1
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Shukla RK, Yadav RK, Gole VL, Singh S, Gupta NK, Baeg JO. Photocatalytic fixation and oxygenation of NAD + /NADP + and sulfides using solar light: Exploring mechanistic investigations and their impact on synthetic applications. Photochem Photobiol 2023. [PMID: 38054563 DOI: 10.1111/php.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-doped Eosin-B (SDE-B) photocatalysts were synthesized for the first time utilizing sublimed sulfur (S8 ) as a dopant in an in situ thermal copolymerization technique. Sulfur doping not only increased Eosin-B (E-B) absorption range for solar radiation but also improved fixation and oxygenation capabilities. The doped sulfur bridges the S-S bond by substituting for the edge bromine of the E-B bond. The improved photocatalytic activity of SDE-B in the fixation and oxygenation of NAD+ /NADP+ and sulfides using solar light is attributed to the photo-induced hole of SDE-B's high fixation and oxygenation capacity, as well as an efficient suppression of electron and hole recombination. The powerful light-harvesting bridge system created using SDE-B as a photocatalyst works extremely well, resulting in high NADH/NADPH regeneration (79.58/76.36%) and good sulfoxide yields (98.9%) under solar light. This study focuses on the creation and implementation of a sulfur-doped photocatalyst for direct fine chemical regeneration and organic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Rajesh K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Vittal L Gole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Satyam Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Navneet Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jin-Ook Baeg
- Artificial Photosynthesis Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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2
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Koser L, Bach T. Total Synthesis of (-)-5-Deoxyenterocin and Attempted Late-Stage Functionalization Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301996. [PMID: 37452638 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of (-)-5-deoxyenterocin has been accomplished starting from pentane-1,3,5-triol (16 steps in the longest linear sequence, 0.2 % overall yield). (-)-Menthone served as the source of chirality to distinguish the enantiotopic hydroxymethyl groups of the substrate. Key steps of the synthesis include two aldol reactions to either end of the C5 -skeleton, a diastereoselective hydroxylation reaction and a biomimetic twofold intramolecular aldol reaction as the final step. Although this step suffered from geometrical constraints and was low yielding (10 %), enough synthetic material could be secured to substantiate the relative and absolute configuration of the natural product. Additional experiments were directed toward a C-H functionalization at carbon atom C5. Despite the fact that several protocols could be successfully applied to (3aR)-(+)-sclareolide as model substrate, (-)-5-deoxyenterocin withstood any selective functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Koser
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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3
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Jana S, De P, Dey C, Dey SG, Dey A, Gupta SS. Highly regioselective oxidation of C-H bonds in water using hydrogen peroxide by a cytochrome P450 mimicking iron complex. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10515-10523. [PMID: 37799989 PMCID: PMC10548533 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03495j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450, one of nature's oxidative workhorses, catalyzes the oxidation of C-H bonds in complex biological settings. Extensive research has been conducted over the past five decades to develop a fully functional mimic that activates O2 or H2O2 in water to oxidize strong C-H bonds. We report the first example of a synthetic iron complex that functionally mimics cytochrome P450 in 100% water using H2O2 as the oxidant. This iron complex, in which one methyl group is replaced with a phenyl group in either wing of the macrocycle, oxidized unactivated C-H bonds in small organic molecules with very high selectivity in water (pH 8.5). Several substrates (34 examples) that contained arenes, heteroaromatics, and polar functional groups were oxidized with predictable selectivity and stereoretention with moderate to high yields (50-90%), low catalyst loadings (1-4 mol%) and a small excess of H2O2 (2-3 equiv.) in water. Mechanistic studies indicated the oxoiron(v) to be the active intermediate in water and displayed unprecedented selectivity towards 3° C-H bonds. Under single-turnover conditions, the reactivity of this oxoiron(v) intermediate in water was found to be around 300 fold higher than that in CH3CN, thus implying the role water plays in enzymatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur 741246 Kolkata India
| | - Puja De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur 741246 Kolkata India
| | - Chinmay Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur 741246 Kolkata India
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4
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Castellino NJ, Montgomery AP, Danon JJ, Kassiou M. Late-stage Functionalization for Improving Drug-like Molecular Properties. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37285604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of late-stage functionalization (LSF) methodologies, particularly C-H functionalization, has revolutionized the field of organic synthesis. Over the past decade, medicinal chemists have begun to implement LSF strategies into their drug discovery programs, allowing for the drug discovery process to become more efficient. Most reported applications of late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs and drug-like molecules have been to rapidly diversify screening libraries to explore structure-activity relationships. However, there has been a growing trend toward the use of LSF methodologies as an efficient tool for improving drug-like molecular properties of promising drug candidates. In this review, we have comprehensively reviewed recent progress in this emerging area. Particular emphasis is placed on case studies where multiple LSF techniques were implemented to generate a library of novel analogues with improved drug-like properties. We have critically analyzed the current scope of LSF strategies to improve drug-like properties and commented on how we believe LSF can transform drug discovery in the future. Overall, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey of LSF techniques as tools for efficiently improving drug-like molecular properties, anticipating its continued uptake in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Li Z, Gao H, Mei H, Wu G, Soloshonok VA, Han J. Synthesis of Aminoalkyl Sclareolide Derivatives and Antifungal Activity Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104067. [PMID: 37241807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclareolide was developed as an efficient C-nucleophilic reagent for an asymmetric Mannich addition reaction with a series of N-tert-butylsulfinyl aldimines. The Mannich reaction was carried out under mild conditions, affording the corresponding aminoalkyl sclareolide derivatives with up to 98% yield and 98:2:0:0 diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, the reaction could be performed on a gram scale without any reduction in yield and diastereoselectivity. Additionally, deprotection of the obtained Mannich addition products to give the target sclareolide derivatives bearing a free N-H group was demonstrated. In addition, target compounds 4-6 were subjected to an antifungal assay in vitro, which showed considerable antifungal activity against forest pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guangwei Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicines, Peking University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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6
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Simons RT, Nandakumar M, Kwon K, Ayer SK, Venneti NM, Roizen JL. Directed Photochemically Mediated Nickel-Catalyzed (Hetero)arylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10.1021/jacs.2c13409. [PMID: 36780585 PMCID: PMC10423309 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H centers is challenging because of the ubiquity and strength of alkyl C-H bonds. Herein, we disclose a position-selective C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling reaction. This process engages C(sp3)-H bonds and aryl bromides, utilizing catalytic quantities of a photoredox-capable molecule and a nickel precatalyst. Using this technology, selective C-H functionalization arises owing to a 1,6-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process that is guided by a pendant alcohol-anchored sulfamate ester. These transformations proceed directly from N-H bonds, in contrast to previous directed, radical-mediated, C-H arylation processes, which have relied on prior oxidation of the reactive nitrogen center in reactions with nucleophilic arenes. Moreover, these conditions promote arylation at secondary centers in good yields with excellent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Thomas Simons
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Meganathan Nandakumar
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Kitae Kwon
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Suraj K. Ayer
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Naresh M. Venneti
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
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7
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Kalshetti RG, Rajput R, Motiwala Z, Srinivasa Reddy D, Kulkarni KA, Ramana CV. Postmodification of voxelotor (GBT 440) via [Rh]-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative coupling with olefins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 77:129022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Ma S, Wang S, Cao J, Liu F. Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Activation Free Energy in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based C-H Activation Reactions: From Empirical Model to Artificial Neural Networks. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34858-34867. [PMID: 36211072 PMCID: PMC9535641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A well-performing machine learning (ML) model is obtained by using proper descriptors and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, which can quickly and accurately predict activation free energy in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based sp3 C-H activation. Density functional theory calculations (UωB97X-D) are used to establish the reaction system data sets of methoxyl (CH3O·), trifluoroethoxyl (CF3CH2O·), tert-butoxyl (tBuO·), and cumyloxyl (CumO·) radicals. The simplified Roberts' equation proposed in our recent study works here [R 2 = 0.84, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.85 kcal/mol]. Its performance is comparable with univariate Mulliken-type electronegativity (χ) with the ANN model. The ANN model with bond dissociation free energy, χ, α-unsaturation, and Nolan buried volume (%V buried) successively improves R 2 and MAE to 0.93 and 0.54 kcal/mol, respectively. It reproduces the test sets of trichloroethoxyl (CCl3CH2O·) with R 2 = 0.87 and MAE = 0.89 kcal/mol and accurately predicts the relative experimental barrier of the HAT reactions with CumO· and the site selectivity of CH3O·.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shipeng Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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9
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Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Electronic control over site-selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based C(sp 3)-H functionalization promoted by electrophilic reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2171-2223. [PMID: 35229835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most investigated approaches to develop new synthetic methodology. Among the available strategies for intermolecular C-H bond functionalization, increasing attention has been devoted to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based procedures promoted by radical or radical-like reagents, that offer the opportunity to introduce a large variety of atoms and groups in place of hydrogen under mild conditions. Because of the large number of aliphatic C-H bonds displayed by organic molecules, in these processes control over site-selectivity represents a crucial issue, and the associated factors have been discussed. In this review article, attention will be devoted to the role of electronic effects on C(sp3)-H bond functionalization site-selectivity. Through an analysis of the recent literature, a detailed description of the HAT reagents employed in these processes, the associated mechanistic features and the selectivity patterns observed in the functionalization of substrates of increasing structural complexity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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10
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El-Assaad TH, Zhu J, Sebastian A, McGrath DV, Neogi I, Parida KN. Dioxiranes: A Half-Century Journey. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dioxiranes are multi-tasking reagents inheriting mild and selective oxygen transfer attributes. These oxidants are accessed from the reaction of ketones with an oxidant and are employed stoichiometrically or catalytically (in...
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11
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Zima AM, Babushkin DE, Lyakin OY, Bryliakov KP, Talsi EP. High‐Spin and Low‐Spin State Perferryl Intermediates: Reactivity‐Selectivity Correlation in Fe(PDP) Catalyzed Oxidation of (+)‐Sclareolide. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Zima
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | | | - Oleg Y. Lyakin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | | | - Evgenii P. Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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12
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Lasso JD, Castillo-Pazos DJ, Li CJ. Green chemistry meets medicinal chemistry: a perspective on modern metal-free late-stage functionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10955-10982. [PMID: 34382989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The progress of drug discovery and development is paced by milestones reached in organic synthesis. In the last decade, the advent of late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions has represented a valuable breakthrough. Recent literature has defined these reactions as the chemoselective modification of complex molecules by means of C-H functionalization or the manipulation of endogenous functional groups. Traditionally, these diversifications have been accomplished by organometallic means. However, the presence of metals carries disadvantages related to their cost, environmental hazard and health risks. Fundamentally, green chemistry directives can help minimize such hazards through the development of metal-free LSF methodologies. In this review, we expand the current discussion on metal-free LSF reactions by providing an overview of C(sp2)-H, and C(sp3)-H functionalizations, as well as the utilization of heteroatom-containing functional groups as chemical handles. Selected topics such as metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions, organocatalysis, electrochemistry and photochemistry are also discussed. By writing the first review on metal-free LSF methodologies, we aim to highlight current advances in the field with examples that reveal specific challenges and solutions, as well as future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Lasso
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Durbis J Castillo-Pazos
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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13
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Griffin JD, Vogt DB, Du Bois J, Sigman MS. Mechanistic Guidance Leads to Enhanced Site-Selectivity in C–H Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Ruthenium bis(Bipyridine) Complexes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - David B. Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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14
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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15
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Mn aminopyridine oxidase mimics: Switching between biosynthetic-like and xenobiotic regioselectivity in C H oxidation of (-)-ambroxide. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Devi SP, Mittal A, Kakkar R. Computational Studies on Reactions of Some Organic Azides with C−H Bonds. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shougaijam Premila Devi
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Ankit Mittal
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Rita Kakkar
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
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17
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Pak BS, Supantanapong N, Vanderwal CD. The Recurring Roles of Chlorine in Synthetic and Biological Studies of the Lissoclimides. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1131-1142. [PMID: 33544578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products number in the thousands, but only in rare cases are the evolutionary advantages conferred by the halogens understood. We set out to investigate the lissoclimide family of cytotoxins, which includes several chlorinated members, because of our long-standing interest in the synthesis of chlorinated secondary metabolites.Our initial success in this endeavor was a semisynthesis of chlorolissoclimide (CL) from the commercially available sesquiterpenoid sclareolide. Featuring a highly selective and efficient-and plausibly biomimetic-C-H chlorination, we were able to access enough CL for collaborative studies, including X-ray cocrystallography with the eukaryotic ribosome. Through this experiment, we learned that CL's chlorine atom engages in a novel halogen-π dispersion interaction with a neighboring nucleobase in the ribosome E-site.Owing to the limitations of our semisynthesis approach, we established an analogue-oriented approach to access numerous lissoclimide compounds to both improve our understanding of structure-activity relationships and to learn more about the halogen-π interaction. In the course of these studies, we made over a dozen lissoclimide-like compounds, the most interesting of which contained chlorine-bearing carbons with unnatural configurations. Rationalizing the retained potency of these compounds that appeared to be a poor fit for the lissoclimide binding pocket, we came to realize that the chlorine atoms would engage in these same halogen-π interactions even at the expense of a chair to twist-boat conformational change, which also permitted the compounds to fit in the binding site.Finally, because neither of the first two approaches could easily access the most potent natural lissoclimides, we designed a synthesis that took advantage of rarely used terminal epoxides to initiate polyene cyclizations. In this case, the chlorine atom was incorporated early and helped control the stereochemical outcome of the key step.Over the course of this project, three different synthesis approaches were designed and executed, and our ability to access numerous lissoclimides fueled a range of collaborative biological studies. Further, chlorine played impactful roles throughout various aspects of both synthesis and biology. We remain inspired to learn more about the mechanism of action of these compounds and to deeply investigate the potentially valuable halogen-π dispersion interaction in the context of small molecule/nucleic acid binding. In that context, our work offers an instance wherein we might have gained a rudimentary understanding of the evolutionary importance of the halogen in a halogenated natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie S. Pak
- Department of Chemistry, UC Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Nantamon Supantanapong
- Department of Chemistry, UC Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher D. Vanderwal
- Department of Chemistry, UC Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC Irvine, 101 Theory, Suite 101, Irvine, California 92697-3958, United States
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18
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Chandra B, K M H, Pattanayak S, Gupta SS. Oxoiron(v) mediated selective electrochemical oxygenation of unactivated C-H and C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds using water as the oxygen source. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11877-11885. [PMID: 34094416 PMCID: PMC8162932 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical method for the selective oxidation of C–H bonds of unactivated alkanes (BDE ≤97 kcal mol−1) and CC bonds of alkenes using a biomimetic iron complex, [(bTAML)FeIII-OH2]−, as the redox mediator in an undivided electrochemical cell with inexpensive carbon and nickel electrodes is reported. The O-atom of water remains the source of O-incorporation in the product formed after oxidation. The products formed upon oxidation of C–H bonds display very high regioselectivity (75 : 1, 3° : 2° for adamantane) and stereo-retention (RC ∼99% for cyclohexane derivatives). The substrate scope includes natural products such as cedryl acetate and ambroxide. For alkenes, epoxides were obtained as the sole product. Mechanistic studies show the involvement of a high-valent oxoiron(v) species, [(bTAML)FeV(O)]− formed via PCET (overall 2H+/2e−) from [(bTAML)FeIII-OH2]− in CPE at 0.80 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3). Moreover, electrokinetic studies for the oxidation of C–H bonds indicate a second-order reaction with the C–H abstraction by oxoiron(v) being the rate-determining step. A biomimetic iron complex-mediated selective and efficient electrochemical oxygenation of unactivated C–H bonds and CC bonds using water as an O-atom source.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bittu Chandra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
| | - Hellan K M
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
| | - Santanu Pattanayak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
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19
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Kanda Y, Ishihara Y, Wilde NC, Baran PS. Two-Phase Total Synthesis of Taxanes: Tactics and Strategies. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10293-10320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kanda
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nathan C. Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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20
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Vicens L, Olivo G, Costas M. Rational Design of Bioinspired Catalysts for Selective Oxidations. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Vicens
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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21
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Hong B, Luo T, Lei X. Late-Stage Diversification of Natural Products. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:622-635. [PMID: 32490181 PMCID: PMC7256965 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage diversification of natural products is an efficient way to generate natural product derivatives for drug discovery and chemical biology. Benefiting from the development of site-selective synthetic methodologies, late-stage diversification of natural products has achieved notable success. This outlook will outline selected examples of novel methodologies for site-selective transformations of reactive functional groups and inert C-H bonds that enable late-stage diversification of complex natural products. Accordingly, late-stage diversification provides an opportunity to rapidly access various derivatives for modifying lead compounds, identifying cellular targets, probing protein-protein interactions, and elucidating natural product biosynthetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Hong
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking
University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuoping Luo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy
for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Synthetic
and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking
University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- E-mail:
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22
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D'Accolti L, Annese C, Fusco C. Continued Progress towards Efficient Functionalization of Natural and Non-natural Targets under Mild Conditions: Oxygenation by C-H Bond Activation with Dioxirane. Chemistry 2019; 25:12003-12017. [PMID: 31150563 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The successful isolation and characterization of a dioxirane species in 1988 opened up one of the most attractive methods for the efficient oxidation of simple and/or structurally complex molecules. Dioxirane today rank among the most powerful tools in organic chemistry, with numerous applications in commercially important processes. They were quickly recognized as efficient oxygen transfer agents, especially for epoxidations and for a wide range of O-insertion reactions into C-H bonds. Dioxirane possess catalytic activity and appear as highly (chemo-, regio-, and stereo-) selective oxidants, despite their reactivity under mild and strictly neutral conditions being controlled by a combination of steric and electronic factors. In this review, we discuss some of the most recent and significant developments in the selective homogeneous and heterogeneous oxyfunctionalization of non-activated C-H bonds in hydrocarbons of natural and non-natural targets by using isolated dioxirane or, more generally, by using the ketones (i.e., the dioxirane precursors) as organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D'Accolti
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Annese
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Council of Research of Italy, CNR-ICCOM, SS Bari, Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusco
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Council of Research of Italy, CNR-ICCOM, SS Bari, Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Bari, Italy
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23
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Hu C, Hong G, Nahide PD, He Y, Zhou C, Kozlowski MC, Wang L. C(sp 3)-H hydroxylation of fluorenes, oxindoles and benzofuranones with a Mg(NO 3) 2-HP(O)Ph 2 oxidation system. Org Chem Front 2019; 6:3167-3171. [PMID: 31516715 DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00778d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel oxidation system in which magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2] is used as an oxidant in the presence of diphe-nylphosphine oxide [HP(O)Ph2] permits the C(sp3)-H hydroxylation of fluorenes, oxindoles, and benzofuranones. This method features high efficiency, good functional group tolerance, and operational simplicity. The synthetic utility is highlighted by further transformations to valuable organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Gang Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pradip D Nahide
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yuchen He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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24
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Moir M, Danon JJ, Reekie TA, Kassiou M. An overview of late-stage functionalization in today’s drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1137-1149. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1653850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moir
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Tristan A. Reekie
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Burns AS, Rychnovsky SD. Total Synthesis and Structure Revision of (-)-Illisimonin A, a Neuroprotective Sesquiterpenoid from the Fruits of Illicium simonsii. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13295-13300. [PMID: 31408328 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Illisimonin A was isolated from Illicium simonsii and has a previously unreported tricyclic carbon framework. It displayed neuroprotective effects against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell injury in SH-SY5Y cells. It incorporates a highly strained trans-pentalene ring system. We report the first synthesis of (±)-illisimonin A. Notable steps in the route include a 1,3-dioxa-2-silacyclohexene templated Diels-Alder cycloaddition and type-3 semipinacol rearrangement to generate the trans-pentalene. The final step is an iron-catalyzed C-H oxidation. The synthetic route is robust, with 94 mg of racemic material prepared in a single pass. Resolving an intermediate enabled the synthesis of natural (-)-illisimonin A. The absolute configuration of (-)-illisimonin A was revised to 1S,4S,5S,6S,7R,9R,10R based on the X-ray structure of a heavy-atom analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Burns
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , 1102 Natural Sciences II , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Scott D Rychnovsky
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , 1102 Natural Sciences II , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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26
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Kanegusuku ALG, Castanheiro T, Ayer SK, Roizen JL. Sulfamyl Radicals Direct Photoredox-Mediated Giese Reactions at Unactivated C(3)-H Bonds. Org Lett 2019; 21:6089-6095. [PMID: 31313933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-anchored sulfamate esters guide the alkylation of tertiary and secondary aliphatic C(3)-H bonds. The transformation proceeds directly from N-H bonds with a catalytic oxidant, a contrast to prior methods which have required preoxidation of the reactive nitrogen center, or employed stoichiometric amounts of strong oxidants to obtain the sulfamyl radical. These sulfamyl radicals template otherwise rare 1,6-hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) processes via seven-membered ring transition states to enable C(3)-H functionalization during Giese reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia L G Kanegusuku
- Duke University , Department of Chemistry , Box 90346, Durham , North Carolina 27708-0354 , United States
| | - Thomas Castanheiro
- Duke University , Department of Chemistry , Box 90346, Durham , North Carolina 27708-0354 , United States
| | - Suraj K Ayer
- Duke University , Department of Chemistry , Box 90346, Durham , North Carolina 27708-0354 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Duke University , Department of Chemistry , Box 90346, Durham , North Carolina 27708-0354 , United States
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27
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Gao Y, Xu H, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Tang C, Fan W. Visible-light photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with a perylene diimide photocatalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7144-7149. [PMID: 31328217 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00945k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitized oxygenation has been recognised as a modern method of incorporating oxygen into a substrate, as it offers environmentally benign alternatives to several conventional synthetic procedures. A metal-free aerobic selective sulfoxidation photosensitized by a perylene diimide photocatalyst has been developed. The reaction utilizes visible light as the driving force and molecular oxygen as the oxidant. The advantages of the developed method include high efficiency and selectivity, extremely simple operation and work-up procedure, mild reaction conditions, and practical application in late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Huan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Weizheng Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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28
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Abstract
Owing to the pervasiveness of hydroxyl groups in natural isolates, alcohol derivatives are alluring directing groups. Herein, an alcohol-derived sulfamate ester guides the light-initiated xanthylation of primary, secondary, or tertiary centers. This process enables formal directed deuteration, azidation, thiolation, and vinylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj K. Ayer
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708–0354, USA
| | - J. L. Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708–0354, USA
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29
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Fu J, Ren Z, Bacsa J, Musaev DG, Davies HML. Desymmetrization of cyclohexanes by site- and stereoselective C-H functionalization. Nature 2018; 564:395-399. [PMID: 30568203 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds have long been considered unreactive and are inert to traditional chemical reagents, yet new methods for the transformation of these bonds are continually being developed1-9. However, it is challenging to achieve such transformations in a highly selective manner, especially if the C-H bonds are unactivated10 or not adjacent to a directing group11-13. Catalyst-controlled site-selectivity-in which the inherent reactivities of the substrates14 can be overcome by choosing an appropriate catalyst-is an appealing concept, and substantial effort has been made towards catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization6,15-17, in particular methylene C-H bond functionalization. However, although several new methods have targeted these bonds in cyclic alkanes, the selectivity has been relatively poor18-20. Here we illustrate an additional level of sophistication in catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization, whereby unactivated cyclohexane derivatives can be desymmetrized in a highly site- and stereoselective manner through donor/acceptor carbene insertion. These studies demonstrate the potential of catalyst-controlled site-selectivity to govern which C-H bond will react, which could enable new strategies for the production of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhi Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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30
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Lesieur M, Battilocchio C, Labes R, Jacq J, Genicot C, Ley SV, Pasau P. Direct Oxidation of Csp
3
−H bonds using in Situ Generated Trifluoromethylated Dioxirane in Flow. Chemistry 2018; 25:1203-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lesieur
- UCB Biopharma Avenue de l'industrie 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Labes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Jérôme Jacq
- UCB Biopharma Avenue de l'industrie 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
| | | | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Patrick Pasau
- UCB Biopharma Avenue de l'industrie 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
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31
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Cao J, Fang R, Liu JY, Lu H, Luo YC, Xu PF. Organocatalytic Regiodivergent C−C Bond Cleavage of Cyclopropenones: A Highly Efficient Cascade Approach to Enantiopure Heterocyclic Frameworks. Chemistry 2018; 24:18863-18867. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Ran Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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32
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Milan M, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. The Quest for Selectivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer Based Aliphatic C-H Bond Oxygenation. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1984-1995. [PMID: 30080039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic C-H bond functionalization is at the frontline of research because it can provide straightforward access to simplified and cost-effective synthetic procedures. A number of these methodologies are based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), which, as a consequence of the inert character of C-H bonds, often represents the most challenging step of the overall process. Because the majority of organic molecules contain multiple nonequivalent C-H bonds that display similar chemical properties, differentiating between these bonds with high levels of selectivity represents one of the most challenging issues. Clarification of the factors that govern the relative reactivity of C-H bonds toward HAT reagents is thus of primary importance in order to develop selective functionalization procedures. In this Account we describe, through the combination of kinetic studies employing a genuine HAT reagent such as the cumyloxyl radical, along with oxidations performed with H2O2 and iron or manganese catalysts, our contribution toward the development of selective C-H functionalization methodologies. Despite the different nature of these reagents, an oxygen-centered radical and a metal-oxo species, congruent reactivity and selectivity patterns have emerged, providing strong evidence that both reactions proceed via HAT. Consequently, selectivity in this class of metal catalyzed C-H oxidations can be reasonably predicted and synthetically exploited. Amides have been identified as preferential functional groups for governing selectivity on the basis of electronic, steric, and stereoelectronic effects. Torsional effects have proven moreover to be particularly important C-H directing factors in the oxidation of cyclohexane scaffolds where a delicate balance of these effects, in synergistic combination with catalyst design, enables highly chemoselective and enantioselective oxidations. Medium effects have been also shown to govern the relative HAT reactivity of C-H bonds in proximity to polar, hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) functional groups. By engaging in hydrogen bonding with these groups, fluorinated alcohols strongly deactivate proximal C-H bonds toward HAT-based oxidation. As a result, alcohols, ethers, amines, and amides, which are electron rich and effective proximal C-H activating groups toward HAT reagents in conventional solvents, become oxidatively robust deactivating functionalities that direct C-H oxidation toward remote positions. These deactivating effects enable moreover the accomplishment of product chemoselective methylenic hydroxylations. Overall, clarification of the factors that govern HAT-based reactions has served to provide unique examples of catalytic methodologies for chemoselective and enantioselective oxidation of nonactivated aliphatic C-H bonds of potential utility in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Milan
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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33
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Wang Y, Hu X, Morales-Rivera CA, Li GX, Huang X, He G, Liu P, Chen G. Epimerization of Tertiary Carbon Centers via Reversible Radical Cleavage of Unactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9678-9684. [PMID: 29983059 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversible cleavage of C(sp3)-H bonds can enable racemization or epimerization, offering a valuable tool to edit the stereochemistry of organic compounds. While epimerization reactions operating via cleavage of acidic C(sp3)-H bonds, such as the Cα-H of carbonyl compounds, have been widely used in organic synthesis and enzyme-catalyzed biosynthesis, epimerization of tertiary carbons bearing a nonacidic C(sp3)-H bond is much more challenging with few practical methods available. Herein, we report the first synthetically useful protocol for the epimerization of tertiary carbons via reversible radical cleavage of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds with hypervalent iodine reagent benziodoxole azide and H2O under mild conditions. These reactions exhibit excellent reactivity and selectivity for unactivated 3° C-H bonds of various cycloalkanes and offer a powerful strategy for editing the stereochemical configurations of carbon scaffolds intractable to conventional methods. Mechanistic study suggests that the unique ability of N3• to serve as a catalytic H atom shuttle is critical to reversibly break and reform 3° C-H bonds with high efficiency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Xiafei Hu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Cristian A Morales-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Guo-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , China.,Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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34
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Milan M, Bietti M, Costas M. Aliphatic C-H Bond Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Manganese Complexes: Directing Selectivity through Torsional Effects. Org Lett 2018; 20:2720-2723. [PMID: 29676920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substituted N-cyclohexyl amides undergo aliphatic C-H bond oxidation with H2O2 catalyzed by manganese complexes. The reactions are directed by torsional effects leading to site-selective oxidation of cis-1,4-, trans-1,3-, and cis-1,2-cyclohexanediamides. The corresponding diastereoisomers are unreactive under the same conditions. Competitive oxidation of cis- trans mixtures of 4-substituted N-cyclohexylamides leads to quantitative conversion of the cis-isomers, allowing isolation and successive conversion of the trans-isomers into densely functionalized oxidation products with excellent site selectivity and good enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Milan
- Institut de Química Computational i Catàlisi, IQCC and Departament de Química , Universitat de Girona , Campus de Montilivi , 17003 Girona , Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università"Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 , I-00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computational i Catàlisi, IQCC and Departament de Química , Universitat de Girona , Campus de Montilivi , 17003 Girona , Spain
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35
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Vidal D, Olivo G, Costas M. Controlling Selectivity in Aliphatic C−H Oxidation through Supramolecular Recognition. Chemistry 2018; 24:5042-5054. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Vidal
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi; 17071 Girona Spain
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi; 17071 Girona Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi; 17071 Girona Spain
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36
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Deng J, Wu J, Tian H, Bao J, Shi Y, Tian W, Gui J. Alkynes From Furans: A General Fragmentation Method Applied to the Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Aglatomin B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jiajing Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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37
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Deng J, Wu J, Tian H, Bao J, Shi Y, Tian W, Gui J. Alkynes From Furans: A General Fragmentation Method Applied to the Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Aglatomin B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3617-3621. [PMID: 29388298 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Furans are versatile synthons in organic chemistry. Described is a general method for transforming furans into alkynes by dual C-C double-bond cleavage. The reaction is proposed to proceed by sequential [4+2] cycloaddition between furan and singlet oxygen and a formal retro-(3+2) fragmentation of the endoperoxide intermediate. A wide array of furans, including those derived from sapogenins, are amenable to this reaction, thus providing the corresponding alkynoic acids in up to 88 % yields. The synthetic utility was demonstrated by a seven-step synthesis of the proposed structure of a pregnane natural product, aglatomin B, from a known intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiajing Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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38
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Ni J, Ozawa J, Oisaki K, Kanai M. Directing activator-assisted regio- and oxidation state-selective aerobic oxidation of secondary C(sp(3))-H bonds in aliphatic alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:4378-81. [PMID: 27109464 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00678g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective conversion of an unactivated C(sp(3))-H bond of a methylene carbon (CH2) into a C-O single bond is an attractive reaction in organic synthesis. Herein, we present a strategy for a regio- and oxidation state-selective aerobic C-H oxidation based on an N-hydroxyamide-derived directing activator (DA), which is attached to a hydroxy group in alcohol substrates. The DA reacts with NOx species generated in situ from NaNO2, a Brønsted acid, and aerobic oxygen, and effectively generates an amidoxyl radical from the N-hydroxy moiety of the DA. Then, the amidoxyl radical promotes site-selective intramolecular C-H abstraction from methylenes with γ- (or δ-) selectivity. The thus-generated methylene radicals are trapped by molecular oxygen and NO. This process results in the predominant formation of nitrate esters as products, which suppresses undesired overoxidation. The products can be easily converted into alcohols after hydrogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhi Ni
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. and Japan Science Technology Agency (JST), ERATO Kanai Life Science Catalysis Project, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jun Ozawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kounosuke Oisaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. and Japan Science Technology Agency (JST), ERATO Kanai Life Science Catalysis Project, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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39
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Short MA, Blackburn JM, Roizen JL. Sulfamate Esters Guide Selective Radical-Mediated Chlorination of Aliphatic C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:296-299. [PMID: 29096044 PMCID: PMC5745255 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Masked alcohols are particularly appealing as directing groups because of the ubiquity of hydroxy groups in organic small molecules. Herein, we disclose a general strategy for aliphatic γ-C(sp3 )-H functionalization guided by a masked alcohol. Specifically, we determine that sulfamate ester derived nitrogen-centered radicals mediate 1,6-hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) processes to guide γ-C(sp3 )-H chlorination. This reaction proceeds through a light-initiated radical chain-propagation process and is capable of installing chlorine atoms at primary, secondary, and tertiary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Short
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
| | - J Miles Blackburn
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
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40
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Ma Z, Chen C. Natural products as inspiration for the development of new synthetic methods. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018; 65:43-59. [PMID: 29430058 PMCID: PMC5800783 DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have played an important role in shaping modern synthetic organic chemistry. In particular, their complex molecular skeletons have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods. We highlight in this article some recent examples of synthetic design inspired by the biosynthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
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41
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Dantignana V, Milan M, Cussó O, Company A, Bietti M, Costas M. Chemoselective Aliphatic C-H Bond Oxidation Enabled by Polarity Reversal. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1350-1358. [PMID: 29296677 PMCID: PMC5746866 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods for selective oxidation of aliphatic C-H bonds are called on to revolutionize organic synthesis by providing novel and more efficient paths. Realization of this goal requires the discovery of mechanisms that can alter in a predictable manner the innate reactivity of these bonds. Ideally, these mechanisms need to make oxidation of aliphatic C-H bonds, which are recognized as relatively inert, compatible with the presence of electron rich functional groups that are highly susceptible to oxidation. Furthermore, predictable modification of the relative reactivity of different C-H bonds within a molecule would enable rapid diversification of the resulting oxidation products. Herein we show that by engaging in hydrogen bonding, fluorinated alcohols exert a polarity reversal on electron rich functional groups, directing iron and manganese catalyzed oxidation toward a priori stronger and unactivated C-H bonds. As a result, selective hydroxylation of methylenic sites in hydrocarbons and remote aliphatic C-H oxidation of otherwise sensitive alcohol, ether, amide, and amine substrates is achieved employing aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Oxidations occur in a predictable manner, with outstanding levels of product chemoselectivity, preserving the first-formed hydroxylation product, thus representing an extremely valuable tool for synthetic planning and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Dantignana
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Company
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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42
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Short MA, Blackburn JM, Roizen JL. Sulfamate Esters Guide Selective Radical‐Mediated Chlorination of Aliphatic C−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Short
- Duke University Department of Chemistry, Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
| | - J. Miles Blackburn
- Duke University Department of Chemistry, Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Duke University Department of Chemistry, Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
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43
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Liu F, Yang Z, Yu Y, Mei Y, Houk KN. Bimodal Evans-Polanyi Relationships in Dioxirane Oxidations of sp 3 C-H: Non-perfect Synchronization in Generation of Delocalized Radical Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16650-16656. [PMID: 29069541 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The selectivities in C-H oxidations of a variety of compounds by DMDO have been explored with density functional theory. There is a linear Evans-Polanyi-type correlation for saturated substrates. Activation energies correlate with reaction energies or, equivalently, BDEs (ΔH‡sat = 0.91*BDE - 67.8). Unsaturated compounds, such as alkenes, aromatics, and carbonyls, exhibit a different correlation for allylic and benzylic C-H bonds (ΔH‡unsat = 0.35*BDE - 13.1). Bernasconi's Principle of Non-Perfect Synchronization (NPS) is found to operate here. The origins of this phenomenon were analyzed by a Distortion/Interaction model. Computations indicate early transition states for H-abstractions from allylic and benzylic C-H bonds, but later transition states for the saturated. The reactivities are mainly modulated by the distortion energy and the degree of dissociation of the C-H bond. While the increase in barrier with higher BDE is not unexpected from the Evans-Polanyi relationship, two separate correlations, one for saturated compounds, and one for unsaturated leading to delocalized radicals, were unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhongyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yanmin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ye Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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44
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Bartels F, Hong YJ, Ueda D, Weber M, Sato T, Tantillo DJ, Christmann M. Bioinspired synthesis of pentacyclic onocerane triterpenoids. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8285-8290. [PMID: 29619174 PMCID: PMC5858022 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The first chemical synthesis of pentacyclic onocerane triterpenoids (+)-cupacinoxepin and (+)-onoceranoxide is described.
The first chemical synthesis of pentacyclic onocerane triterpenoids has been achieved. A putative biomimetic tricyclization cascade is employed to forge a fused decalin-/oxepane ring system. The synthetic route proceeds to (+)-cupacinoxepin in seven steps and to (+)-onoceranoxide in eight steps in the longest linear sequence, when starting from geranyl chloride and (+)-sclareolide. The bioinspired epoxypolyene cyclization is supported by computational and enzymatic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bartels
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata University , Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku , Niigata 950-2181 , Japan .
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata University , Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku , Niigata 950-2181 , Japan .
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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45
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Abstract
The application of small molecules as catalysts for the diversification of natural product scaffolds is reviewed. Specifically, principles that relate to the selectivity challenges intrinsic to complex molecular scaffolds are summarized. The synthesis of analogues of natural products by this approach is then described as a quintessential "late-stage functionalization" exercise wherein natural products serve as the lead scaffolds. Given the historical application of enzymatic catalysts to the site-selective alteration of complex molecules, the focus of this Review is on the recent studies of nonenzymatic catalysts. Reactions involving hydroxyl group derivatization with a variety of electrophilic reagents are discussed. C-H bond functionalizations that lead to oxidations, aminations, and halogenations are also presented. Several examples of site-selective olefin functionalizations and C-C bond formations are also included. Numerous classes of natural products have been subjected to these studies of site-selective alteration including polyketides, glycopeptides, terpenoids, macrolides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and others. What emerges is a platform for chemical remodeling of naturally occurring scaffolds that targets virtually all known chemical functionalities and microenvironments. However, challenges for the design of very broad classes of catalysts, with even broader selectivity demands (e.g., stereoselectivity, functional group selectivity, and site-selectivity) persist. Yet, a significant spectrum of powerful, catalytic alterations of complex natural products now exists such that expansion of scope seems inevitable. Several instances of biological activity assays of remodeled natural product derivatives are also presented. These reports may foreshadow further interdisciplinary impacts for catalytic remodeling of natural products, including contributions to SAR development, mode of action studies, and eventually medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Shugrue
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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46
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Brill ZG, Condakes ML, Ting CP, Maimone TJ. Navigating the Chiral Pool in the Total Synthesis of Complex Terpene Natural Products. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11753-11795. [PMID: 28293944 PMCID: PMC5638449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pool of abundant chiral terpene building blocks (i.e., "chiral pool terpenes") has long served as a starting point for the chemical synthesis of complex natural products, including many terpenes themselves. As inexpensive and versatile starting materials, such compounds continue to influence modern synthetic chemistry. This review highlights 21st century terpene total syntheses which themselves use small, terpene-derived materials as building blocks. An outlook to the future of research in this area is highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary G. Brill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew L. Condakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chi P. Ting
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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47
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Chandra B, Singh KK, Gupta SS. Selective photocatalytic hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions by an iron complex using water as the oxygen source. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7545-7551. [PMID: 29163909 PMCID: PMC5676249 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02780j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron complex catalysed selective and efficient photocatalytic hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions using water as the oxygen atom source has been reported.
The iron complex [(bTAML)FeIII–OH2]– (1) selectively catalyses the photocatalytic hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions of alkanes and alkenes, respectively, using water as the oxygen-atom source. Upon the oxidation of unactivated alkanes, which included several substrates including natural products, hydroxylation was observed mostly at the 3° C–H bonds with 3° : 2° selectivity up to ∼100 : 1. When alkenes were used as the substrates, epoxides were predominantly formed with high yields. In the presence of H218O, more than 90% of the 18O-labelled oxygen atoms were incorporated into the hydroxylated and epoxide product indicating that water was the primary oxygen source. Mechanistic studies indicate the formation of an active [{(bTAML)FeIV}2-μ-oxo]2– (2) dimer from the starting complex 1via PCET. The subsequent disproportionation of 2 upon addition of substrate, leading to the formation of FeV(O), renders the high selectivity observed in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bittu Chandra
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur , West Bengal , India-741246 .
| | - Kundan K Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur , West Bengal , India-741246 .
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur , West Bengal , India-741246 .
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48
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Liu C, Chen R, Shen Y, Liang Z, Hua Y, Zhang Y. Total Synthesis of Aplydactone by a Conformationally Controlled C−H Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Renzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zhanhao Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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49
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Liu C, Chen R, Shen Y, Liang Z, Hua Y, Zhang Y. Total Synthesis of Aplydactone by a Conformationally Controlled C−H Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8187-8190. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Renzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zhanhao Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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Kawamata Y, Yan M, Liu Z, Bao DH, Chen J, Starr JT, Baran PS. Scalable, Electrochemical Oxidation of Unactivated C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7448-7451. [PMID: 28510449 PMCID: PMC5465511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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A practical electrochemical
oxidation of unactivated C–H
bonds is presented. This reaction utilizes a simple redox mediator,
quinuclidine, with inexpensive carbon and nickel electrodes to selectively
functionalize “deep-seated” methylene and methine moieties.
The process exhibits a broad scope and good functional group compatibility.
The scalability, as illustrated by a 50 g scale oxidation of sclareolide,
bodes well for immediate and widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin), Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Zone , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Deng-Hui Bao
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin), Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Zone , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy T Starr
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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