1
|
Gasevic T, Bamberg M, Wicke J, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Hansen A, Wagner M, Bursch M. Confined Lewis Pairs: Investigation of the X - →Si 20 Interaction in Halogen-Encapsulating Silafulleranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314238. [PMID: 38059423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A joint theoretical and experimental study on 32 endohedral silafullerane derivatives [X@Si20 Y20 ]- (X=F-I; Y=F-I, H, Me, Et) andT h ${T_h }$ -[Cl@Si20 H12 Y8 ]- (Y=F-I) is presented. First, we evaluated the structure-determining template effect of Cl- in a systematic series of concave silapolyquinane model systems. Second, we investigated the X- →Si20 interaction energy (E int ${E_{{\rm{int}}} }$ ) as a function of X- and Y and found the largestE int ${E_{{\rm{int}}} }$ values for electron-withdrawing exohedral substituents Y. Given that X- ions can be considered as Lewis bases and empty Si20 Y20 clusters as Lewis acids, we classify our inseparable host-guest complexes [X@Si20 Y20 ]- as "confined Lewis pairs". Third, 35 Cl NMR spectroscopy proved to be highly diagnostic for an experimental assessment of the Cl- →Si20 interaction as the paramagnetic shielding and, in turn, δ ${\delta }$ (35 Cl) of the endohedral Cl- ion correlate inversely withE int ${E_{{\rm{int}}} }$ . Finally, we disclose the synthesis of [PPN][Cl@Si20 Y20 ] (Y=Me, Et, Br) and provide a thorough characterization of these new silafulleranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gasevic
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Bamberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julius Wicke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Helmer J, Hepp A, Berger RJF, Lips F. Synthesis and functionalization of the six-vertex anionic amido-substituted silicon cluster [Si 6{N(SiMe 3)Ph} 5] . Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14949-14955. [PMID: 37800884 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03952d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the six-vertex amido-substituted silicon cluster Si6{N(SiMe3)Ph}6 1 with two equiv. of KC8 results in the abstraction of K{N(SiMe3)Ph} and leads to the contact ion pair 2 including an anionic silicon cluster with two unsubstituted pyramidal vertices. Facile functionalization of 2 was achieved with MeI, SiCl4 and SiBr4 and results in neutral two-fold functionalized silicon clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joschua Helmer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Raphael J F Berger
- Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg, Materialchemie, Jakob-Harringerstr. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Imex Aguirre Cardenas M, Siu TC, Pimentel AE, Hight MO, Shimono MG, Thai S, Carta V, Su TA. Installing Quaternary Germanium Centers in Sila-Diamondoid Cores via Skeletal Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20588-20594. [PMID: 37683101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes skeletal isomerization strategies to install one to four quaternary germanium atoms in the sila-adamantane core, in a cluster analogy to precision germanium doping in silicon-germanium alloys. The first strategy embodies an inorganic variant of single-atom skeletal editing, where we use a sila-Wagner-Meerwein bond shift cascade to exchange a peripheral Ge atom with a core Si atom. We can install up to four Ge atoms at the quaternary diamondoid centers based on controlling the SixGey stoichiometry of our precursor. We find that bridgehead Ge centers can be selectively functionalized over bridgehead Si centers in SiGe adamantanes; we use this chemistry in conjunction with scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction (STM-BJ) measurements to show that Si8Ge2 adamantane wires give a 60% increase in single-molecule conductance compared with Si10 adamantanes. These studies describe the first quantum transport measurements in sila-diamondoid structures, and demonstrate how main-chain Ge doping can be used to increase electronic transmission in sila-diamondoid-based molecular wires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Imex Aguirre Cardenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Timothy C Siu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ashley E Pimentel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Matthew O Hight
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Miku G Shimono
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Shalivahana Thai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Timothy A Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bamberg M, Gasevic T, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Grimme S, Bursch M, Wagner M. Regioselective Derivatization of Silylated [20]Silafulleranes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11440-11448. [PMID: 37171917 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Silafulleranes with endohedral Cl- ions are a unique, scarcely explored class of structurally well-defined silicon clusters and host-guest complexes. Herein, we report regioselective derivatization reactions on the siladodecahedrane [nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiCl3)12Cl8] ([nBu4N][1]), which has its cluster surface decorated with 12 SiCl3 and 8 Cl substituents in perfect Th symmetry. The room-temperature reaction of [nBu4N][1] with excess iBu2AlH in ortho-difluorobenzene (oDFB) furnishes perhydrogenated [nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiH3)12H8] ([nBu4N][2]) in 50% yield; the non-pyrophoric [2]- is the largest structurally authenticated (by X-ray diffraction) hydridosilane known to date. A simple switch from pure oDFB to an oDFB/Et2O solvent mixture suppresses core hydrogenation and results in the formation of [nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiH3)12Cl8] ([nBu4N][3]). In addition to the exhaustive Cl/H exchange at all 44 Si-Cl bonds of [1]- and the regioselective 36-fold silyl group hydrogenation, we achieved the simultaneous introduction of Me substituents at all 8 SiCl vertices along with the conversion of all 12 SiCl3 to SiH3 groups by treating [nBu4N][1] with Me2AlH/Me3Al in oDFB ([nBu4N][Cl@Si20(SiH3)12Me8], [nBu4N][4]; 73%). Quantum-chemical free-energy calculations find an SN2-Si-type hydrogenation of the exohedral SiCl3 moieties in [1]- (trigonal-bipyramidal intermediate) slightly preferred over metathesis-like SNi-Si substitutions (four-membered transition state). Cage hydrogenation likely occurs via SNi-Si processes. The experimentally demonstrated influence of an Et2O co-solvent, which drastically increases the respective reaction barriers, is attributed to the increased stability of the resulting iBu2AlH-OEt2 adduct and its higher steric bulk compared to free iBu2AlH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bamberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasevic
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao LJ, Xu HG, Xu XL, Zheng WJ. Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Studies of Ge 6MnO – Cluster with a Mn V≡O Unit Interacting with a Double Aromatic Ge 64– Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20524-20530. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keuter J, Dimitrova M, Janka O, Hepp A, Berger RJF, Lips F. An Anionic Amido-Substituted Seven-Vertex Siliconoid Cluster. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201473. [PMID: 35652723 PMCID: PMC9543723 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The silanide [Si4 {N(SiMe3 )Dipp}3 ]- (1) transforms into the anionic siliconoid cluster [Si7 {N(SiMe3 )Dipp}3 ]- (2) with four unsubstituted silicon atoms as a contact ion pair with [K([18]crown-6)] in C6 D6 at room temperature within five weeks. Anion 2 was investigated by natural population analysis and visualization of intrinsic atomic orbitals. Magnetically induced current-density calculations of 2 revealed two distinct strong diatropic vortices that sum up in one direction and create a strongly shielded apical silicon atom in 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Paris-Lodron Universität SalzburgMaterialchemieJakob-Harringerstr. 2a5020SalzburgAustria
| | - Oliver Janka
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Raphael J. F. Berger
- Paris-Lodron Universität SalzburgMaterialchemieJakob-Harringerstr. 2a5020SalzburgAustria
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCorrensstraße 28–3048149MünsterGermany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siu TC, Imex Aguirre Cardenas M, Seo J, Boctor K, Shimono MG, Tran IT, Carta V, Su TA. Site‐Selective Functionalization of Sila‐Adamantane and Its Ensuing Optical Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206877. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Siu
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | | | - Jacob Seo
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Kirllos Boctor
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Miku G. Shimono
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Isabelle T. Tran
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Timothy A. Su
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siu TC, Imex Aguirre Cardenas M, Seo J, Boctor K, Shimono MG, Tran IT, Carta V, Su TA. Site‐Selective Functionalization of Sila‐Adamantane and Its Ensuing Optical Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Siu
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | | | - Jacob Seo
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Kirllos Boctor
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Miku G. Shimono
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Isabelle T. Tran
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Timothy A. Su
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Helmer J, Hepp A, Lips F. A strongly twisted SiSi bond with resemblance to a buckled dimer in an unexpected isomer of hexasilabenzene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3254-3262. [PMID: 35133371 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reductive debromination of {N(SiMe3)Ph}SiBr31 with Rieke magnesium yields the six-vertex amido-substituted silicon cluster 2 with zwitterionic character that represents an unprecedented isomer of hexasilabenzene. The topology of Si1 and Si2 in 2 has bonding features of a highly twisted disilene and resembles that of a buckled dimer of Si(100)2 × 1 reconstructed surfaces. Cluster 2 forms the adducts 3 and 4 with NHCMe4 and DMAP, respectively. The NHC adduct 4 additionally coordinates to BH3 which affords the saturated cluster BH3NHCMe4Si6{N(SiMe3)Ph}6 (5). Furthermore, 2 undergoes addition with MeI and iodine to form the halogenated silicon clusters 6 and 7, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joschua Helmer
- Westfälische-Willhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische-Willhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische-Willhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin L, Wang Y, Xu L. Charge and Configuration Evolution of Intermetalloid Clusters [(Ge9)2M]q− (M/q = Ge/4, In/5, Cd/6, and K/7). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jantke LA, Karttunen AJ, Fässler TF. Chemi-Inspired Silicon Allotropes-Experimentally Accessible Si 9 Cages as Proposed Building Block for 1D Polymers, 2D Sheets, Single-Walled Nanotubes, and Nanoparticles. Molecules 2022; 27:822. [PMID: 35164088 PMCID: PMC8838638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies on silicon allotropes with three-dimensional networks or as materials of lower dimensionality have been carried out in the past. Herein, allotropes of silicon, which are based on structures of experimentally accessible [Si9]4- clusters known as stable anionic molecular species in neat solids and in solution, are predicted. Hypothetical oxidative coupling under the formation of covalent Si-Si bonds between the clusters leads to uncharged two-, one- and zero-dimensional silicon nanomaterials not suffering from dangling bonds. A large variety of structures are derived and investigated by quantum chemical calculations. Their relative energies are in the same range as experimentally known silicene, and some structures are even energetically more favorable than silicene. Significantly smaller relative energies are reached by the insertion of linkers in form of tetrahedrally connected Si atoms. A chessboard pattern built of Si9 clusters bridged by tetrahedrally connected Si atoms represents a two-dimensional silicon species with remarkably lower relative energy in comparison with silicene. We discuss the structural and electronic properties of the predicted silicon materials and their building block nido-[Si9]4- based on density functional calculations. All considered structures are semiconductors. The band structures exclusively show bands of low dispersion, as is typical for covalent polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Alice Jantke
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany;
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Streitferdt V, Tiefenthaler SM, Shenderovich IG, Gärtner S, Korber N, Gschwind RM. NMR‐Spectroscopic Detection of an Elusive Protonated and Coinage Metalated Silicide [NHC
Dipp
Cu(η
4
‐Si
9
)H]
2−
in Solution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Streitferdt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | | | | | - Stefanie Gärtner
- Central Analytics University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Nikolaus Korber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The continuously decreasing size of device features in microelectronics draws growing attention to the structuring of silicon at the molecular level with powerful tools provided by synthetic chemistry. Silicon clusters are of particular importance in this regard not only as potential precursors for silicon deposition but also as well-defined model systems for bulk and surfaces of silicon at the nanoscale as well as possible starting points for future construction of molecularly precise device structures. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview about the state of the art in the synthesis of molecular silicon clusters, which are grouped into (1) electron-precise saturated clusters, (2) soluble polyhedral Zintl anions, and (3) unsaturated silicon clusters, the so-called siliconoids. Particular attention is paid to functionalization as it is generally considered a necessary prerequisite for the design and construction of more extended systems. The interrelations between the three different classes of molecular silicon clusters, e.g., arising from the introduction of negatively charged functional groups, are highlighted on grounds of NMR properties and computed electronic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tiefenthaler SM, Streitferdt V, Baumann J, Gaertner S, Gschwind RM, Korber N. On the Reactivity of NHC
t
Bu
AuCl towards Rb
6
Cs
6
Si
17
: The First Gold‐Silicon Cluster [(NHC
t
Bu
Au)
6
(η
2
‐Si
4
)]Cl
2
·7NH
3
and an Imide Capped Gold Triangle (NHC
t
Bu
Au)
3
NHCl. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Streitferdt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Josef Baumann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Stefanie Gaertner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Nikolaus Korber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poitiers NE, Giarrana L, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Indirekte und direkte Anknüpfung von Übergangsmetallen an Silicoide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E. Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Poitiers NE, Giarrana L, Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Zimmer M, Scheschkewitz D. Indirect and Direct Grafting of Transition Metals to Siliconoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8532-8536. [PMID: 32092221 PMCID: PMC7317502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated charge‐neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids) are important as gas‐phase intermediates between molecules and the elemental bulk. With stable zirconocene‐ and hafnocene‐substituted derivatives, we here report the first examples containing directly bonded transition‐metal fragments that are readily accessible from the ligato‐lithiated Si6 siliconoid (1Li) and Cp2MCl2 (M=Zr, Hf). Charge‐neutral siliconoid ligands with pending tetrylene functionality were prepared by the reaction of amidinato chloro tetrylenes [PhC(NtBu)2]ECl (E=Si, Ge, Sn) with 1Li, thus confirming the principal compatibility of such low‐valent functionalities with the unsaturated Si6 cluster scaffold. The pronounced donor properties of the tetrylene/siliconoid hybrids allow for their coordination to the Fe(CO)4 fragment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E Poitiers
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kinga I Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schiegerl LJ, Karttunen AJ, Klein W, Fässler TF. Silicon clusters with six and seven unsubstituted vertices via a two-step reaction from elemental silicon. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9130-9139. [PMID: 31827755 PMCID: PMC6889835 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated silicon clusters with only partial substitution, and thus, "naked" Si atoms are well studied species as they are proposed intermediates in gas-phase deposition processes. Although a remarkable number of stable molecular clusters has been reported, they are typically still obtained by multi-step syntheses. Herein we introduce a newly developed synthetic approach which led to the formation of the anionic species {Si(TMS)3}3Si9 - (1a) and {Si(TMS)3}2Si9 2- (1b), and an extension of this synthetic protocol resulted in the first covalent attachment of ligands through metal atoms to these clusters, (SnCy3)3Si9 - (2a) and (SnCy3)2Si9 2- (2b). The influence of the substituents on the electron localization in the central Si9 unit is analyzed by means of intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis and partial atomic charge distribution. The IBO analyses reveal a new type of delocalization including 5-center-6-electron besides 3-center-2-electron bonds. The Raman spectra of 1b and 2b allow an assignment of the Si-Si intra-cluster vibrations by comparison to calculated (DFT-PBE0) spectra. The anions are formed in a one-step synthesis from binary K12Si17 which can easily be obtained by fusing the elements K and Si. The anions are characterized by ESI mass spectrometry and comprehensive NMR studies (1H, 13C, 29Si, 119Sn). Attempts to crystallize 1a and 2a as their (K-222crypt)+ salts yielded after the loss of one of the substituents single crystals containing 1b and 2b. The single crystal X-ray structure analyses reveal the presence of anionic siliconoids with surfaces of seven unsubstituted silicon atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz J Schiegerl
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
- WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science , Aalto University , 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
- WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Geitner FS, Klein W, Storcheva O, Tilley TD, Fässler TF. Early-Transition-Metal Complexes of Functionalized Nonagermanide Clusters: Synthesis and Characterization of [Cp2(MeCN)Ti(η1-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}3)] and K3[Cp2Ti(η1-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2)2]. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13293-13298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Geitner
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Oksana Storcheva
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Präsang C, Schwabedissen J, Berger RJF, Scheschkewitz D. Atomically Precise Expansion of Unsaturated Silicon Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5124-5128. [PMID: 30633856 PMCID: PMC6563707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small- to medium-sized clusters occur in various areas of chemistry, for example, as active species of heterogeneous catalysis or as transient intermediates during chemical vapor deposition. The manipulation of stable representatives is mostly limited to the stabilizing ligand periphery, virtually excluding the systematic variation of the property-determining cluster scaffold. We now report the deliberate expansion of a stable unsaturated silicon cluster from six to seven and finally eight vertices. The consecutive application of lithium/naphthalene as the reducing agent and decamethylsilicocene as the electrophilic source of silicon results in the expansion of the core by precisely one atom with the potential of infinite repetition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Carsten Präsang
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Division of Materials ChemistryUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
| | | | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of Inorganic and General ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken C4166123SaarbrückenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leszczyńska KI, Huch V, Präsang C, Schwabedissen J, Berger RJF, Scheschkewitz D. Erweiterung ungesättigter Siliciumcluster mit atomarer Genauigkeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga I. Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Carsten Präsang
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Division of Materials ChemistryUniversität Salzburg 5020 Salzburg Österreich
| | | | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken C41 66123 Saarbrücken Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Zhang C, Morgan HWT, Wang ZC, Liu C, Sun ZM, McGrady JE. Structural isomerism in the [(Ni@Sn9)In(Ni@Sn9)]5− Zintl ion. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15888-15895. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new Zintl cluster, [(Ni@Sn9)In(Ni@Sn9)]5−, has been isolated in two distinct isomeric forms, one where both Ni@Sn9 units are coordinated to the bridging indium atom in an η3- mode, the other where one is η3- and the other η4-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | | | - Zi-Chuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schiegerl LJ, Karttunen AJ, Klein W, Fässler TF. Anionic Siliconoids from Zintl Phases: R 3 Si 9 - with Six and R 2 Si 9 2- with Seven Unsubstituted Exposed Silicon Cluster Atoms (R=Si(tBu) 2 H). Chemistry 2018; 24:19171-19174. [PMID: 30393897 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neutral and anionic silicon clusters (siliconoids) are regarded as important model systems for bulk silicon surfaces. For 25 years their formation from binary alkali metal silicide phases has been proposed, but experimentally never realized. Herein the silylation of a silicide, leading to the anionic siliconoids (Si(tBu)2 H)3 Si9 - (1 a) and (Si(tBu)2 H)2 Si9 2- (2 a) with the highest known number of ligand-free silicon atoms is reported for the first time. The new anions are obtained in a one-step reaction of K12 Si17 /NH3 (liq.) and Si(tBu)2 HCl/THF. Electrospray ionization spectrometry and 1 H, 13 C, 29 Si, as well as 29 Si-HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation) NMR spectroscopy, confirm the attachment of three silyl groups at a [Si9 ]4- cluster under formation of 1 a, in accordance with calculated NMR shifts. During crystal growth the siliconoid di-anion 2 a is formed. The single-crystal X-ray structure determination reveals that two silyl groups are connected to the deltahedral Si9 cluster core, revealing seven unsubstituted exposed silicon cluster atoms with a hemispheroidal coordination. The negative charges -1 and -2 are delocalized over the six and seven siliconoid Si atoms in 1 a and 2 a, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz J Schiegerl
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.,WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.,WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mayer K, Weßing J, Fässler TF, Fischer RA. Intermetalloid Clusters: Molecules and Solids in a Dialogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14372-14393. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry with Focus on Novel Materials; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Jana Weßing
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry with Focus on Novel Materials; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mayer K, Weßing J, Fässler TF, Fischer RA. Intermetalloide Cluster: Moleküle und Festkörper im Dialog. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Jana Weßing
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schiegerl LJ, Karttunen AJ, Tillmann J, Geier S, Raudaschl-Sieber G, Waibel M, Fässler TF. Charged Si9
Clusters in Neat Solids and the Detection of [H2
Si9
]2−
in Solution: A Combined NMR, Raman, Mass Spectrometric, and Quantum Chemical Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz J. Schiegerl
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Jan Tillmann
- Wacker Chemie AG; Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie; Zielstattstraße 20 81379 Munich Germany
| | - Sebastian Geier
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | | | - Markus Waibel
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schiegerl LJ, Karttunen AJ, Tillmann J, Geier S, Raudaschl-Sieber G, Waibel M, Fässler TF. Charged Si9
Clusters in Neat Solids and the Detection of [H2
Si9
]2−
in Solution: A Combined NMR, Raman, Mass Spectrometric, and Quantum Chemical Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12950-12955. [PMID: 30009505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz J. Schiegerl
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University; 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Jan Tillmann
- Wacker Chemie AG; Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie; Zielstattstraße 20 81379 Munich Germany
| | - Sebastian Geier
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | | | - Markus Waibel
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lorenz C, Kaas M, Korber N. [ A
([18]crown-6)] 2
[Ni(CO) 3
]·8NH 3
( A
= K, Rb) - An Ammoniate with a Trigonal Planar [Ni(CO) 3
] 2-
Anion. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Lorenz
- Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93051 Regensburg Germany
| | - Marina Kaas
- Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93051 Regensburg Germany
| | - Nikolaus Korber
- Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93051 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu C, Popov IA, Chen Z, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Zintl Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 24:14583-14597. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Functional Nanomaterials University of Puerto Rico San Juan USA
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Henneberger T, Klein W, Fässler TF. Silicon Containing Nine Atom Clusters from Liquid Ammonia Solution: Crystal Structures of the First Protonated Clusters [HSi9]3-and [H2{Si/Ge}9]2-. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Henneberger
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Unsaturated silicon clusters are key intermediates of silicon deposition processes from the gas phase, which is reflected in the recently introduced term "siliconoids" for silicon rich clusters with at least one hemispheroidally coordinated vertex. Unlike the case of metalloid clusters of heavier Group 14 elements, stable homonuclear derivatives containing silicon have become available just recently. This review summarizes the developments since the first report on a stable unsaturated silicon cluster in 2005. The synthesis, structure and reactivity under retention of the unsaturated vertices (i.e. the functionalization) of stable siliconoids is discussed within the broader context of soluble Zintl anions of silicon and metalloid clusters. A structural parameter is introduced as a quantitative measure to characterize the "hemispheroidality" of an unsubstituted vertex of a siliconoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu C, Li LJ, Jin X, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Reactivity Studies of [Co@Sn9]4– with Transition Metal Reagents: Bottom-Up Synthesis of Ternary Functionalized Zintl Clusters. Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Geitner FS, Fässler TF. Low oxidation state silicon clusters – synthesis and structure of [NHCDippCu(η4-Si9)]3−. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12974-12977. [PMID: 29160873 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07995h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of NHCDippCuCl with the silicide phases A12Si17 (A: K, K/Rb, Rb) in NH3(l) yields [NHCDippCu(η4-Si9)]3− as a rare example of a metal complex of a [Si9] cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Geitner
- WACKER-Institute for Silicon Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Benda CB, Henneberger T, Klein W, Fässler TF. [Si4]4-and [Si9]4-Clusters Crystallized from Liquid Ammonia Solution - Synthesis and Characterization of K8[Si4][Si9]·(NH3)14.6. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. Benda
- Fakultät Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas Henneberger
- Fakultät Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Fakultät Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Fakultät Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y. Corey
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University
Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Willmes P, Leszczyńska K, Heider Y, Abersfelder K, Zimmer M, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Isolierung und vielseitige Derivatisierung eines ungesättigten anionischen Siliciumclusters (Silicoid). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Am Markt, Zeile 1 66123 Saarbrücken-Dudweiler Deutschland
| | - Kinga Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Am Markt, Zeile 1 66123 Saarbrücken-Dudweiler Deutschland
| | - Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Am Markt, Zeile 1 66123 Saarbrücken-Dudweiler Deutschland
| | - Kai Abersfelder
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Am Markt, Zeile 1 66123 Saarbrücken-Dudweiler Deutschland
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Am Markt, Zeile 1 66123 Saarbrücken-Dudweiler Deutschland
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Am Markt, Zeile 1 66123 Saarbrücken-Dudweiler Deutschland
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Professur für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Am Markt, Zeile 1 66123 Saarbrücken-Dudweiler Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Willmes P, Leszczyńska K, Heider Y, Abersfelder K, Zimmer M, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Isolation and Versatile Derivatization of an Unsaturated Anionic Silicon Cluster (Siliconoid). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2907-10. [PMID: 26800440 PMCID: PMC4770444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic features of bulk silicon surfaces are echoed in the related partially substituted—and thus unsaturated—neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids). The incorporation of siliconoids into more‐extended frameworks is promising owing to their unique electronic features, but further developments in this regard are limited by the notable absence of functionalized siliconoid derivatives until now. Herein we report the isolation and full characterization of the lithium salt of an anionic R5Si6‐siliconoid, thus providing the missing link between silicon‐based Zintl anions and siliconoid clusters. Proof‐of‐principle for the high potential of this species for the efficient transfer of the intact unsaturated R5Si6 moiety is demonstrated by clean reactions with representative electrophiles of Groups 13, 14, and 15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Am Markt, Zeile 1, 66123, Saarbrücken-Dudweiler, Germany
| | - Kinga Leszczyńska
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Am Markt, Zeile 1, 66123, Saarbrücken-Dudweiler, Germany
| | - Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Am Markt, Zeile 1, 66123, Saarbrücken-Dudweiler, Germany
| | - Kai Abersfelder
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Am Markt, Zeile 1, 66123, Saarbrücken-Dudweiler, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Am Markt, Zeile 1, 66123, Saarbrücken-Dudweiler, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Am Markt, Zeile 1, 66123, Saarbrücken-Dudweiler, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Am Markt, Zeile 1, 66123, Saarbrücken-Dudweiler, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pan FX, Xu CQ, Li LJ, Min X, Wang JQ, Li J, Zhai HJ, Sun ZM. A niobium-necked cluster [As3Nb(As3Sn3)]3− with aromatic Sn32−. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3874-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new Zintl cluster [As3Nb(As3Sn3)]3− was synthesized and characterized, in which an As3 triangle and a bowl-type As3Sn3 ligand are bridged by a niobium atom. The Sn3 ring is found to have σ-aromaticity featured by a delocalized Sn–Sn–Sn σ orbital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Jian-Qiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fendt F, Koch C, Neumeier M, Gärtner S, Gschwind RM, Korber N. Stability and Conversion of Tin Zintl Anions in Liquid Ammonia Investigated by NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2015; 21:14539-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
41
|
The First Chelate-Free Crystal Structure of a Silicide Transition Metal Complex [K0.28Rb7.72Si9Ni(CO)2]2·16NH3. CRYSTALS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst5030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
42
|
Nolan BM, Henneberger T, Waibel M, Fässler TF, Kauzlarich SM. Silicon Nanoparticles by the Oxidation of [Si4]4–- and [Si9]4–-Containing Zintl Phases and Their Corresponding Yield. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:396-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5027398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thomas Henneberger
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Waibel
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Susan M. Kauzlarich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Benda CB, Waibel M, Köchner T, Fässler TF. Reactivity of Liquid Ammonia Solutions of the Zintl Phase K12Sn17towards Mesitylcopper(I) and Phosphinegold(I) Chloride. Chemistry 2014; 20:16738-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
Hamberger M, Liebig S, Friedrich U, Korber N, Ruschewitz U. Evidence of Solubility of the Acetylide Ion C22−: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of K2C2⋅2 NH3, Rb2C2⋅2 NH3, and Cs2C2⋅7 NH3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:13006-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
47
|
Hamberger M, Liebig S, Friedrich U, Korber N, Ruschewitz U. Nachweis der Löslichkeit des Acetylidions C22−- Synthese und Kristallstrukturen von K2C2⋅2 NH3, Rb2C2⋅2 NH3und Cs2C2⋅7 NH3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
48
|
Waibel M, Henneberger T, Jantke LA, Fässler TF. [(η2-(Si/Ge)4)Zn(η2-(Si/Ge)4)]6− – novel Zintl clusters with mixed Si/Ge tetrahedra bridged by a Zn atom. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8676-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
49
|
Zhou B, Krämer T, Thompson AL, McGrady JE, Goicoechea JM. A Highly Distorted Open-Shell Endohedral Zintl Cluster: [Mn@Pb12]3–. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8028-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200329m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Scharfe S, Kraus F, Stegmaier S, Schier A, Fässler TF. Zintl-Ionen, Käfigverbindungen und intermetalloide Cluster der Elemente der 14. und 15. Gruppe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|