1
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Huang J, Ji A, Wang Z, Wang Q, Zang S. Boosting 2000-Fold Hypergolic Ignition Rate of Carborane by Substitutes Migration in Metal Clusters. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401861. [PMID: 38569464 PMCID: PMC11186111 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Hypergolic propellants rely on fuel and oxidizer that spontaneously ignite upon contact, which fulfill a wide variety of mission roles in launch vehicles and spacecraft. Energy-rich carboranes are promising hypergolic fuels, but triggering their energy release is quite difficult because of their ultrastable aromatic cage structure. To steer the development of carborane-based high-performance hypergolic material, carboranylthiolated compounds integrated with atomically precise copper clusters are presented, yielding two distinct isomers, Cu14B-S and Cu14C-S, both possessing similar ligands and core structures. With the migration of thiolate groups from carbon atoms to boron atoms, the ignition delay (ID) time shortened from 6870 to 3 ms when contacted with environmentally benign oxidizer high-test peroxide (HTP, with a H2O2 concentration of 90%). The extraordinarily short ignition ID time of Cu14B-S is ranking among the best of HTP-active hypergolic materials. The experimental and theoretical findings reveal that benefitting from the migration of thiolate groups, Cu14B-S, characterized by an electron-rich metal kernel, displays enhanced reducibility and superior charge transfer efficiency. This results in exceptional activation rates with HTP, consequently inducing carborane combustion and the simultaneous release of energy. This fundamental investigation shed light on the development of advanced green hypergolic propulsion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Hong Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Ao‐Qi Ji
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Zhao‐Yang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Qian‐You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Shuang‐Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
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2
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Biswas S, Fujioka K, Antonov I, Rizzo GL, Chambreau SD, Schneider S, Sun R, Kaiser RI. Hypergolic ionic liquids: to be or not to be? Chem Sci 2024; 15:1480-1487. [PMID: 38274079 PMCID: PMC10806841 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypergolic ionic liquids (HIL) - ionic liquids which ignite spontaneously upon contact with an oxidizer - emerged as green space propellants. Exploiting the previously marked hypergolic [EMIM][CBH] - WFNA (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cyanoborohydride - white fuming nitric acid) system as a benchmark, through the utilization of a novel chirped-pulse droplet-merging technique in an ultrasonic levitation environment and electronic structure calculations, this work deeply questions the hypergolicity of the [EMIM][CBH]-WFNA system. Molecular oxygen is critically required for the [EMIM][CBH]-WFNA system to ignite spontaneously. State-of-the-art electronic structure calculations identified the resonantly stabilized N-boryl-N-oxo-formamide [(H3B-N(O)-CHO)-; BOFA] radical anion as the key intermediate in driving the oxidation chemistry upon reaction with molecular oxygen of the ionic liquid. These findings challenge conventional wisdom of 'well-established' test protocols as indicators of the hypergolicity of ionic liquids thus necessitating truly oxygen-free experimental conditions to define the ignition delay upon mixing of the ionic liquid and the oxidizer and hence designating an ionic liquid as truly hypergolic at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvick Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Kazuumi Fujioka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Ivan Antonov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Grace L Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | | | - Stefan Schneider
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base California 93524 USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
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3
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Zhou T, Gui C, Sun L, Hu Y, Lyu H, Wang Z, Song Z, Yu G. Energy Applications of Ionic Liquids: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12170-12253. [PMID: 37879045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) consisting entirely of ions exhibit many fascinating and tunable properties, making them promising functional materials for a large number of energy-related applications. For example, ILs have been employed as electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, as heat transfer fluids and phase-change materials for thermal energy transfer and storage, as solvents and/or catalysts for CO2 capture, CO2 conversion, biomass treatment and biofuel extraction, and as high-energy propellants for aerospace applications. This paper provides an extensive overview on the various energy applications of ILs and offers some thinking and viewpoints on the current challenges and emerging opportunities in each area. The basic fundamentals (structures and properties) of ILs are first introduced. Then, motivations and successful applications of ILs in the energy field are concisely outlined. Later, a detailed review of recent representative works in each area is provided. For each application, the role of ILs and their associated benefits are elaborated. Research trends and insights into the selection of ILs to achieve improved performance are analyzed as well. Challenges and future opportunities are pointed out before the paper is concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhou
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Chengmin Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Longgang Sun
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department for Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gangqiang Yu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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4
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Shin KS, Jang HG, Park SH, Cho SJ. Characteristics of ignition delay of hypergolic ionic liquids combined with 1-amino-4-methylpiperazine. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18960-18963. [PMID: 37362602 PMCID: PMC10285265 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03752e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ignition delay time of the hypergolic ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [EMIM][C2N3] and 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium dicyandiamide [DMIM][C2N3], can be controlled to approximately 20 ms by adding 1-amino-4-methylpiperazine while keeping the vapor pressure below 1 torr at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Su Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University Gwangju 500-757 Korea
| | - Hoi-Gu Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University Gwangju 500-757 Korea
| | - Soon Hee Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University Gwangju 500-757 Korea
| | - Sung June Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University Gwangju 500-757 Korea
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5
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Wang M, Wang Z, Zhang J, Fei T, Zhang J. Synthesis and Properties of Bio-renewable Ionic Salts Derived from Theophylline as Green Hypergolic Fuels. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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6
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Schulz A, Surkau J. Main group cyanides: from hydrogen cyanide to cyanido-complexes. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Homoleptic cyanide compounds exist of almost all main group elements. While the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form cyanide salts, the cyanides of the lighter main group elements occur mainly as covalent compounds. This review gives an overview of the status quo of main group element cyanides and cyanido complexes. Information about syntheses are included as well as applications, special substance properties, bond lengths, spectroscopic characteristics and computations. Cyanide chemistry is presented mainly from the field of inorganic chemistry, but aspects of chemical biology and astrophysics are also discussed in relation to cyano compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulz
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
| | - Jonas Surkau
- Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany
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7
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Recent Advances in Hypergolic Ionic Liquids with Broad Potential for Propellant Applications. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Mei H, Xu Y, Lei G, Cao W, Li Z, Zhang J. Synthesis, structure and properties of a high-energy metal–organic framework fuel [Cu(MTZ) 2(CTB) 2] n. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel high-energy metal–organic framework (MOF, [Cu(MTZ)2(CTB)2]n) was constructed based on the nitrogen-rich cyanotetrazolylborohydride (CTB) and 1-methyltriazole (MTZ) ligands, with Cu2+ as the autocatalytic metal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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9
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Wang C, Wang YJ, He CL, Wang QY, Zang SQ. Assembling Silver Cluster-Based Organic Frameworks for Higher-Performance Hypergolic Properties. JACS AU 2021; 1:2202-2207. [PMID: 34977891 PMCID: PMC8715486 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing research efforts have been focused on developing next-generation propellants. In this work, we demonstrated that assembling zero-dimensional (0D) silver clusters with energetic ligands into 3D metal organic frameworks (MOFs) not only inherited the short ignition delay (ID) time of the alkynyl-silver cluster but also significantly increased the output energy. Among them, the open cationic framework of ZZU-363 incorporating counter NO3 - ions achieved a considerably reduced energy barrier and eventually the shortest ID time (26 ms), together with the highest volumetric energy density (40.4 kJ cm-3) and specific impulse (263.1 s), which is far superior to traditional hydrazine-based propellants. The underlying mechanisms are clearly revealed by theoretical calculations. This work opens a venue to significantly enhancing the hypergolic activity of metal clusters and MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Henan
Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan
International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials,
Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Henan
Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan
International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials,
Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chun-Lin He
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of
Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Qian-You Wang
- Henan
Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan
International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials,
Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan
Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan
International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials,
Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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10
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Cationic effect on properties related to thermal stability and ignition delay for hypergolic ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Lei G, Li Z, Zhang J, Zhang T. High-Energy Metal-Organic Frameworks with a Dicyanamide Linker for Hypergolic Fuels. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5100-5106. [PMID: 33760591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a hypergolic linker (dicyanamide, DCA) and a high-energy nitrogen-rich ligand (1,5-diaminotetrazole, DAT) were applied to construct high-energy metal-organic frameworks (HEMOFs) with hypergolic property. Three novel metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized via a mild method with fascinating 2D polymeric architectures, and they could ignite spontaneously upon contact with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA). The gravimetric energy densities of the three HEMOFs all exceeded 26.2 kJ·g-1. The cupric MOF exhibits the highest gravimetric and volumetric energy density of 27.5 kJ·g-1 and 51.3 kJ·cm-3, respectively. By adjusting the metal cations, high-energy ligands and hypergolic linkers can improve the performance of hypergolic MOFs. This work provides a strategy for manufacturing MOFs as potential high-energy hypergolic fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonglai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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12
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Yuan WL, Zhang L, Tao GH, Wang SL, Wang Y, Zhu QH, Zhang GH, Zhang Z, Xue Y, Qin S, He L, Shreeve JM. Designing high-performance hypergolic propellants based on materials genome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/49/eabb1899. [PMID: 33277244 PMCID: PMC7717915 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of rocket propellants for deep space exploration, ionic liquid propellants, with long endurance and high stability, is attracting more and more attention. However, a major defect of ionic liquid propellants that restricts their application is the inadequate hypergolic reactivity between the fuel and the oxidant, and this defect results in local burnout and accidental explosions during the launch process. We propose a visualization model to show the features of structure, density, thermal stability, and hypergolic activity for estimating propellant performances and their application abilities. This propellant materials genome and visualization model greatly improves the efficiency and quality of developing high-performance propellants, which benefits the discovery of new advanced functional molecules in the field of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guo-Hong Tao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | | | - You Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Song Qin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling He
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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13
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Wang QY, Wang J, Wang S, Wang ZY, Cao M, He CL, Yang JQ, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. o-Carborane-Based and Atomically Precise Metal Clusters as Hypergolic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12010-12014. [PMID: 32584566 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-You Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Man Cao
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chun-Lin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun-Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Thomas C. W. Mak
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Patrick AL. Electrospray ionization enters the final frontier: Mass spectrometry's role in understanding electrospray thrusters and their plumes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8587. [PMID: 31509305 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray thrusters using ionic liquid (IL)-based propellants are quickly gaining popularity in spacecraft design. Mass spectrometry is especially well-suited to provide important knowledge on the fundamentals of how these systems work and on evaluating their efficiencies and impacts, given that the operating principles of electrospray thrusters closely mimics the mass spectrometry experiment - in both ions are generated by electrospray and then enter a vacuum. Here, electrospray thruster technology and IL-based propellants are briefly introduced. This introduction is then followed by a discussion of mass spectrometry's current contribution to the study of IL-based electrospray thrusters - with a focus on electrospray, dissociation, and spectroscopy studies - and a brief discussion of areas ripe for immediate contributions from the mass spectrometry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MI, 39762, USA
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15
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Zohari N, Fareghi-Alamdari R, Sheibani N. Model development and design criteria of hypergolic imidazolium ionic liquids from ignition delay time and viscosity viewpoints. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between ID time, viscosity and molecular structure of hypergolic imidazolium ILs are discussed to specify ideal structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zohari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Reza Fareghi-Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Nasser Sheibani
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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16
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Wang Z, Pan G, Wang B, Zhang L, Zhao W, Ma X, Zhang J, Zhang J. Synthesis and Properties of Azide-Functionalized Ionic Liquids as Attractive Hypergolic Fuels. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2122-2128. [PMID: 30950213 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypergolic ionic liquids (ILs) have shown a great promise as viable replacements for toxic and volatile hydrazine derivatives used as propellant fuels, and hence, have attracted increasing interest over the last decade. To take advantage of the reactivity and high energy density of the azido group, a family of low-cost and easily prepared azide-functionalized cation-based ILs, including fuel-rich anions, such as nitrate, dicyanamide, and nitrocyanamide anions, were synthesized and characterized. All the dicyanamide- and nitrocyanamide-based ILs exhibited spontaneous combustion upon contact with 100 % HNO3 . The densities of these hypergolic ILs varied in the range 1.11-1.29 g cm-3 , and the density-specific impulse, predicted based on Gaussian 09 calculations, was between 289.9 and 344.9 s g cm-3 . The values of these two key physical properties are much higher than those of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). Among the studied compounds, compound IL-3b, that is, 1-(2-azidoethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium dicyanamide, shows excellent integrated properties including the lowest viscosity (30.9 M Pa s), wide liquid operating range (-70 to 205 °C), shortest ignition-delay time (7 ms) with 100 % HNO3 , and superior density specific impulse (302.5 s g cm-3 ), suggesting promising applications with potential as bipropellant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Guangxing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Binshen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Jichuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.,Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, 519000, P.R. China
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17
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Fareghi‐Alamdari R, Zohari N, Sheibani N. Reliable Evaluation of Ignition Delay Time of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Green Hypergolic Propellants by a Novel Theoretical Approach. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi‐Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek-ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Narges Zohari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek-ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Nasser Sheibani
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek-ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
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18
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Xiong H, Cheng G, Zhang Z, Yang H. C8N12O10: a promising energetic compound with excellent detonation performance and desirable sensitivity. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A promising energetic molecule bis(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxid-3-yl)-azo-1,2,4-oxadiazole was synthesized and characterized. It has high density, acceptable thermal stability, high heat of formation, outstanding detonation properties and desirable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zaichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University
- Huai'an 223300
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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19
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Estimation of heats of formation for nitrogen-rich cations using G3, G4, and G4 (MP2) theoretical methods. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Liu T, Qi X, Wang B, Jin Y, Yan C, Wang Y, Zhang Q. Rational Design and Facile Synthesis of Boranophosphate Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Rocket Fuels. Chemistry 2018; 24:10201-10207. [PMID: 29756239 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of new hypergolic ionic liquids (HILs) as replacements for toxic hydrazine derivatives have been the focus of current academic research in the field of liquid bipropellant fuels. In most cases, however, the requirements of excellent ignition performances, good hydrolytic stabilities, and low synthetic costs are often contradictory, which makes the development of high-performance HILs an enormous challenge. Here, we show how a fuel-rich boranophosphate ion was rationally designed and used to synthesize a series of high-performance HILs with excellent comprehensive properties. In the design strategy, we introduced the {BH3 } moiety into the boranophosphate ion for improving the self-ignition property, whereas the complexation of boron and phosphite was used to improve the hydrolytic activity of the borohydride species. As a result, these boranophosphate HILs exhibited wide liquid operating ranges (>220 °C), high densities (1.00-1.10 g cm-3 ), good hydrolytic stabilities, and short ignition delay times (2.3-9.7 milliseconds) with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) as the oxidizer. More importantly, these boranophosphate HILs could be readily prepared in high yields from commercial phosphite esters, avoiding complex and time-consuming synthetic routes. This work offers an effective strategy of designing boranophosphate HILs towards safer and greener hypergolic fuels for liquid bipropellant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Liu
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Binshen Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Yunhe Jin
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
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21
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Menges FS, Zeng HJ, Kelleher PJ, Gorlova O, Johnson MA, Niemann T, Strate A, Ludwig R. Structural Motifs in Cold Ternary Ion Complexes of Hydroxyl-Functionalized Ionic Liquids: Isolating the Role of Cation-Cation Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2979-2984. [PMID: 29750531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We address the competition between intermolecular forces underlying the recent observation that ionic liquids (ILs) with a hydroxyl-functionalized cation can form domains with attractive interactions between the nominally repulsive positively charged constituents. Here we show that this behavior is present even in the isolated ternary (HEMIm+)2NTf2- complex (HEMIm+ = 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium) cooled to about 35 K in a photodissociation mass spectrometer. Of the three isomers isolated by double resonance techniques, one is identified to exhibit direct contact between the cations. This linkage involves a cooperative H-bond wherein the OH group on one cation binds to the OH group on the other, which then attaches to the basic N atom of the anion. Formation of this motif comes at the expense of the usually dominant interaction of the acidic C(2)H group on the Im ring with molecular anions, as evidenced by isomer-dependent shifts in the C(2)H vibrational fundamentals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian S Menges
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Helen J Zeng
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Patrick J Kelleher
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Olga Gorlova
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Thomas Niemann
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Anne Strate
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
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22
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Review on synthesis and properties of high-energy-density liquid fuels: Hydrocarbons, nanofluids and energetic ionic liquids. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Jin Y, Wang B, Zhang W, Huang S, Wang K, Qi X, Zhang Q. Synthesis and Properties of Triaminocyclopropenium Cation Based Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Fluids. Chemistry 2018; 24:4620-4627. [PMID: 29369440 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of hydrophobic triaminocyclopropenium cation based ionic liquids have been synthesized, and their structures and physicochemical properties characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and hypergolic tests. The experimental results showed that all of these ionic liquids exhibited the expected hypergolic reactivity with the oxidizer white fuming nitric acid. Among them, the hypergolic ionic liquid based on the cyanoimidazolylborohydride anion showed excellent integrated properties, including high decomposition temperature (194 °C), high density (0.95 g cm-3 ), moderate viscosity (44 MPa s), ultrafast ignition delay time (6 ms), and high specific impulse (301.9 s); this demonstrates its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to toxic hydrazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Jin
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Binshen Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Shi Huang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Materials Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
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24
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Li X, Lu T, Nan J, Li H, Nie F, Zhang YQ, Chen FX. Hydrophobic Hydrolytic-Stable N
-Alkylimidazole-Cyanoborane Complexes as Ultrafast-Igniting Hypergolic Fuels. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun street Beijing 100081 (P.R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun street Beijing 100081 (P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Nan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun street Beijing 100081 (P.R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang; 621050 (P.R. China
| | - Fude Nie
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang; 621050 (P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qiang Zhang
- Division of Ionic Liquids and Green Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100190 (P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun street Beijing 100081 (P.R. China
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25
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Zheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Liu L, Chen S, Zhang S. Azetidinium-based Hypergolic Ionic Liquids with High Strain Energy. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing; China University of Petroleum, Beijing; Beijing 102249 China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yanqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology; Zhengzhou 450000 China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing; China University of Petroleum, Beijing; Beijing 102249 China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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26
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Gorlova O, Craig SM, Johnson MA. Communication: Spectroscopic characterization of a strongly interacting C(2)H group on the EMIM+ cation in the (EMIM+)2X− (X = BF4, Cl, Br, and I) ternary building blocks of ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:231101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5009009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorlova
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Craig
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
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27
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Kuchurov IV, Zharkov MN, Fershtat LL, Makhova NN, Zlotin SG. Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3914-3946. [PMID: 28682509 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A global increase in environmental pollution demands the development of new "cleaner" chemical processes. Among urgent improvements, the replacement of traditional hydrocarbon-derived toxic organic solvents with neoteric solvents less harmful for the environment is one of the most vital issues. As a result of the favorable combination of their unique properties, ionic liquids (ILs), dense gases, and supercritical fluids (SCFs) have gained considerable attention as suitable green chemistry media for the preparation and modification of important chemical compounds and materials. In particular, they have a significant potential in a specific and very important area of research associated with the manufacture and processing of high-energy materials (HEMs). These large-scale manufacturing processes, in which hazardous chemicals and extreme conditions are used, produce a huge amount of hard-to-dispose-of waste. Furthermore, they are risky to staff, and any improvements that would reduce the fire and explosion risks of the corresponding processes are highly desirable. In this Review, useful applications of almost nonflammable ILs, dense gases, and SCFs (first of all, CO2 ) for nitration and other reactions used for manufacturing HEMs are considered. Recent advances in the field of energetic (oxygen-balanced and hypergolic) ILs are summarized. Significant attention is paid to the SCF-based micronization techniques, which improve the energetic performance of HEMs through an efficient control of the morphology and particle size distribution of the HEM fine particles, and to useful applications of SCFs in HEM processing that makes them less hazardous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Kuchurov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Zharkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina N Makhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey G Zlotin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Wang Y, Huang S, Zhang W, Liu T, Qi X, Zhang Q. Nitrato-Functionalized Task-Specific Ionic Liquids as Attractive Hypergolic Rocket Fuels. Chemistry 2017; 23:12502-12509. [PMID: 28580584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypergolic ionic liquids (HILs) as potential replacements for hydrazine derivatives have attracted increasing interest over the last decade. Previous studies on HILs have mostly concentrated on the anionic innovations of ionic liquids to shorten the ignition delay (ID) time, but little attention has been paid to cationic modifications and their structure-property relationships. In this work, we present a new strategy of cationic functionalization by introducing the energetic nitrato group into the cationic units of HILs. Interestingly, the introduction of oxygen-rich nitrato groups into the cationic structure significantly improved the combustion performance of HILs with larger flame diameters and duration times. The density-specific impulse (ρIsp ) of these novel HILs are all above 279.0 s g cm-3 , much higher than that of UDMH (215.7 s g cm-3 ). In addition, the densities of these HILs are in the range of 1.22-1.39 g cm-3 , which is much higher than that of UDMH (0.79 g cm-3 ), showing their higher loading capacity than hydrazine-derived fuels in a propellant tank. This promising strategy of introducing nitrato groups into the cationic structures has provided a new platform for developing high-performing HILs with improved combustion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Shi Huang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, P.R. China
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29
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Nancarrow P, Mohammed H. Ionic Liquids in Space Technology - Current and Future Trends. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nancarrow
- American University of Sharjah; Department of Chemical Engineering; PO Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Hanin Mohammed
- American University of Sharjah; Department of Chemical Engineering; PO Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Binshen Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Li Qin
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials
Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua
East Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guohua Gao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department
of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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31
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Bhosale VK, Kulkarni PS. Ultrafast igniting, imidazolium based hypergolic ionic liquids with enhanced hydrophobicity. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03233h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploring ultrafast igniting and hydrolytically stable ionic liquids (ILs) has a wide scope in hypergolic rocket fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas K. Bhosale
- Energy and Environment Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Deemed University
- Pune-411025
| | - Prashant S. Kulkarni
- Energy and Environment Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Deemed University
- Pune-411025
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32
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Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Jiao N, Dong K, Zhang S. Bicyclic ammonium ionic liquids as dense hypergolic fuels. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane/1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based dicyanamide possesses higher densities (1.06–1.31 cm−3) than the corresponding pyrrolidinium and imidazolium-based isomers, besides hypergolicity with white fuming nitric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Yuan
- Division of Ionic Liquids and Green Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yanqiang Zhang
- Division of Ionic Liquids and Green Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Long Liu
- Division of Ionic Liquids and Green Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Nianming Jiao
- Division of Ionic Liquids and Green Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Kun Dong
- Division of Ionic Liquids and Green Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Division of Ionic Liquids and Green Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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33
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Alamdari RF–, Hatefipour R. Detonation Nanodiamond as a New Option for Reduction of the Viscosity of one Novel Di–azide Functionalized Monocationic Ionic Liquid. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi – Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek - Ashtar University of Technology Tehran I.R.Iran
| | - Razieh Hatefipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek - Ashtar University of Technology Tehran I.R.Iran
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34
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Chambreau SD, Koh CJ, Popolan-Vaida DM, Gallegos CJ, Hooper JB, Bedrov D, Vaghjiani GL, Leone SR. Flow-Tube Investigations of Hypergolic Reactions of a Dicyanamide Ionic Liquid Via Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8011-8023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine J. Koh
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Denisia M. Popolan-Vaida
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Gallegos
- Propellants Branch,
Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards
Air Force Base, California, 93524, United States
| | - Justin B. Hooper
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central
Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Wasatch Molecular Inc., 825 North
300 West, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central
Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Wasatch Molecular Inc., 825 North
300 West, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
| | - Ghanshyam L. Vaghjiani
- Propellants Branch,
Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards
Air Force Base, California, 93524, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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35
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Srinivas D, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. From FOX-7 to H-FOX to insensitive energetic materials with hypergolic properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7668-71. [PMID: 27225382 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen/halogen rich derivatives, , , , and of FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene), and H-FOX (1-hydrazinyl-2,2-dinitroethenamine) have been synthesized, characterized and found to exhibit good energetic properties. Compound displays hypergolic properties with commonly utilized fuels such as monomethyl hydrazine (MMH), and hydrazine hydrate (HH), as well as with ethylenediamine (EN), and 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP) showing ignition delay times between 2.5 to 10 ms. Additionally, the hypergolic properties of 4 and 8 were further studied by using ammonia borane as a fuel solubilized in a green ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyanamide, (1 : 1 molar ratio). This is a new role for a derivative of H-FOX. The energetic and physical properties of all the molecules were either measured or calculated. All of materials were characterized by NMR, and infrared spectra, elemental analyses, and differential scanning calorimetry. Single crystal X-ray structural measurements for and were helpful in their confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharavath Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Lauren A Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6030, Washington, D.C. 20375-5001, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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36
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Huang S, Qi X, Liu T, Wang K, Zhang W, Li J, Zhang Q. Towards Safer Rocket Fuels: Hypergolic Imidazolylidene-Borane Compounds as Replacements for Hydrazine Derivatives. Chemistry 2016; 22:10187-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Huang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang, 621900 China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Jianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flows in Power Engineering; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, 710049 China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science; Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
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37
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Li X, Lu H, Wang Q, Huang J, Nie F, Li H, Chen FX. Synthesis and Improved Properties of Hypergolic Boronium-Based Ionic Liquids. CHINESE J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Forquet V, Miró Sabaté C, Chermette H, Jacob G, Labarthe É, Delalu H, Darwich C. Energetic Properties of Rocket Propellants Evaluated through the Computational Determination of Heats of Formation of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:730-44. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérian Forquet
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire Hydrazines; et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés; UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 avenue Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Carles Miró Sabaté
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire Hydrazines; et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés; UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 avenue Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Henry Chermette
- Université de Lyon; Institut des Sciences Analytiques; UMR 5280, CNRS, ENS-Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Guy Jacob
- Direction Recherche et Technologie; Herakles (Safran), CRB; 9 rue Lavoisier 91710 Vert-Le-Petit France
| | - Émilie Labarthe
- CNES, Direction des Lanceurs; 52 rue Jacques Hillairet 75012 Paris France
| | - Henri Delalu
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire Hydrazines; et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés; UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 avenue Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Chaza Darwich
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire Hydrazines; et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés; UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 avenue Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
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39
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Wang Q, Lu H, Pang F, Huang J, Nie F, Chen FX. Nitrogen-rich hypergolic ionic salts based on (2-methyltetrazol-5-yl)diazotates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11494f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel hypergolic energetic salts containing the (2-methyltetrazol-5-yl)diazotate anion were synthesized and exhibit attractive short ignition delay times with white fuming HNO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & the Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Huijie Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering & the Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Fuqing Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering & the Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Jinglun Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Fude Nie
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering & the Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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40
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Fareghi-Alamdari R, Ghorbani-Zamani F, Zekri N. Synthesis and hypergolic activity evaluation of some new ammonium-imidazolium based ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01364c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new class of dicyanamide-based ionic liquids containing mono and dicationic counterparts was synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi-Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghorbani-Zamani
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Negar Zekri
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek-Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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41
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Huang S, Qi X, Zhang W, Liu T, Zhang Q. Exploring Sustainable Rocket Fuels: [Imidazolyl-Amine-BH2](+)-Cation-Based Ionic Liquids as Replacements for Toxic Hydrazine Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:2725-32. [PMID: 26247801 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The application of hypergolic ionic liquids as propellant fuels is a newly emerging area in the fields of chemistry and propulsion science. Herein, a new class of [imidazolyl-amine-BH2](+)-cation-based ionic liquids, which included fuel-rich anions, such as dicyanamide (N(CN)2(-)) and cyanoborohydride (BH3CN(-)) anions, were synthesized and characterized. As expected, all of the ionic liquids exhibited spontaneous combustion upon contact with the oxidizer 100 % HNO3. The densities of these ionic liquids varied from 0.99-1.12 g cm(-3), and the heats of formation, predicted based on Gaussian 09 calculations, were between -707.7 and 241.8 kJ mol(-1). Among them, the salt of compound 5, that is, (1-allyl-1H-imidazole-3-yl)-(trimethylamine)-dihydroboronium dicyanamide, exhibited the lowest viscosity (168 MPa s), good thermal properties (Tg <-70 °C, Td >130 °C), and the shortest ignition-delay time (18 ms) with 100 % HNO3. These ionic fuels, as "green" replacements for toxic hydrazine-derivatives, may have potential applications as bipropellant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Huang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China.
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42
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Forquet V, Sabaté CM, Jacob G, Guelou Y, Delalu H, Darwich C. Energetic 2,2-Dimethyltriazanium Salts: A New Family of Nitrogen-Rich Hydrazine Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1668-75. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérian Forquet
- Laboratoire Hydrazines et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 Ave. Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Carlos Miró Sabaté
- Laboratoire Hydrazines et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 Ave. Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Guy Jacob
- Direction Recherche et Technologie, Herakles (Safran); Centre de Recherches du Bouchet; 9 rue Lavoisier 91710 Vert-Le-Petit France
| | - Yann Guelou
- CNES, Direction des Lanceurs, SDT Equipements Propulsifs et Mécanismes; 52 rue Jacques Hillairet 75012 Paris France
| | - Henri Delalu
- Laboratoire Hydrazines et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 Ave. Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Chaza Darwich
- Laboratoire Hydrazines et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés UMR 5278; UCBL/CNRS/CNES/Herakles (Safran); 22 Ave. Gaston Berger 69622 Villeurbanne France
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43
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Solid-state Reaction of Azolium Hydrohalogen Salts with Silver Dicyanamide--Unexpected Formation of Cyanoguanidine-azoles, Reaction Mechanism and Their Hypergolic Properties. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10915. [PMID: 26039324 PMCID: PMC4650654 DOI: 10.1038/srep10915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanoguanidines as well as azoles are important bioactive groups, which play an important role in the medical application; meanwhile, the high nitrogen content makes them excellent backbones for energetic materials. A Novel and simple method that combined these two fragments into one molecular compound was developed through the transformation of dicyanamide ionic salts. In return, compounds 4–11 were synthesized, and fully characterized by IR, MS, NMR and elemental analysis. Meanwhile, the structures of compounds 4, 8 and 11 were confirmed by X-ray crystal diffraction. Detailed reaction mechanisms were studied through accurate calculations on the reaction energy profiles of the azolium cations and DCA anion, which revealed the essence of the transformation proceeding. Meanwhile, compound 8 exhibits excellent hypergolic property, which could be potentially novel molecular hypergolic fuel.
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44
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Wu JT, Zhang JG, Yin X, Wu K. Energetic Oxygen-Containing Tetrazole Salts Based on 3,4-Diaminotriazole. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1239-44. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Pan L, Feng R, Peng H, E XTF, Zou JJ, Wang L, Zhang X. A solar-energy-derived strained hydrocarbon as an energetic hypergolic fuel. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08868a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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46
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Thottempudi V, Zhang J, He C, Shreeve JM. Azo substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles as insensitive energetic materials. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10821c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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47
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Zhang Q, Shreeve JM. Energetic ionic liquids as explosives and propellant fuels: a new journey of ionic liquid chemistry. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10527-74. [PMID: 25207674 DOI: 10.1021/cr500364t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) , Mianyang 621900, China
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48
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Synthesis and characterization of energetic salts based on the new propan-2-ylidene methanetriamium cations. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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He C, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Alkyl ammonium cation stabilized biocidal polyiodides with adaptable high density and low pressure. Chemistry 2014; 20:6699-706. [PMID: 24782289 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effective application of biocidal species requires building the active moiety into a molecular back bone that can be delivered and decomposed on demand under conditions of low pressure and prolonged high-temperature detonation. The goal is to destroy storage facilities and their contents while utilizing the biocidal products arising from the released energy to destroy any remaining harmful airborne agents. Decomposition of carefully selected iodine-rich compounds can produce large amounts of the very active biocides, hydroiodic acid (HI) and iodine (I2). Polyiodide anions, namely, I3(-), I5(-), which are excellent sources of such biocides, can be stabilized through interactions with large, symmetric cations, such as alkyl ammonium salts. We have designed and synthesized suitable compounds of adaptable high density up to 3.33 g cm(-3) that are low-pressure polyiodides with various alkyl ammonium cations, deliverable iodine contents of which range between 58.0-90.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343 (USA)
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50
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Zhang Q, Yin P, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. Cyanoborohydride-Based Ionic Liquids as Green Aerospace Bipropellant Fuels. Chemistry 2014; 20:6909-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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