO hopping on Ag(110) was explained by the multistep excitation of overtone modes of v(M-C) based on the numerical fitting of the action spectra, the nonlinear dependence of the hopping rate on the tunneling current, and the hopping barrier obtained from thermal diffusion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junepyo Oh
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hyunseob Lim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute of Basic Science, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryuichi Arafune
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 304-0044, Japan
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Maki Kawai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8651, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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25
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Borca B, Schendel V, Pétuya R, Pentegov I, Michnowicz T, Kraft U, Klauk H, Arnau A, Wahl P, Schlickum U, Kern K. Bipolar Conductance Switching of Single Anthradithiophene Molecules. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12506-12512. [PMID: 26580569 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single molecular switches are basic device elements in organic electronics. The pentacene analogue anthradithiophene (ADT) shows a fully reversible binary switching between different adsorption conformations on a metallic surface accompanied by a charge transfer. These transitions are activated locally in single molecules in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope . The switching induces changes between bistable orbital structures and energy level alignment at the interface. The most stable geometry, the "off" state, which all molecules adopt upon evaporation, corresponds to a short adsorption distance at which the electronic interactions of the acene rings bend the central part of the molecule toward the surface accompanied by a significant charge transfer from the metallic surface to the ADT molecules. This leads to a shift of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital down to the Fermi level (EF). In the "on" state the molecule has a flat geometry at a larger distance from the surface; consequently the interaction is weaker, resulting in a negligible charge transfer with an orbital structure resembling the highest occupied molecular orbital when imaged close to EF. The potential barrier between these two states can be overcome reversibly by injecting charge carriers locally into individual molecules. Voltage-controlled current traces show a hysteresis characteristic of a bipolar switching behavior. The interpretation is supported by first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdana Borca
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Verena Schendel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rémi Pétuya
- Donostia International Physics Centre , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ivan Pentegov
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tomasz Michnowicz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Arnau
- Donostia International Physics Centre , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Fisica de Materiales UPV/EHU and Material Physics Center (MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Peter Wahl
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Schlickum
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique de la Matière Condensée, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Wykrota A, Bazarnik M, Czajka R, Morgenstern K. A molecular switch based on the manipulation of 1,3-dichlorobenzene on Ge(001) between two adsorption sites by inelastic tunneling electrons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:28830-6. [PMID: 26451396 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Meta-dichlorobenzene is adsorbed on Ge(001) and investigated by low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The molecule is altered between two adsorption sites by inelastic electron tunneling manipulation. These adsorption sites differ largely in conductivity. The necessary energy for switching the molecule between the sites and its polarity dependence indicate that the manipulation is initiated by the electronic excitation of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wykrota
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland and Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - M Bazarnik
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland and Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - R Czajka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - K Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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27
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Zhang JL, Zhong JQ, Lin JD, Hu WP, Wu K, Xu GQ, Wee ATS, Chen W. Towards single molecule switches. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:2998-3022. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) controlled reversible switching of a single-dipole molecule imbedded in hydrogen-bonded binary molecular networks on graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Department of Physics
- National University of Singapore
| | - Jian Qiang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Department of Physics
- National University of Singapore
| | - Jia Dan Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Department of Physics
- National University of Singapore
| | - Wen Ping Hu
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tian Jin
- China
| | - Kai Wu
- Singapore-Peking University Research Center for a Sustainable Low-Carbon Future
- Singapore
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Guo Qin Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Singapore-Peking University Research Center for a Sustainable Low-Carbon Future
- Singapore
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Department of Physics
- National University of Singapore
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28
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Huang K, Leung L, Lim T, Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Vibrational excitation induces double reaction. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12468-12475. [PMID: 25489788 DOI: 10.1021/nn5053074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron-induced reaction at metal surfaces is currently the subject of extensive study. Here, we broaden the range of experimentation to a comparison of vibrational excitation with electronic excitation, for reaction of the same molecule at the same clean metal surface. In a previous study of electron-induced reaction by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we examined the dynamics of the concurrent breaking of the two C-I bonds of ortho-diiodobenzene physisorbed on Cu(110). The energy of the incident electron was near the electronic excitation threshold of E0=1.0 eV required to induce this single-electron process. STM has been employed in the present work to study the reaction dynamics at the substantially lower incident electron energies of 0.3 eV, well below the electronic excitation threshold. The observed increase in reaction rate with current was found to be fourth-order, indicative of multistep reagent vibrational excitation, in contrast to the first-order rate dependence found earlier for electronic excitation. The change in mode of excitation was accompanied by altered reaction dynamics, evidenced by a different pattern of binding of the chemisorbed products to the copper surface. We have modeled these altered reaction dynamics by exciting normal modes of vibration that distort the C-I bonds of the physisorbed reagent. Using the same ab initio ground potential-energy surface as in the prior work on electronic excitation, but with only vibrational excitation of the physisorbed reagent in the asymmetric stretch mode of C-I bonds, we obtained the observed alteration in reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S SH6, Canada
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29
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Motobayashi K, Kim Y, Arafune R, Ohara M, Ueba H, Kawai M. Dissociation pathways of a single dimethyl disulfide on Cu(111): Reaction induced by simultaneous excitation of two vibrational modes. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:194705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4875537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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30
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Yang K, Liu L, Zhang L, Xiao W, Fei X, Chen H, Du S, Ernst KH, Gao HJ. Reversible achiral-to-chiral switching of single Mn--phthalocyanine molecules by thermal hydrogenation and inelastic electron tunneling dehydrogenation. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2246-2251. [PMID: 24484418 DOI: 10.1021/nn405490h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of chirality in planar adsorbates by hydrogenation of phthalocyanine molecules on a gold surface is demonstrated. This process merely lowers the molecular symmetry from 4- to 2-fold, but also breaks the mirror symmetry of the entire adsorbate complex (molecule and surface), thus rendering it chiral without any realignment at the surface. Repositioning of single molecules by manipulation with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) causes interconversion of enantiomers. Dehydrogenation of the adsorbate by means of inelastic electron tunneling restores the mirror symmetry of the adsorbate complex. STM as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that chirality is actually imprinted into the electronic molecular system by the surface, i.e., the lowest unoccupied orbital is devoid of mirror symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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31
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Schaffert J, Cottin MC, Sonntag A, Karacuban H, Utzat D, Bobisch CA, Möller R. Scanning noise microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:043702. [PMID: 23635198 DOI: 10.1063/1.4801458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes a simple scheme enabling the real-time characterization of fluctuations, e.g., of the conductance in scanning tunneling microscopy. The technique can be used in parallel to other data acquisition, evaluating the rate, the amplitude, and the duty cycle of telegraphic noise in the tunneling current. This kind of scanning probe microscopy allows to evaluate the noise parameters as a function of the average tunneling current, the electron energy, and the lateral position. Images of the noise with Ångstrom spatial resolution are acquired simultaneously to the topographic information providing a direct correlation between the structural information and the noise. The method can be applied to a large variety of systems to monitor dynamics on the nanoscale, e.g., the localization of tunneling current induced switching within a single molecule. Noise spectroscopy may reveal the involved molecular orbitals, even if they cannot be resolved in standard scanning tunneling spectroscopy. As an example we present experimental data of the organic molecule copper phthalocyanine on a Cu(111) surface [J. Schaffert, M. C. Cottin, A. Sonntag, H. Karacuban, C. A. Bobisch, N. Lorente, J.-P. Gauyacq, and R. Möller, Nature Mater. 12, 223-227 (2013)].
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schaffert
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), 47048 Duisburg, Germany
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32
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Uhlmann C, Swart I, Repp J. Controlling the orbital sequence in individual Cu-phthalocyanine molecules. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:777-80. [PMID: 23356959 DOI: 10.1021/nl304483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the controlled change of the energetic ordering of molecular orbitals. Negatively charged copper(II)phthalocyanine on NaCl/Cu(100) undergoes a Jahn-Teller distortion that lifts the degeneracy of two frontier orbitals. The energetic order of the levels can be controlled by Au and Ag atoms in the vicinity of the molecule. As only one of the states is occupied, the control of the energetic order is accompanied by bistable changes of the charge distribution inside the molecule, rendering it a bistable switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Uhlmann
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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33
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Motobayashi K, Katano S, Kim Y, Kawai M. Spectral Fitting of Action Spectra for Motions and Reactions of Single Molecules on Metal Surfaces. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20120190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Motobayashi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoshi Katano
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University
| | | | - Maki Kawai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo
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34
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Ernst KH. Molecular motors: A turn in the right direction. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:7-8. [PMID: 23269428 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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35
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Perera UGE, Ample F, Kersell H, Zhang Y, Vives G, Echeverria J, Grisolia M, Rapenne G, Joachim C, Hla SW. Controlled clockwise and anticlockwise rotational switching of a molecular motor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:46-51. [PMID: 23263725 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The design of artificial molecular machines often takes inspiration from macroscopic machines. However, the parallels between the two systems are often only superficial, because most molecular machines are governed by quantum processes. Previously, rotary molecular motors powered by light and chemical energy have been developed. In electrically driven motors, tunnelling electrons from the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope have been used to drive the rotation of a simple rotor in a single direction and to move a four-wheeled molecule across a surface. Here, we show that a stand-alone molecular motor adsorbed on a gold surface can be made to rotate in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction by selective inelastic electron tunnelling through different subunits of the motor. Our motor is composed of a tripodal stator for vertical positioning, a five-arm rotor for controlled rotations, and a ruthenium atomic ball bearing connecting the static and rotational parts. The directional rotation arises from sawtooth-like rotational potentials, which are solely determined by the internal molecular structure and are independent of the surface adsorption site.
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Affiliation(s)
- U G E Perera
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Physics & Astronomy Department, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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36
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Huang T, Zhao J, Feng M, Popov AA, Yang S, Dunsch L, Petek H. A multi-state single-molecule switch actuated by rotation of an encapsulated cluster within a fullerene cage. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Tierney HL, Jewell AD, Baber AE, Iski EV, Sykes ECH. Viewing and inducing symmetry breaking at the single-molecule limit. Chirality 2012; 24:1051-4. [PMID: 22887740 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry breaking by photons, electrons, and molecular interactions lies at the heart of many important problems as varied as the origin of homochiral life to enantioselective drug production. Herein we report a system in which symmetry breaking can be induced and measured in situ at the single-molecule level using scanning tunneling microscopy. We demonstrate that electrical excitation of a prochiral molecule on an achiral surface produces large enantiomeric excesses in the chiral adsorbed state of up to 39%. The degree of symmetry breaking was monitored as a function of scanning probe tip state, and the results revealed that enantiomeric excesses are correlated with the intrinsic chirality in scanning probe tips themselves, as evidenced by height differences between single molecule enantiomers. While this work has consequences for the study of two-dimensional chirality, more importantly, it offers a new method for interrogating the coupling of photons, electrons, and combinations of physical fields to achiral starting systems in a reproducible manner. This will allow the mechanism of chirality transfer to be studied in a system in which enantiomeric excesses are quantified accurately by counting individual molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Tierney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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38
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Fu YS, Schwöbel J, Hla SW, Dilullo A, Hoffmann G, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Wiesendanger R. Reversible chiral switching of bis(phthalocyaninato) terbium(III) on a metal surface. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3931-5. [PMID: 22779916 DOI: 10.1021/nl302166z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a reversible chiral switching of bis(phthalocyaninato) terbium(III) molecules on an Ir(111) surface by low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. With an azimuthal rotation of its upper phthalocyanine ligand, the molecule can be switched between a chiral and an achiral configuration actuated by respective inelastic electron tunneling and local current heating. Moreover, the molecular chiral configuration can be interchanged between left and right handedness during the switching manipulations, thereby opening up potential nanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shuang Fu
- Institute of Applied Physics, Hamburg University, 20355 Hamburg, Germany.
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39
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Sun K, Shao TN, Xie JL, Lan M, Yuan HK, Xiong ZH, Wang JZ, Liu Y, Xue QK. Chiral pinwheel clusters lacking local point chirality. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2078-2082. [PMID: 22511522 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The supramolecular pinwheel cluster is a unique chiral structure with evident handedness. Previous studies reveal that the chiral pinwheels are composed of chiral or achiral molecules with polar groups, which result in strong intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen-bonding or dipole interactions. Herein, it is shown that the simple linear aromatic molecule, pentacene, can be self-assembled into large chiral pinwheel clusters on the semimetal Bi(111) surface, due to enhanced intermolecular interactions. The pentacene pinwheels reveal two levels of organizational chirality: the chiral hexamers resulting from asymmetric shifting along the long molecular axis, and chiral arrangement of six hexamers with a rotor motif. Furthermore, a new relation between the local point chirality and organizational chirality is identified from the pinwheels: the former is not essential for the latter in 2D pinwheel clusters of the pentacene molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology & MOE Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Realtime Analysis, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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40
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Huang YL, Lu Y, Niu TC, Huang H, Kera S, Ueno N, Wee ATS, Chen W. Reversible single-molecule switching in an ordered monolayer molecular dipole array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1423-8. [PMID: 22378634 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Making electronic devices using a single molecule has been the ultimate goal of molecular electronics. For binary data storage in particular, the challenge has been the ability to switch a single molecule in between bistable states in a simple and repeatable manner. The reversible switching of single molecules of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) dipolar molecules within a close-packed monolayer is demonstrated. By pulsing an scanning tunneling microscopy tip, read-write operations of single-molecular binary bits at ~40 Tb/cm(2) (~250 Tb/in(2)) are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li Huang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Lawton TJ, Carrasco J, Baber AE, Michaelides A, Sykes ECH. Visualization of hydrogen bonding and associated chirality in methanol hexamers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:256101. [PMID: 22243093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.256101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory the hydrogen bond directionality and associated chirality of enantiopure clusters is visualized and controlled. This is demonstrated with methanol hexamers adsorbed on Au(111), which depending on their chirality, adopt two distinct molecular footprints on the surface. Controlled STM tip manipulations were used to interconvert the chirality of entire clusters and to break up metastable chain structures into hexamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, USA
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42
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Huang T, Zhao J, Feng M, Popov AA, Yang S, Dunsch L, Petek H. A molecular switch based on current-driven rotation of an encapsulated cluster within a fullerene cage. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:5327-32. [PMID: 22081996 DOI: 10.1021/nl2028409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
By scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and electronic structure theory, we investigate a single-molecule switch based on tunneling electron-driven rotation of a triangular Sc3N cluster within an icosahedral C80 fullerene cage among three pairs of enantiomorphic configurations. Bias-dependent action spectra and modeling implicate the antisymmetric stretch vibration of Sc3N cluster as the gateway for energy transfer from the tunneling electrons into the cluster rotation. Hierarchical switching of conductivity among multiple stationary states while maintaining a constant molecular shape, offers an advantage for the integration of endohedral fullerene-based single-molecule switches into multiple logic state molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Petersen Institute of NanoScience and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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43
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Kudernac T, Ruangsupapichat N, Parschau M, Maciá B, Katsonis N, Harutyunyan SR, Ernst KH, Feringa BL. Electrically driven directional motion of a four-wheeled molecule on a metal surface. Nature 2011; 479:208-11. [PMID: 22071765 DOI: 10.1038/nature10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Propelling single molecules in a controlled manner along an unmodified surface remains extremely challenging because it requires molecules that can use light, chemical or electrical energy to modulate their interaction with the surface in a way that generates motion. Nature's motor proteins have mastered the art of converting conformational changes into directed motion, and have inspired the design of artificial systems such as DNA walkers and light- and redox-driven molecular motors. But although controlled movement of single molecules along a surface has been reported, the molecules in these examples act as passive elements that either diffuse along a preferential direction with equal probability for forward and backward movement or are dragged by an STM tip. Here we present a molecule with four functional units--our previously reported rotary motors--that undergo continuous and defined conformational changes upon sequential electronic and vibrational excitation. Scanning tunnelling microscopy confirms that activation of the conformational changes of the rotors through inelastic electron tunnelling propels the molecule unidirectionally across a Cu(111) surface. The system can be adapted to follow either linear or random surface trajectories or to remain stationary, by tuning the chirality of the individual motor units. Our design provides a starting point for the exploration of more sophisticated molecular mechanical systems with directionally controlled motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Kudernac
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Sonnleitner T, Swart I, Pavliček N, Pöllmann A, Repp J. Molecular symmetry governs surface diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:186103. [PMID: 22107649 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.186103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In chemistry and physics symmetry principles are all important, for example, leading to the selection rules governing optical transitions. We have investigated the influence of the molecular symmetry on the surface potential landscape of molecules in the limit of weak molecule-substrate binding. For this purpose, the induced lateral motion of Cu(II)-tetraazaphthalocyanine molecules, for which four symmetry distinct isomers exist, on NaCl(100) was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. This nonthermal diffusion induced by inelastic excitations is found to be qualitatively different for all four symmetry distinct isomers, demonstrating that symmetry governs the surface potential landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sonnleitner
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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45
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46
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Iski EV, Tierney HL, Jewell AD, Sykes ECH. Spontaneous Transmission of Chirality through Multiple Length Scales. Chemistry 2011; 17:7205-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin V. Iski
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - Heather L. Tierney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - April D. Jewell
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
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47
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Capitán MJ, Otero R, Álvarez J, Miranda R. Growth of Textured Adenine Thin Films to Exhibit only Chiral Faces. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1267-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Jose Capitán
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia—CSIC c/Serrano 119. 28006 Madrid (Spain), Fax: (+34) 914973961
| | - Roberto Otero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada e Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
- Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Jesús Álvarez
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada e Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada e Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
- Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
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48
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Parschau M, Rieder KH, Hug HJ, Ernst KH. Single-Molecule Chemistry and Analysis: Mode-Specific Dehydrogenation of Adsorbed Propene by Inelastic Electron Tunneling. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:5689-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja200143z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Tierney HL, Murphy CJ, Sykes ECH. Regular scanning tunneling microscope tips can be intrinsically chiral. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:010801. [PMID: 21231728 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report our discovery that regular scanning tunneling microscope tips can themselves be chiral. This chirality leads to differences in electron tunneling efficiencies through left- and right-handed molecules, and, when using the tip to electrically excite molecular rotation, large differences in rotation rate were observed which correlated with molecular chirality. As scanning tunneling microscopy is a widely used technique, this result may have unforeseen consequences for the measurement of asymmetric surface phenomena in a variety of important fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Tierney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, USA
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Buchner F, Kellner I, Hieringer W, Görling A, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. Ordering aspects and intramolecular conformation of tetraphenylporphyrins on Ag(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13082-90. [PMID: 20820479 DOI: 10.1039/c004551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic scanning tunnelling microscopy study of the self-assembly, intramolecular conformation and supramolecular ordering of different tetraphenylporphyrins (xTPP) with or without a central metal atom (x = 2H, Fe, Co) on Ag(111) at room temperature is presented. The investigation covers a wide range, i.e. the adsorption behaviour from the low sub-monolayer up to the multilayer regime is described in detail and conclusively discussed in regard to molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interactions. At monolayer coverage the molecules self-assemble in domains with a square unit cell caused by "T-type" intermolecular interactions, while the orientation of the domains along the symmetry axes is determined by adsorbate-substrate interactions. Interestingly for ordered monolayers domain boundaries always separate domains of different organizational chirality but same orientation of the square unit cell. This demonstrates that in the particular system chirality obviously restricts the long range order of the supramolecular TPP assemblies. In combination with DFT calculations it is also demonstrated that the previously reported intramolecular saddle shape deformation of TPPs upon adsorption is more pronounced for metallo-TPP than for 2HTPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Buchner
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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