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Yang S, Du S, Zhu J, Ma S. Closed-loop recyclable polymers: from monomer and polymer design to the polymerization-depolymerization cycle. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9609-9651. [PMID: 39177226 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The extensive utilization of plastic, as a symbol of modern technological society, has consumed enormous amounts of finite and non-renewable fossil resources and produced huge amounts of plastic wastes in the land or ocean, and thus recycling and reuse of the plastic wastes have great ecological and economic benefits. Closed-loop recyclable polymers with inherent recyclability can be readily depolymerized into monomers with high selectivity and purity and repolymerized into polymers with the same performance. They are deemed to be the next generation of recyclable polymers and have captured great and increasing attention from academia and industry. Herein, we provide an overview of readily closed-loop recyclable polymers based on monomer and polymer design and no-other-reactant-involved reversible ring-opening and addition polymerization reactions. The state-of-the-art of circular polymers is separately summarized and discussed based on different monomers, including lactones, thiolactones, cyclic carbonates, hindered olefins, cycloolefins, thermally labile olefin comonomers, cyclic disulfides, cyclic (dithio) acetals, lactams, Diels-Alder addition monomers, Michael addition monomers, anhydride-secondary amide monomers, and cyclic anhydride-aldehyde monomers, and polymers with activatable end groups. The polymerization and depolymerization mechanisms are clearly disclosed, and the evolution of the monomer structure, the polymerization and depolymerization conditions, the corresponding polymerization yield, molecular weight, performance of the polymers, monomer recovery, and depolymerization equipment are also systematically summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Songqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
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2
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Xu F, Sheng J, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Danowski W, Hilbers MF, Buma WJ, Feringa BL. All-visible-light-driven stiff-stilbene photoswitches. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6763-6769. [PMID: 38725493 PMCID: PMC11077541 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00983e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches are potent tools to construct dynamic functional systems and responsive materials that can be controlled in a non-invasive manner. As P-type photoswitches, stiff-stilbenes attract increasing interest, owing to their superiority in quantum yield, significant geometric differences between isomers, excellent thermostability and robust switching behavior. Nevertheless, the UV-light-triggered photoisomerization of stiff-stilbenes has been a main drawback for decades as UV light is potentially harmful and has low penetration depth. Here, we provided a series of para-formylated stiff-stilbenes by Rieche ortho-formylation to achieve all-visible-light-responsiveness. Additional phenolic groups provide access to late-stage chemical modification facilitating design of molecules responsive to visible light. Remarkably, the photoisomerization of aldehyde-appended stiff-stilbenes could be fully manipulated using visible light, accompanied by a high photostationary state (PSS) distribution. These features render them excellent candidates for future visible-light-controllable smart materials and dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jinyu Sheng
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 523 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg F-67000 France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michiel F Hilbers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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3
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O'Neill RT, Boulatov R. Mechanochemical Approaches to Fundamental Studies in Soft-Matter Physics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402442. [PMID: 38404161 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Stretching a segment of a polymer beyond its contour length makes its (primarily backbone) bonds more dissociatively labile, which enables polymer mechanochemistry. Integrating some backbone bonds into suitably designed molecular moieties yields mechanistically and kinetically diverse chemistry, which is becoming increasingly exploitable. Examples include, most prominently, attempts to improve mechanical properties of bulk polymers, as well as prospective applications in drug delivery and synthesis. This review aims to highlight an emerging effort to apply the concepts and experimental tools of mechanochemistry to fundamental physical questions in soft matter. A succinct summary of the state-of-the-knowledge of the field, with emphasis on foundational concepts and generalizable observations, is followed by analysis of 3 recent examples of mechanochemistry yielding molecular-level details of elastomer failure, macromolecular chain dynamics in elongational flows and kinetic allostery. We conclude with reasons to assume that the highlighted approaches are generalizable to a broader range of physical problems than considered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Department of Chemistry, Grove Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Department of Chemistry, Grove Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD
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4
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Lei H, Ma Q, Wang Z, Zhang D, Huang X, Qin M, Ma H, Wang W, Cao Y. Ester Bond: Chemically Labile Yet Mechanically Stable. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16870-16878. [PMID: 37646337 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the dynamic nature of ester linkages, ester-bond-containing materials are well known for their outstanding degradability and stimuli responsiveness. However, whether ester hydrolysis is affected by mechanical forces remains unclear. Here, we develop a single-molecule assay to quantitatively study the force-dependent ester hydrolysis using an engineered circular permutant protein with a caged ester bond as a model. Our single-molecule force spectroscopy results show that the ester hydrolysis rate is surprisingly insensitive to forces, with a ∼7 s-1 dissociation rate that remains almost unchanged in the force range of 80 to 200 pN. Quantum calculations reveal that the ester hydrolysis involves an intermediate state formed by either H3O+- or OH--bonded tetrahedral intermediates. The measured ester-hydrolysis kinetics at the single-molecule level may primarily correspond to the rupture of these intermediate states. However, the rate-limiting step appears to be the formation of the tetrahedral intermediates, which cannot be quantitatively characterized in our experiments. Nonetheless, based on the quantum calculations, this step is also insensitive to applied forces. Altogether, our study suggests that the ester bond is chemically labile yet mechanically stable, serving as the basis for the design of responsive materials using ester bonds as mechanically inert units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute for Advanced Study in Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Quan Ma
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Zhangxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
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5
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Yu Y, O'Neill RT, Boulatov R, Widenhoefer RA, Craig SL. Allosteric control of olefin isomerization kinetics via remote metal binding and its mechanochemical analysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5074. [PMID: 37604905 PMCID: PMC10442431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric control of reaction thermodynamics is well understood, but the mechanisms by which changes in local geometries of receptor sites lower activation reaction barriers in electronically uncoupled, remote reaction moieties remain relatively unexplored. Here we report a molecular scaffold in which the rate of thermal E-to-Z isomerization of an alkene increases by a factor of as much as 104 in response to fast binding of a metal ion to a remote receptor site. A mechanochemical model of the olefin coupled to a compressive harmonic spring reproduces the observed acceleration quantitatively, adding the studied isomerization to the very few reactions demonstrated to be sensitive to extrinsic compressive force. The work validates experimentally the generalization of mechanochemical kinetics to compressive loads and demonstrates that the formalism of force-coupled reactivity offers a productive framework for the quantitative analysis of the molecular basis of allosteric control of reaction kinetics. Important differences in the effects of compressive vs. tensile force on the kinetic stabilities of molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Robert T O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | | | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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6
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Xu F, Feringa BL. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Polymers: From Light-Controlled Small Molecules to Smart Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204413. [PMID: 36239270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive supramolecular polymers are well-organized assemblies based on highly oriented and reversible noncovalent interactions containing photosensitive molecules as (co-)monomers. They have attracted increasing interest in smart materials and dynamic systems with precisely controllable functions, such as light-driven soft actuators, photoresponsive fluorescent anticounterfeiting and light-triggered electronic devices. The present review discusses light-activated molecules used in photoresponsive supramolecular polymers with their main photo-induced changes, e.g., geometry, dipole moment, and chirality. Based on these distinct changes, supramolecular polymers formed by light-activated molecules exhibit photoresponsive disassembly and reassembly. As a consequence, photo-induced supramolecular polymerization, "depolymerization," and regulation of the lengths and topologies are observed. Moreover, the light-controlled functions of supramolecular polymers, such as actuation, emission, and chirality transfer along length scales, are highlighted. Furthermore, a perspective on challenges and future opportunities is presented. Besides the challenge of moving from harmful UV light to visible/near IR light avoiding fatigue, and enabling biomedical applications, future opportunities include light-controlled supramolecular actuators with helical motion, light-modulated information transmission, optically recyclable materials, and multi-stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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7
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Ovalle M, Kathan M, Toyoda R, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Light-Fueled Transformations of a Dynamic Cage-Based Molecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214495. [PMID: 36453623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In a chemical equilibrium, the formation of high-energy species-in a closed system-is inefficient due to microscopic reversibility. Here, we demonstrate how this restriction can be circumvented by coupling a dynamic equilibrium to a light-induced E/Z isomerization of an azobenzene imine cage. The stable E-cage resists intermolecular imine exchange reactions that would "open" it. Upon switching, the strained Z-cage isomers undergo imine exchange spontaneously, thus opening the cage. Subsequent isomerization of the Z-open compounds yields a high-energy, kinetically trapped E-open species, which cannot be efficiently obtained from the initial E-cage, thus shifting an imine equilibrium energetically uphill in a closed system. Upon heating, the nucleophile is displaced back into solution and an opening/closing cycle is completed by regenerating the stable all-E-cage. Using this principle, a light-induced cage-to-cage transformation is performed by the addition of a ditopic aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ovalle
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
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8
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Wang J, Gao X, Boarino A, Célerse F, Corminboeuf C, Klok HA. Mechanical Acceleration of Ester Bond Hydrolysis in Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiaobin Gao
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice Boarino
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Célerse
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Kharandiuk T, Tan KH, Xu W, Weitenhagen F, Braun S, Göstl R, Pich A. Mechanoresponsive diselenide-crosslinked microgels with programmed ultrasound-triggered degradation and radical scavenging ability for protein protection. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11304-11311. [PMID: 36320583 PMCID: PMC9533411 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of controlled delivery and release, proteins constitute a delicate class of cargo requiring advanced delivery platforms and protection. We here show that mechanoresponsive diselenide-crosslinked microgels undergo controlled ultrasound-triggered degradation in aqueous solution for the release of proteins. Simultaneously, the proteins are protected from chemical and conformational damage by the microgels, which disintegrate to water-soluble polymer chains upon sonication. The degradation process is controlled by the amount of diselenide crosslinks, the temperature, and the sonication amplitude. We demonstrate that the ultrasound-mediated cleavage of diselenide bonds in these microgels facilitates the release and activates latent functionality preventing the oxidation and denaturation of the encapsulated proteins (cytochrome C and myoglobin) opening new application possibilities in the targeted delivery of biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Kharandiuk
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kok Hui Tan
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Wenjing Xu
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Fabian Weitenhagen
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Susanne Braun
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
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10
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Liu S, Xu J, Liu Y, You Y, Xie L, Tong S, Chen Y, Liang K, Zhou S, Li F, Tang Z, Mei N, Lu H, Wang X, Gao X, Chen J. Neutrophil-Biomimetic "Nanobuffer" for Remodeling the Microenvironment in the Infarct Core and Protecting Neurons in the Penumbra via Neutralization of Detrimental Factors to Treat Ischemic Stroke. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27743-27761. [PMID: 35695238 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High level of detrimental factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines accumulated in the infarct core and their erosion to salvageable penumbra are key pathological cascades of ischemia-reperfusion injury in stroke. Few neuroprotectants can remodel the hostile microenvironment of the infarct core for the failure to interfere with dead or biofunctionally inactive dying cells. Even ischemia-reperfusion injury is temporarily attenuated in the penumbra by medications; insults of detrimental factors from the core still erode the penumbra continuously along with drug metabolism and clearance. Herein, a strategy named "nanobuffer" is proposed to neutralize detrimental factors and buffer destructive erosion to the penumbra. Inspired by neutrophils' tropism to the infarct core and affinity to inflammatory cytokines, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles are coated with neutrophil membrane to target the infarct core and absorb inflammatory cytokines; α-lipoic acid is decorated on the surface and cannabidiol is loaded for ROS scavenging and neuroprotection, respectively, to construct the basic unit of the nanobuffer. Such a nanobuffer exerts a comprehensive effect on the infarct area via detrimental factor neutralization and cannabidiol-induced neuroprotection. Besides, the nanobuffer can possibly be enhanced by dynamic ROP (ring-opening-polymerization)-induced membrane cross-fusion among closely adjacent units in vivo. Systematic evaluations show significant decrease of detrimental factors in the core and the penumbra, reduced infarct volume, and improved neurological recovery compared to the untreated group of stroke rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianpei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yipu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang You
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laozhi Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiqiang Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaifan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Songlei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhuang Tang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Ni Mei
- Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, Lane 781, Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & Department of Pharmaceutics, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Kathan M, Crespi S, Thiel NO, Stares DL, Morsa D, de Boer J, Pacella G, van den Enk T, Kobauri P, Portale G, Schalley CA, Feringa BL. A light-fuelled nanoratchet shifts a coupled chemical equilibrium. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:159-165. [PMID: 34916655 PMCID: PMC8956507 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological molecular machines enable chemical transformations, assembly, replication and motility, but most distinctively drive chemical systems out of-equilibrium to sustain life1,2. In such processes, nanometre-sized machines produce molecular energy carriers by driving endergonic equilibrium reactions. However, transforming the work performed by artificial nanomachines3-5 into chemical energy remains highly challenging. Here, we report a light-fuelled small-molecule ratchet capable of driving a coupled chemical equilibrium energetically uphill. By bridging two imine6-9 macrocycles with a molecular motor10,11, the machine forms crossings and consequently adopts several distinct topologies by either a thermal (temporary bond-dissociation) or photochemical (unidirectional rotation) pathway. While the former will relax the machine towards the global energetic minimum, the latter increases the number of crossings in the system above the equilibrium value. Our approach provides a blueprint for coupling continuous mechanical motion performed by a molecular machine with a chemical transformation to reach an out-of-equilibrium state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niklas O Thiel
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Stares
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Morsa
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - John de Boer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gianni Pacella
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias van den Enk
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Piermichele Kobauri
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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12
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Villarón D, Duindam N, Wezenberg SJ. Push-Pull Stiff-Stilbene: Proton-Gated Visible-Light Photoswitching and Acid-Catalyzed Isomerization. Chemistry 2021; 27:17346-17350. [PMID: 34605565 PMCID: PMC9298359 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor substituted stiff-stilbene is shown to undergo isomerization induced by visible light avoiding the need for harmful UV light. This visible-light photoswitching is inhibited by protonation of the dimethylamino-donor unit, disrupting the push-pull character and thus, gating of the photochromic properties is allowed by acid/base addition. Remarkably, the addition of a mild acid also triggers fast thermal back-isomerization, which is unprecedented for stiff-stilbene photoswitches usually having a very high energy barrier for this process. These combined features offer unique orthogonal control over switching behavior by light and protonation, which is investigated in detail by 1 H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. In addition, TD-DFT calculations are used to gain further insight into the absorption properties. Our results will help elevating the level of control over dynamic behavior in stiff-stilbene applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarón
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Nol Duindam
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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13
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The Contributions of Model Studies for Fundamental Understanding of Polymer Mechanochemistry. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1710-5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe exciting field of polymer mechanochemistry has made great empirical progress in discovering reactions in which a stretching force accelerates scission of strained bonds using single molecule force spectroscopy and ultrasonication experiments. Understanding why these reactions happen, i.e., the fundamental physical processes that govern coupling of macroscopic motion to chemical reactions, as well as discovering other patterns of mechanochemical reactivity require complementary techniques, which permit a much more detailed characterization of reaction mechanisms and the distribution of force in reacting molecules than are achievable in SMFS or ultrasonication. A molecular force probe allows the specific pattern of molecular strain that is responsible for localized reactions in stretched polymers to be reproduced accurately in non-polymeric substrates using molecular design rather than atomistically intractable collective motions of millions of atoms comprising macroscopic motion. In this review, we highlight the necessary features of a useful molecular force probe and describe their realization in stiff stilbene macrocycles. We describe how studying these macrocycles using classical tools of physical organic chemistry has allowed detailed characterizations of mechanochemical reactivity, explain some of the most unexpected insights enabled by these probes, and speculate how they may guide the next stage of mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University
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14
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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15
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Huo S, Zhao P, Shi Z, Zou M, Yang X, Warszawik E, Loznik M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Mechanochemical bond scission for the activation of drugs. Nat Chem 2021; 13:131-139. [PMID: 33514936 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drug therapy is often hindered by issues caused by poor drug selectivity, including unwanted side effects and drug resistance. Spatial and temporal control over drug activation in response to stimuli is a promising strategy to attenuate and circumvent these problems. Here we use ultrasound to activate drugs from inactive macromolecules or nano-assemblies through the controlled scission of mechanochemically labile covalent bonds and weak non-covalent bonds. We show that a polymer with a disulfide motif at the centre of the main chain releases an alkaloid-based anticancer drug from its β-carbonate linker by a force-induced intramolecular 5-exo-trig cyclization. Second, aminoglycoside antibiotics complexed by a multi-aptamer RNA structure are activated by the mechanochemical opening and scission of the nucleic acid backbone. Lastly, nanoparticle-polymer and nanoparticle-nanoparticle assemblies held together by hydrogen bonds between the peptide antibiotic vancomycin and its complementary peptide target are activated by force-induced scission of hydrogen bonds. This work demonstrates the potential of ultrasound to activate mechanoresponsive prodrug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Shi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xintong Yang
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliza Warszawik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Krishnan BP, Xue L, Xiong X, Cui J. Photoinduced Strain-Assisted Synthesis of a Stiff-Stilbene Polymer by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Chemistry 2020; 26:14828-14832. [PMID: 32533881 PMCID: PMC7756494 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing a novel strategy to synthesize photoresponsive polymers is of significance owing to their potential applications. We report a photoinduced strain-assisted synthesis of main-chain stiff-stilbene polymers by using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), activating a macrocyclic π-bond connected to a stiff-stilbene photoswitch through a linker. Since the linker acts as an external constraint, the photoisomerization to the E-form leads to the stiff-stilbene being strained and thus reactive to ROMP. The photoisomerization of Z-form to E-form was investigated using time-dependent NMR studies and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The DFT calculation showed that the E-form was less stable due to a lack of planarity. By the internal strain developed due to the linker constraint through photoisomerization, the E-form underwent ROMP by a second generation Grubbs catalyst. In contrast, Z-form did not undergo polymerization under similar conditions. The MALDI-TOF spectrum of E-form after polymerization showed the presence of oligomers of >5.2 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiju P. Krishnan
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 2Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Lulu Xue
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 2Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Xinhong Xiong
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 2Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Jiaxi Cui
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 2Saarbrücken66123Germany
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
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17
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Villarón D, Wezenberg SJ. Stiff-Stilbene Photoswitches: From Fundamental Studies to Emergent Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13192-13202. [PMID: 32222016 PMCID: PMC7496324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stiff-stilbene, a sterically restricted fused ring analogue of stilbene, has been regularly used as a model compound in theoretical studies of stilbene photoisomerization. Lately, owing to its excellent photoswitching properties, it is increasingly being applied to reversibly control the properties and function of chemical as well as biological systems. Stiff-stilbene photoswitches possess a number of advantageous properties including a high quantum yield for photoisomerization and a high thermal stability. Furthermore, they undergo a large geometrical change upon isomerization and their synthesis is straightforward. Herein, we provide an overview of the basic properties of stiff-stilbene and of recent applications in supramolecular chemistry, catalysis, and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarón
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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18
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Villarón D, Wezenberg SJ. Stiff‐Stilbene Photoswitches: From Fundamental Studies to Emergent Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Villarón
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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19
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Kim S, Wittek KI, Lee Y. Synthesis of poly(disulfide)s with narrow molecular weight distributions via lactone ring-opening polymerization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4882-4886. [PMID: 34122943 PMCID: PMC8159261 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00834f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first example of controlled polymerization of poly(disulfide)s with narrow molecular weight distributions. 1,4,5-oxadithiepan-2-one (OTP), a disulfide-containing 7-membered ring lactone, was polymerized by using the diphenylphosphate (DPP) catalyzed lactone ring-opening polymerization method. The polymerization proceeded in a living manner, and the resulting polymers displayed very narrow polydispersity index (PDI) values below 1.1 and excellent backbone degradability responding to reducing conditions and UV irradiation. We report the first example of controlled polymerization of poly(disulfide)s with narrow molecular weight distributions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwhan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Kamila I Wittek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
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20
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Dopieralski P, Zoloff Michoff ME, Marx D. Mechanochemical disulfide reduction reveals imprints of noncovalent sulfur⋯oxygen chalcogen bonds in protein-inspired mimics in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25112-25117. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04026f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogen bonds in proteins are found to impact on the mechanochemical reduction of disulfide bridges in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
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21
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Olsson S, Benito Pérez Ó, Blom M, Gogoll A. Effect of ring rize on photoisomerization properties of stiff stilbene macrocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2408-2418. [PMID: 31666875 PMCID: PMC6808211 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of stiff stilbene macrocycles have been studied to investigate the possible impact of the macrocycle ring size on their photodynamic properties. The results show that reducing the ring size counteracts the photoisomerization ability of the macrocycles. However, even the smallest macrocycle studied (stiff stilbene subunits linked by a six carbon chain) showed some degree of isomerization when irradiated. DFT calculations of the energy differences between the E- and Z-isomers show the same trend as the experimental results. Interestingly the DFT study highlights that the energy difference between the E- and Z-isomers of even the largest macrocycle (linked by a twelve carbon chain) is significantly higher than that of the stiff stilbene unit itself. In general, it is indicated that addition of even a flexible chain to the stiff stilbene unit may significantly affect its photochemical properties and increase the photostability of the resulting macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Olsson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Óscar Benito Pérez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magnus Blom
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adolf Gogoll
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
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24
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Kilgore HR, Raines RT. n→π* Interactions Modulate the Properties of Cysteine Residues and Disulfide Bonds in Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17606-17611. [PMID: 30403347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in biology, taking on roles that include stabilizing the conformation of and assembling biomolecules, and providing an optimal environment for enzymatic catalysis. Here, we describe a noncovalent interaction that engages the sulfur atoms of cysteine residues and disulfide bonds in proteins-their donation of electron density into an antibonding orbital of proximal amide carbonyl groups. This n→ π* interaction tunes the reactivity of the CXXC motif, which is the critical feature of thioredoxin and other enzymes involved in redox homeostasis. In particular, an n→ π* interaction lowers the p Ka value of the N-terminal cysteine residue of the motif, which is the nucleophile that initiates catalysis. In addition, the interplay between disulfide n→ π* interactions and C5 hydrogen bonds leads to hyperstable β-strands. Finally, n→ π* interactions stabilize vicinal disulfide bonds, which are naturally diverse in function. These previously unappreciated n→ π* interactions are strong and underlie the ability of cysteine residues and disulfide bonds to engage in the structure and function of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Kilgore
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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25
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Akbulatov S, Tian Y, Huang Z, Kucharski TJ, Yang QZ, Boulatov R. Experimentally realized mechanochemistry distinct from force-accelerated scission of loaded bonds. Science 2018; 357:299-303. [PMID: 28729509 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stretching polymer chains accelerates dissociation of a variety of internal covalent bonds, to an extent that correlates well with the force experienced by the scissile bond. Recent theory has also predicted scenarios in which applied force accelerates dissociation of unloaded bonds and kinetically strengthens strained bonds. We report here unambiguous experimental validation of this hypothesis: Detailed kinetic measurements demonstrate that stretching phosphotriesters accelerates dissociation of the unloaded phosphorus-oxygen bond orthogonal to the pulling axis, whereas stretching organosiloxanes inhibits dissociation of the aligned loaded silicon-oxygen bonds. Qualitatively, the outcome is determined by phosphoester elongation and siloxane contraction along the pulling axis in the respective rate-determining transition states. Quantitatively, the results agree with a simple mechanochemical kinetics model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Qing-Zheng Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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26
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Polymer Mechanochemistry: A New Frontier for Physical Organic Chemistry. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Wang Y, Tian Y, Chen YZ, Niu LY, Wu LZ, Tung CH, Yang QZ, Boulatov R. A light-driven molecular machine based on stiff stilbene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7991-7994. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a new molecular design for optically triggered nm-scale translation of a submolecular component relative to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - Yu-Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Ya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
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28
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29
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Sammon MS, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Theoretical simulation of the infrared signature of mechanically stressed polymer solids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1710-1716. [PMID: 28904614 PMCID: PMC5564256 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress leads to deformation of strands in polymer solids, including elongation of covalent bonds and widening of bond angles, which changes the infrared spectrum. Here, the infrared spectrum of solid polymer samples exposed to mechanical stress is simulated by density functional theory calculations. Mechanical stress is described with the external force explicitly included (EFEI) method. The uneven distribution of the external stress on individual polymer strands is accounted for by a convolution of simulated spectra with a realistic force distribution. N-Propylpropanamide and propyl propanoate are chosen as model molecules for polyamide and polyester, respectively. The effect of a specific force on the polymer backbone is a redshift of vibrational modes involving the C-N and C-O bonds in the backbone, while the free C-O stretching mode perpendicular to the backbone is largely unaffected. The convolution with a realistic force distribution shows that the dominant effect on the strongest infrared bands is not a shift of the peak position, but rather peak broadening and a characteristic change in the relative intensities of the strongest bands, which may serve for the identification and quantification of mechanical stress in polymer solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Sammon
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Wang Y, Lv MZ, Song N, Liu ZJ, Wang C, Yang YW. Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Fluorescent Supramolecular Polymer Based on a Diselenium-Bridged Pillar[5]arene Dimer and an AIE-Active Tetraphenylethylene Guest. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC),
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhe Lv
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC),
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Nan Song
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC),
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Jie Liu
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC),
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC),
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC),
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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31
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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32
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Dopieralski P, Ribas–Arino J, Anjukandi P, Krupicka M, Marx D. Unexpected mechanochemical complexity in the mechanistic scenarios of disulfide bond reduction in alkaline solution. Nat Chem 2016; 9:164-170. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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33
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Advances in Quantum Mechanochemistry: Electronic Structure Methods and Force Analysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14137-14180. [PMID: 27767298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In quantum mechanochemistry, quantum chemical methods are used to describe molecules under the influence of an external force. The calculation of geometries, energies, transition states, reaction rates, and spectroscopic properties of molecules on the force-modified potential energy surfaces is the key to gain an in-depth understanding of mechanochemical processes at the molecular level. In this review, we present recent advances in the field of quantum mechanochemistry and introduce the quantum chemical methods used to calculate the properties of molecules under an external force. We place special emphasis on quantum chemical force analysis tools, which can be used to identify the mechanochemically relevant degrees of freedom in a deformed molecule, and spotlight selected applications of quantum mechanochemical methods to point out their synergistic relationship with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Churchfield LA, Medina-Morales A, Brodin JD, Perez A, Tezcan FA. De Novo Design of an Allosteric Metalloprotein Assembly with Strained Disulfide Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13163-13166. [PMID: 27649076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major goal in metalloprotein design is to build protein scaffolds from scratch that allow precise control over metal coordination. A particular challenge in this regard is the construction of allosteric systems in which metal coordination equilibria are coupled to other chemical events that take place elsewhere in the protein scaffold. We previously developed a metal-templated self-assembly strategy (MeTIR) to build supramolecular protein complexes with tailorable interfaces from monomeric building blocks. Here, using this strategy, we have incorporated multiple disulfide bonds into the interfaces of a Zn-templated cytochrome cb562 assembly in order to create mechanical strain on the quaternary structural level. Structural and biophysical analyses indicate that this strain leads to an allosteric system in which Zn2+ binding and dissociation are remotely coupled to the formation and breakage of a disulfide bond over a distance of >14 Å. The breakage of this strained bond upon Zn2+ dissociation occurs in the absence of any reductants, apparently through a hydrolytic mechanism that generates a sulfenic acid/thiol pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Churchfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0356, United States
| | - Annette Medina-Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0356, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Brodin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0356, United States
| | - Alfredo Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0356, United States
| | - F Akif Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0356, United States
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35
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Li F, Xie C, Cheng Z, Xia H. Ultrasound responsive block copolymer micelle of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol) obtained through click reaction. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 30:9-17. [PMID: 26703197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The well-defined amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) copolymer containing 1, 2, 3-triazole moiety and multiple ester bonds (PEG-click-PPG) was prepared by click reaction strategy. The PEG-click-PPG copolymer can self-assemble into spherical micelles in aqueous solution. It is found that high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can open the copolymer PEG-click-PPG micelles and trigger the release of the payload in the micelle. The multiple ester bonds introduced in the junction point of the copolymer chain through click reactions were cleaved under HIFU, and leads to the disruption of the copolymer micelle and fast release of loaded cargo. The click reaction provides a convenient way to construct ultrasound responsive copolymer micelles with weak bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayong Li
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhengang Cheng
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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36
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Abstract
Photoswitches convert light into mechanical energy by exerting forces on their environment during photoisomerization. However, the mechanical efficiency of this conversion is limited because a plethora of internal modes of the photoswitch do not contribute to the desired switching function but are also changed during the photoisomerization. Here we present a computational approach to quantify the efficiency of a photoswitch during the initial motion on the excited-state potential energy surface. We demonstrate the gist of our method by looking at the excited-state relaxation of carbon monoxide. Subsequently, the photoswitching efficiency of p-coumaric acid is analyzed as one representative example of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Zhang H, Gao F, Cao X, Li Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Mechanochromism and Mechanical-Force-Triggered Cross-Linking from a Single Reactive Moiety Incorporated into Polymer Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab; G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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38
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Zhang H, Gao F, Cao X, Li Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Mechanochromism and Mechanical-Force-Triggered Cross-Linking from a Single Reactive Moiety Incorporated into Polymer Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3040-4. [PMID: 26805709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of small reactive moieties, the reactivity of which depends on externally imposed load (so-called mechanophores) into polymer chains offers access to a broad range of stress-responsive materials. Here, we report that polymers incorporating spirothiopyran (STP) manifest both green mechanochromism and load-induced addition reactions in solution and solid. Stretching a macromolecule containing colorless STP converts it into green thiomerocyanine (TMC), the mechanically activated thiolate moiety of which undergoes rapid thiol-ene click reactions with certain reactive C=C bonds to form a graft or a cross-link. The unique dual mechanochemical response of STP makes it of potentially great utility both for the design of new stress-responsive materials and for fundamental studies in polymer physics, for example, the dynamics of physical and mechanochemical remodeling of loaded materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab, G31, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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39
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Stiff-stilbene photoswitch ruptures bonds not by pulling but by local heating. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15848-53. [PMID: 27228965 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The forces generated by stiff-stilbene during photoswitching are too low to cause bond rupture, which is instead initiated by heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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40
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Tian Y, Boulatov R. Comment on T. Stauch, A. Dreuw, “Stiff-stilbene photoswitch ruptures bonds not by pulling but by local heating”, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016,18, 15848. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:26990-26993. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We explain why the key premise of the above-cited paper (“local heating”) is based on misunderstanding of how fast solutes thermalize, of how molecular strain affects reaction rates and of the role of force in the modern models of mechanochemical kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Tian
- Chemistry Department
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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41
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Dopieralski P, Ribas-Arino J, Anjukandi P, Krupicka M, Marx D. Force-Induced Reversal of β-Eliminations: Stressed Disulfide Bonds in Alkaline Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Dopieralski
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wroclaw; Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB; Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Padmesh Anjukandi
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Martin Krupicka
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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42
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Dopieralski P, Ribas-Arino J, Anjukandi P, Krupicka M, Marx D. Force-Induced Reversal of β-Eliminations: Stressed Disulfide Bonds in Alkaline Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1304-8. [PMID: 26634891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of tensile forces on disulfide bond cleavage is not only crucial to the breaking of cross-linkers in vulcanized materials such as strained rubber, but also to the regulation of protein activity by disulfide switches. By using ab initio simulations in the condensed phase, we investigated the response of disulfide cleavage by β-elimination to mechanical stress. We reveal that the rate-determining first step of the thermal reaction, which is the abstraction of the β-proton, is insensitive to external forces. However, forces larger than about 1 nN were found to reshape the free-energy landscape of the reaction so dramatically that a second channel is created, where the order of the reaction steps is reversed, turning β-deprotonation into a barrier-free follow-up process to C-S cleavage. This transforms a slow and force-independent process with second-order kinetics into a unimolecular reaction that is greatly accelerated by mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Dopieralski
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany. .,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany. .,Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Padmesh Anjukandi
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Krupicka
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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43
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Lee B, Niu Z, Wang J, Slebodnick C, Craig SL. Relative Mechanical Strengths of Weak Bonds in Sonochemical Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10826-32. [PMID: 26247609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical strength of scissile chemical bonds plays a role in material failure and in the mechanical activation of latent reactivity, but quantitative measures of mechanical strength are rare. Here, we report the relative mechanical strength of polymers bearing three putatively "weak" scissile bonds: the carbon-nitrogen bond of an azobisdialkylnitrile (<30 kcal mol(-1)), the carbon-sulfur bond of a thioether (71-74 kcal mol(-1)), and the carbon-oxygen bond of a benzylphenyl ether (52-54 kcal mol(-1)). The mechanical strengths are assessed in the context of chain scission triggered by pulsed sonication of polymer solutions, by using two complementary techniques: (i) the competition within a single polymer chain between the bond scission of interest and the nonscissile mechanochemical ring opening of gem-dichlorocyclopropane mechanophores and (ii) the molecular weights at long (4 h) sonication times of multimechanophore polymers. The two methods produce a consistent story: in contrast to their thermodynamic strengths, the relative mechanical strengths of the three weak bonds are azobisdialkylnitrile (weakest) < thioether < benzylphenyl ether. The greater mechanical strength of the benzylphenyl ether relative to the thermodynamically stronger carbon-sulfur bond is ascribed to poor mechanochemical coupling, at least in part as a result of the rehybridization that accompanies carbon-oxygen bond scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Carla Slebodnick
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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44
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Li W, Baldus IB, Gräter F. Redox Potentials of Protein Disulfide Bonds from Free-Energy Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5386-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Li
- Heidelberg Institute
for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg
35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilona B. Baldus
- Heidelberg Institute
for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg
35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute
for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg
35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Li Y, Sheiko SS. Molecular Mechanochemistry: Engineering and Implications of Inherently Strained Architectures. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:1-36. [PMID: 25805145 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical activation of chemical bonds is usually achieved by applying external forces. However, nearly all molecules exhibit inherent strain of their chemical bonds and angles as a result of constraints imposed by covalent bonding and interactions with the surrounding environment. Particularly strong deformation of bonds and angles is observed in hyperbranched macromolecules caused by steric repulsion of densely grafted polymer branches. In addition to the tension amplification, macromolecular architecture allows for accurate control of strain distribution, which enables focusing of the internal mechanical tension to specific chemical bonds and angles. As such, chemically identical bonds in self-strained macromolecules become physically distinct because the difference in bond tension leads to the corresponding difference in the electronic structure and chemical reactivity of individual bonds within the same macromolecule. In this review, we outline different approaches to the design of strained macromolecules along with physical principles of tension management, including generation, amplification, and focusing of mechanical tension at specific chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
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46
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Kean ZS, Akbulatov S, Tian Y, Widenhoefer RA, Boulatov R, Craig SL. Photomechanical Actuation of Ligand Geometry in Enantioselective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14508-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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47
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Kean ZS, Akbulatov S, Tian Y, Widenhoefer RA, Boulatov R, Craig SL. Photomechanical Actuation of Ligand Geometry in Enantioselective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Anjukandi P, Dopieralski P, Ribas–Arino J, Marx D. The effect of tensile stress on the conformational free energy landscape of disulfide bonds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108812. [PMID: 25286308 PMCID: PMC4186883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bridges are no longer considered to merely stabilize protein structure, but are increasingly recognized to play a functional role in many regulatory biomolecular processes. Recent studies have uncovered that the redox activity of native disulfides depends on their C-C-S-S dihedrals, χ2 and χ'2. Moreover, the interplay of chemical reactivity and mechanical stress of disulfide switches has been recently elucidated using force-clamp spectroscopy and computer simulation. The χ2 and χ'2 angles have been found to change from conformations that are open to nucleophilic attack to sterically hindered, so-called closed states upon exerting tensile stress. In view of the growing evidence of the importance of C-C-S-S dihedrals in tuning the reactivity of disulfides, here we present a systematic study of the conformational diversity of disulfides as a function of tensile stress. With the help of force-clamp metadynamics simulations, we show that tensile stress brings about a large stabilization of the closed conformers, thereby giving rise to drastic changes in the conformational free energy landscape of disulfides. Statistical analysis shows that native TDi, DO and interchain Ig protein disulfides prefer open conformations, whereas the intrachain disulfide bridges in Ig proteins favor closed conformations. Correlating mechanical stress with the distance between the two a-carbons of the disulfide moiety reveals that the strain of intrachain Ig protein disulfides corresponds to a mechanical activation of about 100 pN. Such mechanical activation leads to a severalfold increase of the rate of the elementary redox S(N)2 reaction step. All these findings constitute a step forward towards achieving a full understanding of functional disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmesh Anjukandi
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr–Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Przemyslaw Dopieralski
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr–Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jordi Ribas–Arino
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr–Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr–Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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49
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Ji S, Cao W, Yu Y, Xu H. Dynamic Diselenide Bonds: Exchange Reaction Induced by Visible Light without Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6781-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ji S, Cao W, Yu Y, Xu H. Dynamic Diselenide Bonds: Exchange Reaction Induced by Visible Light without Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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