1
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Ogawa N, Suzuki N, Katsura Y, Minoura M, Nakanishi W, Hayashi S. Extremely stable system of 1-haloselanyl-anthraquinones: experimental and theoretical investigations. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10099-10112. [PMID: 38804853 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00760c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Highly stable selanyl halides, 1-ATQSeX (X = I (1), Br (2) and Cl (3)), were prepared. The structures of 1, 2, 6 (1-ATQSeX: X = Me) and 7 (1-ATQBr) were determined. QC calculations were performed on 1-3, 4 (X = F), 5 (X = H), 6, 7 and 8 (X = SeATQ-1). The O⋯Se distances in 1-4 from the sum of the vdW radii of the atoms (Δr(Se, O1)) were less than -1 Å, in magnitude, which must be the driving force for the high stability. The O-*-Se interactions seem stronger in the order of 1 < 2 < 3 < 4. The intrinsic dynamic and static natures of O⋯Se and/or Se⋯X in 1-8 are elucidated by QTAIM dual functional analysis (QTAIM-DFA). The Se-*-I, Se-*-Br, Se-*-Cl and Se-*-F interactions in 1-4 are predicted to have the natures of covalent, TBP with CT, TBP with CT, and typical HB with covalency, respectively, whereas O-*-Ses in 1-4 are all predicted to have the nature of MC with CT. The Se-*-H, Se-*-CMe and Se-*-Se interactions in 5, 6 and 8 are all predicted to have the covalent nature, while O-*-Ses in 5, 6 and 8 are all predicted to have the nature of typical HB with no covalency. The E(2) values of 1-6 and 8 are calculated with NBO analysis, and correlate excellently with Δr(Se, O1), except for Se-*-F, for which E(2) is evaluated to be much larger. The E(2) values also correlate very well with Cii-1 for all Se-*-X in 1-4, although data from 5, 6 and 8 deviated from the correlation, where Cii is the diagonal element of the compliance (force) constant for the internal vibrations. The behaviour of the interactions is further examined based on the QTAIM-DFA parameters of θ and θp. The stabilizing effect is further confirmed by the calculations with the ν(CO) values analyzed carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ogawa
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Katsura
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan.
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Waro Nakanishi
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan.
| | - Satoko Hayashi
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan.
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2
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Masuda R, Karasaki T, Sase S, Kuwano S, Goto K. Highly Electrophilic Intermediates in the Bypass Mechanism of Glutathione Peroxidase: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Structures of Selenocysteine-Derived Cyclic Selenenyl Amides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302615. [PMID: 37738074 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Selenocysteine (Sec)-derived cyclic selenenyl amides, formed by the intramolecular cyclization of Sec selenenic acids (Sec-SeOHs), have been postulated to function as protective forms in the bypass mechanism of glutathione peroxidase (GPx). However, their chemical properties have not been experimentally elucidated in proteins or small-molecule systems. Recently, we reported the first nuclear magnetic resonance observation of Sec-SeOHs and their cyclization to the corresponding cyclic selenenyl amides by using selenopeptide model systems incorporated in a molecular cradle. Herein, we elucidate the structures and reactivities of Sec-derived cyclic selenenyl amides. The crystal structures and reactions toward a cysteine thiol or a 1,3-diketone-type chemical probe indicated the highly electrophilic character of cyclic selenenyl amides. This suggests that they can serve not only as protective forms to suppress the inactivation of Sec-SeOHs in GPx but also as highly electrophilic intermediates in the reactions of selenoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Masuda
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Takafumi Karasaki
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shohei Sase
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuwano
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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3
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Masuda R, Kuwano S, Goto K. Modeling Selenoprotein Se-Nitrosation: Synthesis of a Se-Nitrososelenocysteine with Persistent Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37267591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Se-nitrosation in selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase to produce Se-nitrososelenocysteines (Sec-SeNOs) has been proposed to play crucial roles in signaling processes mediated by reactive nitrogen species and nitrosative-stress responses, although chemical evidence for the formation of Sec-SeNOs has been elusive not only in proteins but also in small-molecule systems. Herein, we report the first synthesis of a Sec-SeNO by employing a selenocysteine model system that bears a protective molecular cradle. The Sec-SeNO was characterized using 1H and 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance as well as ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and found to have persistent stability at room temperature in solution. The reaction processes involving the Sec-SeNO provide experimental information that serves as a chemical basis for elucidating the reaction mechanisms involving the SeNO species in biological functions, as well as in selenol-catalyzed NO generation from S-nitrosothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuwano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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4
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Giri D, Raja K, Mugesh G. A Simple Substitution on Thyroid Hormones Remarkably Alters the Regioselectivity of Deiodination by a Deiodinase Mimic. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203111. [PMID: 36380701 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective deiodinations of L-thyroxine (T4) play key roles in the thyroid hormone homeostasis. These reactions are catalyzed by three isoforms of the selenoenzymes, iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio1, Dio2 and Dio3), which are highly homologous in nature. Dio1 mediates 5'- or 5-deiodinations of T4 to produce T3 and rT3, respectively. In contrast, Dio2 and Dio3 are selective to 5'- or 5-deiodination to produce T3 and rT3, respectively. Understanding of the regioselectivity of deiodination at the molecular level is important as abnormal levels of thyroid hormone have been implicated in various clinical conditions, such as hypoxia, myocardial infarction, neuronal ischemia and cancer. In this paper, we report that the electronic properties of the iodine atoms in thyroxine (T4) can be modulated through a simple substitution in the 4'-phenolic moiety. This leads to the change in the regioselectivity of deiodination by different small molecule mimics of Dio enzymes. By using this chemical approach, we also show that the substitution of a strong electron withdrawing group facilitates the removal of all four iodine atoms in the T4 derivative. Theoretical investigations on the hydrogen bonded adducts of T4 with imidazole indicate that the charge on the iodine atoms depend on the nature of hydrogen bond between the -OH group of T4 and the imidazole moiety. While the imidazole can act as either hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) or hydrogen bond donor (HBD), the protonated imidazole acts exclusively as HBD in T4-imidazole complex. These studies support the earlier observations that the histidine residue at the active sites of the deiodinases play an important role not only in the substrate binding, but also in altering the regioselectivity of the deiodination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Giri
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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5
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Arai K, Toba H, Yamamoto N, Ito M, Mikami R. Modeling Type-1 Iodothyronine Deiodinase with Peptide-Based Aliphatic Diselenides: Potential Role of Highly Conserved His and Cys Residues as a General Acid Catalyst. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202387. [PMID: 36254793 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Type-1 iodothyronine deiodinase (ID-1) catalyzes the reductive elimination of 5'-I and 5-I on the phenolic and tyrosyl rings of thyroxine (T4), respectively. Chemically verifying whether I atoms with different chemical properties undergo deiodination through a common mechanism is challenging. Herein, we report the modeling of ID-1 using aliphatic diselenide (Se-Se) and selenenylsulfide (Se-S) compounds. Mechanistic investigations of deiodination using the ID-1-like reagents suggested that the 5'-I and 5-I deiodinations proceed via the same mechanism through an unstable intermediate containing a Se⋅⋅⋅I halogen bond between a selenolate anion, reductively produced from Se-Se (or Se-S) in the compound, and an I atom in T4. Moreover, imidazolium and thiol groups, which may act as general acid catalysts, promoted the heterolytic cleavage of the C-I bond in the Se⋅⋅⋅I intermediate, which is the rate-determining step, by donating a proton to the C atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Haruka Toba
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Mao Ito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Rumi Mikami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
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6
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Köhrle J, Frädrich C. Deiodinases control local cellular and systemic thyroid hormone availability. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:59-79. [PMID: 36206932 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO) are a family of selenoproteins controlling systemic and local availability of the major thyroid hormone l-thyroxine (T4), a prohormone secreted by the thyroid gland. T4 is activated to the active 3,3'-5-triiodothyronine (T3) by two 5'-deiodinases, DIO1 and DIO2. DIO3, a 5-deiodinase selenoenzyme inactivates both the prohormone T4 and its active form T3. DIOs show species-specific different patterns of temporo-spatial expression, regulation and function and exhibit different mechanisms of reaction and inhibitor sensitivities. The main regulators of DIO expression and function are the thyroid hormone status, several growth factors, cytokines and altered pathophysiological conditions. Selenium (Se) status has a modest impact on DIO expression and translation. DIOs rank high in the priority of selenium supply to various selenoproteins; thus, their function is impaired only during severe selenium deficiency. DIO variants, polymorphisms, SNPs and rare mutations have been identified. Development of DIO isozyme selective drugs is ongoing. A first X-ray structure has been reported for DIO3. This review focusses on the biochemical characteristics and reaction mechanisms, the relationships between DIO selenoproteins and their importance for local and systemic provision of the active hormone T3. Nutritional, pharmacological, and environmental factors and inhibitors, such as endocrine disruptors, impact DIO functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Max Rubner Center (MRC) für Kardiovaskuläre-metabolische-renale Forschung in Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Max Rubner Center (MRC) für Kardiovaskuläre-metabolische-renale Forschung in Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Rodriguez-Ruiz A, Braun D, Pflug S, Brol A, Sylvester M, Steegborn C, Schweizer U. Insights into the Mechanism of Human Deiodinase 1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5361. [PMID: 35628173 PMCID: PMC9141512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The three isoenzymes of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO1-3) are membrane-anchored homo-dimeric selenoproteins which share the thioredoxin-fold structure. Several questions regarding their catalytic mechanisms still remain open. Here, we addressed the roles of several cysteines which are conserved among deiodinase isoenzymes and asked whether they may contribute to dimerization and reduction of the oxidized enzyme with physiological reductants. We also asked whether amino acids previously identified in DIO3 play the same role in DIO1. Human DIO1 and 2 were recombinantly expressed in insect cells with selenocysteine replaced with cysteine (DIO1U126C) or in COS7 cells as selenoprotein. Enzyme activities were studied by radioactive deiodination assays with physiological reducing agents and recombinant proteins were characterized by mass spectrometry. Mutation of Cys124 in DIO1 prevented reduction by glutathione, while 20 mM dithiothreitol still regenerated the enzyme. Protein thiol reductants, thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, did not reduce DIO1U126C. Mass spectrometry demonstrated the formation of an intracellular disulfide between the side-chains of Cys124 and Cys(Sec)126. We conclude that the proximal Cys124 forms a selenenyl-sulfide with the catalytic Sec126 during catalysis, which is the substrate of the physiological reductant glutathione. Mutagenesis studies support the idea of a proton-relay pathway from solvent to substrate that is shared between DIO1 and DIO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (A.R.-R.); (D.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Doreen Braun
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (A.R.-R.); (D.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Simon Pflug
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (A.R.-R.); (D.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexander Brol
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (A.R.-R.); (D.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Marc Sylvester
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | | | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (A.R.-R.); (D.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.)
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8
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Masuda R, Goto K. Modeling of selenocysteine-derived reactive intermediates utilizing a nano-sized molecular cavity as a protective cradle. Methods Enzymol 2022; 662:331-361. [PMID: 35101217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the biological functions of selenoproteins, various highly reactive species formed by oxidative modification of selenocysteine residues have been postulated to play crucial roles. Representative examples of such species are selenocysteine selenenic acids (Sec-SeOHs) and selenocysteine selenenyl iodides (Sec-SeIs), which have been widely recognized as important intermediates in the catalytic cycle of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and iodothyronine deiodinase, respectively. However, examples of even spectroscopic observation of Sec-SeOHs and Sec-SeIs in either protein or small-molecule model systems remain elusive so far, most likely due to their notorious instability. For the synthesis of small-molecule model compounds of these reactive species, it is essential to suppress their very facile bimolecular decomposition such as self-condensation and disproportionation. Here we outline a novel method for the synthesis of stable small-molecule model compounds of the selenocysteine-derived reactive species, in which a nano-sized molecular cavity is used as a protective cradle to accommodate the reactive selenocysteine unit. Stabilization by the molecular cradle led to the successful synthesis of Sec-SeOHs, which are stable in solution at low temperatures, and a Sec-SeI, which can be isolated as crystals. The catalytic cycle of GPx was investigated using the NMR-observable Sec-SeOH models, and all the chemical processes proposed for the catalytic cycle of GPx, including the bypass process from Sec-SeOH to the corresponding cyclic selenenyl amide, were experimentally confirmed. Detailed protocols for the syntheses of selenopeptide derivatives bearing the molecular cradle and for the spectroscopic monitoring of their reactions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Oxy- and aminoselenation of alkenes utilizing an isolable selenenyl iodide. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Tanini
- University of Florence Department of Chemistry ‘‘Ugo Schiff'' Via della Lastruccia 3–13 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- University of Florence Department of Chemistry ‘‘Ugo Schiff'' Via della Lastruccia 3–13 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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11
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Masuda R, Kuwano S, Goto K. Late-Stage Functionalization of the Periphery of Oligophenylene Dendrimers with Various Arene Units via Fourfold C-H Borylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14433-14443. [PMID: 34469170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization of the periphery of oligophenylene dendrimers was efficiently achieved via site-selective C-H activation of a preconstructed, readily accessible dendron. By fourfold iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation followed by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, various arene units were introduced into the end points of the 1,3,5-phenylene-based hydrocarbon dendron. Coupling of the modified dendrons with a core unit, such as 2,6-dibromobenzoic acid derivatives, afforded the periphery-functionalized dendrimers that also have an endohedral functionality at the core position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuwano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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12
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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13
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Sano T, Masuda R, Sase S, Goto K. Isolable small-molecule cysteine sulfenic acid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2479-2482. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08422k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A small-molecule cysteine sulfenic acid (Cys–SOH) with ‘shelf stability’ protected by a molecular cradle was synthesized by direct oxidation of a thiol with H2O2. Its crystal structure and biologically relevant reactivity were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Sano
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- 2-12-1 Ookayama
- Meguro-ku
| | - Ryosuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- 2-12-1 Ookayama
- Meguro-ku
| | - Shohei Sase
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- 2-12-1 Ookayama
- Meguro-ku
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- 2-12-1 Ookayama
- Meguro-ku
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14
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Mondal S, Manna D, Raja K, Mugesh G. Halogen Bonding in Biomimetic Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones and their Metabolites and Dehalogenation of Halogenated Nucleosides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:911-923. [PMID: 31773854 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key players in the endocrine system and play pivotal roles in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, protein synthesis, overall growth, and brain development. The thyroid gland predominantly produces thyroxine or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4) as a prohormone; three isoforms of a mammalian selenoenzyme-iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1, DIO2 and DIO3)-catalyze the regioselective deiodination of T4 to produce biologically active and inactive metabolites. Whereas DIO1 catalyzes both 5- and 5'-deiodination of T4, DIO2 and DIO3 selectively mediate 5- and 5'-deiodination, respectively. In this review we discuss the regioselective deiodination of THs in the presence of organochalcogen compounds. Naphthalene-based compounds containing sulfur and/or selenium at the peri positions mediate regioselective 5-deiodination of THs, detailed mechanistic studies having revealed that the heterolytic cleavage of the C-I bond is facilitated by the formation of cooperative Se/S⋅⋅⋅I halogen bonds and Se/S⋅⋅⋅Se chalcogen bonds. We also discuss the biomimetic deiodination of several TH metabolites, including sulfated THs, iodothyronamines, and iodotyrosines. A brief discussion on the dehalogenation of halogenated nucleosides and nucleobases in the presence of organochalcogen compounds is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Debasish Manna
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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15
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Arai K, Matsunaga T, Ueno H, Akahoshi N, Sato Y, Chakrabarty G, Mugesh G, Iwaoka M. Modeling Thioredoxin Reductase-Like Activity with Cyclic Selenenyl Sulfides: Participation of an NH⋅⋅⋅Se Hydrogen Bond through Stabilization of the Mixed Se-S Intermediate. Chemistry 2019; 25:12751-12760. [PMID: 31390113 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
At the redox-active center of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), a selenenyl sulfide (Se-S) bond is formed between Cys497 and Sec498, which is activated into the thiolselenolate state ([SH,Se- ]) by reacting with a nearby dithiol motif ([SHCys59 ,SHCys64 ]) present in the other subunit. This process is achieved through two reversible steps: an attack of a cysteinyl thiol of Cys59 at the Se atom of the Se-S bond and a subsequent attack of a remaining thiol at the S atom of the generated mixed Se-S intermediate. However, it is not clear how the kinetically unfavorable second step progresses smoothly in the catalytic cycle. A model study that used synthetic selenenyl sulfides, which mimic the active site structure of human TrxR comprising Cys497, Sec498, and His472, suggested that His472 can play a key role by forming a hydrogen bond with the Se atom of the mixed Se-S intermediate to facilitate the second step. In addition, the selenenyl sulfides exhibited a defensive ability against H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress in cultured cells, which suggests the possibility for medicinal applications to control the redox balance in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitalaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Takahiko Matsunaga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitalaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Haruhito Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitalaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Nozomi Akahoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitalaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yuumi Sato
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitalaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Gaurango Chakrabarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitalaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
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16
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Köhrle J. The Colorful Diversity of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites. Eur Thyroid J 2019; 8:115-129. [PMID: 31259154 PMCID: PMC6587369 DOI: 10.1159/000497141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of L-thyroxine, the main secretory product of the thyroid gland, and its major metabolite T3, which exerts the majority of thyroid hormone action via ligand-dependent modulation of the function of T3 receptors in nuclei, mitochondria, and other subcellular compartments, various other T4-derived endogenous metabolites have been identified in blood and tissues of humans, animals, and early protochordates. This review addresses major historical milestones and experimental findings resulting in the discovery of the key enzymes of thyroid hormone metabolism, the three selenoprotein deiodinases, as well as the decarboxylases and amine oxidases involved in formation and degradation of recently identified endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, i.e. 3-iodothyronamine and 3-thyroacetic acid. The concerted action of deiodinases 2 and 3 in regulation of local T3 availability is discussed. Special attention is given to the role of the thyromimetic "hot" metabolite 3,5-T2 and the "cool" 3-iodothyronamine, especially after administration of pharmacological doses of these endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites in various animal experimental models. In addition, available information on the biological roles of the two major acetic acid derivatives of thyroid hormones, i.e. Tetrac and Triac, as well as sulfated metabolites of thyroid hormones is reviewed. This review addresses the consequences of the existence of this broad spectrum of endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, the "thyronome," beyond the classical thyroid hormone profile comprising T4, T3, and rT3 for appropriate analytical coverage and clinical diagnostics using mass spectrometry versus immunoassays for determination of total and free concentrations of thyroid hormone metabolites in blood and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Chekan JR, Lee GY, El Gamal A, Purdy TN, Houk KN, Moore BS. Bacterial Tetrabromopyrrole Debrominase Shares a Reductive Dehalogenation Strategy with Human Thyroid Deiodinase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5329-5338. [PMID: 31117392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic dehalogenation is an important and well-studied biological process in both the detoxification and catabolism of small molecules, many of which are anthropogenic in origin. However, dedicated dehalogenation reactions that replace a halogen atom with a hydrogen are rare in the biosynthesis of natural products. In fact, the debrominase Bmp8 is the only known example. It catalyzes the reductive debromination of the coral settlement cue and the potential human toxin 2,3,4,5-tetrabromopyrrole as part of the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pentabromopseudilin. Using a combination of protein crystallography, mutagenesis, and computational modeling, we propose a catalytic mechanism for Bmp8 that is reminiscent of that catalyzed by human deiodinases in the maintenance of thyroid hormones. The identification of the key catalytic residues enabled us to recognize divergent functional homologues of Bmp8. Characterization of one of these homologues demonstrated its debromination activity even though it is found in a completely distinct genomic context. This observation suggests that additional enzymes outside those associated with the tetrabromopyrrole biosynthetic pathway may be able to alter the lifetime of this compound in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Chekan
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Ga Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Abrahim El Gamal
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Trevor N Purdy
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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18
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Sase S, Kimura R, Masuda R, Goto K. Model study on trapping of protein selenenic acids by utilizing a stable synthetic congener. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Model studies on the trapping reaction of protein selenenic acids were carried out with a stable primary-alkyl model compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sase
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
| | - Ryosuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
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19
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Organoselenium in Nature. NEW FRONTIERS IN ORGANOSELENIUM COMPOUNDS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123397 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92405-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selenium, among the naturally occurring elements, is nowadays considered the most relevant for the redox homeostasis of living systems. In this chapter, its role in plants, bacteria, and humans is scholarly discussed. Some plants have the possibility to accumulate this element, thus becoming a natural source for animals and humans, in which selenium is embedded in selenoproteins, as the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (l-Sec). The main classes of selenoenzymes (glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and iodothyronine deiodinases) are reported here and the molecular mechanism that characterizes their physiological action is discussed.
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20
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Novel thyroid hormone analogues, enzyme inhibitors and mimetics, and their action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:91-104. [PMID: 28408161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play key roles in modulating the overall metabolism of the body, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, neuronal and bone growth, and cardiovascular as well as renal functions. In this review, we discuss on the thyroid hormone synthesis and activation, thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and mechanism of action, applications of thyroid hormone analogues, particularly the compounds that are selective ligands for TRβ receptors, or enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of thyroidal disorders with a specific focus on thyroid peroxidase and iodothyronine deiodinases. We also discuss on the development of small-molecule deiodinase mimetics and their mechanism of deiodination, as these compounds have the potential to regulate the thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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21
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Barbosa NV, Nogueira CW, Nogara PA, de Bem AF, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Organoselenium compounds as mimics of selenoproteins and thiol modifier agents. Metallomics 2017; 9:1703-1734. [PMID: 29168872 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element for animals and its role in the chemistry of life relies on a unique functional group: the selenol (-SeH) group. The selenol group participates in critical redox reactions. The antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) exemplify important selenoproteins. The selenol group shares several chemical properties with the thiol group (-SH), but it is much more reactive than the sulfur analogue. The substitution of S by Se has been exploited in organic synthesis for a long time, but in the last 4 decades the re-discovery of ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one) and the demonstration that it has antioxidant and therapeutic properties has renovated interest in the field. The ability of ebselen to mimic the reaction catalyzed by GPx has been viewed as the most important molecular mechanism of action of this class of compound. The term GPx-like or thiol peroxidase-like reaction was previously coined in the field and it is now accepted as the most important chemical attribute of organoselenium compounds. Here, we will critically review the literature on the capacity of organoselenium compounds to mimic selenoproteins (particularly GPx) and discuss some of the bottlenecks in the field. Although the GPx-like activity of organoselenium compounds contributes to their pharmacological effects, the superestimation of the GPx-like activity has to be questioned. The ability of these compounds to oxidize the thiol groups of proteins (the thiol modifier effects of organoselenium compounds) and to spare selenoproteins from inactivation by soft-electrophiles (MeHg+, Hg2+, Cd2+, etc.) might be more relevant for the explanation of their pharmacological effects than their GPx-like activity. In our view, the exploitation of the thiol modifier properties of organoselenium compounds can be harnessed more rationally than the use of low mass molecular structures to mimic the activity of high mass macromolecules that have been shaped by millions to billions of years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda V Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Pablo A Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Andreza F de Bem
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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22
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Sun Z, Su Q, Rokita SE. The distribution and mechanism of iodotyrosine deiodinase defied expectations. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:77-87. [PMID: 28774660 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD) is unusual for its reliance on flavin to promote reductive dehalogenation under aerobic conditions. As implied by the name, this enzyme was first discovered to catalyze iodide elimination from iodotyrosine for recycling iodide during synthesis of tetra- and triiodothyronine collectively known as thyroid hormone. However, IYD likely supports many more functions and has been shown to debrominate and dechlorinate bromo- and chlorotyrosines. A specificity for halotyrosines versus halophenols is well preserved from humans to bacteria. In all examples to date, the substrate zwitterion establishes polar contacts with both the protein and the isoalloxazine ring of flavin. Mechanistic data suggest dehalogenation is catalyzed by sequential one electron transfer steps from reduced flavin to substrate despite the initial expectations for a single two electron transfer mechanism. A purported flavin semiquinone intermediate is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between its N5 position and the side chain of a Thr. Mutation of this residue to Ala suppresses dehalogenation and enhances a nitroreductase activity that is reminiscent of other enzymes within the same structural superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Qi Su
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Steven E Rokita
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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23
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Cavina L, van der Born D, Klaren PHM, Feiters MC, Boerman OC, Rutjes FPJT. Design of Radioiodinated Pharmaceuticals: Structural Features Affecting Metabolic Stability towards in Vivo Deiodination. European J Org Chem 2017; 2017:3387-3414. [PMID: 28736501 PMCID: PMC5499721 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Radioiodinated pharmaceuticals are convenient tracers for clinical and research investigations because of the relatively long half-lives of radioactive iodine isotopes (i.e., 123I, 124I, and 131I) and the ease of their chemical insertion. Their application in radionuclide imaging and therapy may, however, be hampered by poor in vivo stability of the C-I bond. After an overview of the use of iodine in biology and nuclear medicine, we present here a survey of the catabolic pathways for iodinated xenobiotics, including their biodistribution, accumulation, and biostability. We summarize successful rational improvements in the biostability and conclude with general guidelines for the design of stable radioiodinated pharmaceuticals. It appears to be necessary to consider the whole molecule, rather than the radioiodinated fragment alone. Iodine radionuclides are generally retained in vivo on sp2 carbon atoms in iodoarenes and iodovinyl moieties, but not in iodinated heterocycles or on sp3 carbon atoms. Iodoarene substituents also have an influence, with increased in vivo deiodination in the cases of iodophenols and iodoanilines, whereas methoxylation and difluorination improve biostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cavina
- Institute of Molecules and MaterialsFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenNetherlands
- FutureChemistry Holding BV6525 ECNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology & PhysiologyInstitute of Water & Wetland ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityPOB 90106500 GLNijmegenNetherlands
| | | | - Peter H. M. Klaren
- Department of Animal Ecology & PhysiologyInstitute of Water & Wetland ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityPOB 90106500 GLNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Martin C. Feiters
- Institute of Molecules and MaterialsFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenNetherlands
| | - Otto C. Boerman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical Center6500 HBNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute of Molecules and MaterialsFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenNetherlands
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24
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Sano T, Shimada K, Aoki Y, Kawashima T, Sase S, Goto K. Modeling of the Bioactivation of an Organic Nitrate by a Thiol to Form a Thionitrate Intermediate. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010019. [PMID: 28029139 PMCID: PMC6155724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thionitrates (R–SNO2) have been proposed as key intermediates in the biotransformation of organic nitrates that have been used for the clinical treatment of angina pectoris for over 100 years. It has been proposed and widely accepted that a thiol would react with an organic nitrate to afford a thionitrate intermediate. However, there has been no example of an experimental demonstration of this elementary chemical process in organic systems. Herein, we report that aryl- and primary-alkyl-substituted thionitrates were successfully synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding lithium thiolates with organic nitrates by taking advantage of cavity-shaped substituents. The structure of a primary-alkyl-substituted thionitrate was unambiguously established by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Sano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Shimada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yohei Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shohei Sase
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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25
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A DFT investigation of a bulky biomimetic model catalyzing the 5'-outer ring deiodination of thyroxine. J Mol Model 2016; 22:287. [PMID: 27817113 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper illustrates the outcomes of a density functional theory investigation aimed at unraveling mechanistic aspects of the 5'-outer ring deiodination process of thyroxine (T4) assisted by the sterically protected organoselenol compound BpqSeH. BpqSeH, which was previously synthesized and tested for its deiodinase activity, is able to afford the active hormone 3,5,3'-tetraiodothyronine (T3) by selective outer-ring deiodination of T4, and to protect the SeH moiety inside the nano-sized molecular cavity from further reactivity, allowing its isolation and characterization. Calculations were also performed including an imidazole ring that, mimicking a His residue in the active site of the original enzyme, plays an crucial role in deprotonating the selenol moiety. Both the suggested enol/keto tautomerization and the previously proven formation of an intermediate whose main characteristic is the presence of a Se⋯I⋯C halogen bond, were examined along the pathway leading to 5'-outer ring deiodination. The calculated potential energy surface showed that neither the pathway encompassing enol/keto tautomerism nor the formation of a halogen bond paving the way to C-I bond breaking and chalcogen-I bond forming is viable. The exergonic formation of the final selenenyl iodide product confirms the stabilization effect of the molecular cavity. Graphical Abstract Computed free energy profile describing the 5'-outer deiodination of thyroxine assisted by the steric hindered organoselenol BpqSH compound. The molecular electrostatic potential map reoported for the INT1 intermediate shows the non-covalent Se-I interaction, due to the attraction between charges of opposite sign, that weakens the C-I bond and prepares the formation of the new Se-I bond.
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26
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemie und Biologie der Schilddrüsenhormon-Biosynthese und -Wirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
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27
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7606-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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28
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Sase S, Kakimoto R, Kimura R, Goto K. Synthesis of a Stable Primary-Alkyl-Substituted Selenenyl Iodide and Its Hydrolytic Conversion to the Corresponding Selenenic Acid. Molecules 2015; 20:21415-20. [PMID: 26633336 PMCID: PMC6331843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary-alkyl-substituted selenenyl iodide was successfully synthesized through oxidative iodination of a selenol with N-iodosuccinimide by taking advantage of a cavity-shaped steric protection group. The selenenyl iodide exhibited high thermal stability and remained unchanged upon heating at 100 °C for 3 h in [D8]toluene. The selenenyl iodide was reduced to the corresponding selenol by treatment with dithiothreitol. Hydrolysis of the selenenyl iodide under alkaline conditions afforded the corresponding selenenic acid almost quantitatively, corroborating the chemical validity of the recent proposal that hydrolysis of a selenenyl iodide to a selenenic acid is potentially involved in the catalytic mechanism of an iodothyronine deiodinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Ryo Kakimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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29
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Schweizer U, Steegborn C. New insights into the structure and mechanism of iodothyronine deiodinases. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:R37-52. [PMID: 26390881 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases are a family of enzymes that remove specific iodine atoms from one of the two aromatic rings in thyroid hormones (THs). They thereby fine-tune local TH concentrations and cellular TH signaling. Deiodinases catalyze a remarkable biochemical reaction, i.e., the reductive elimination of a halogenide from an aromatic ring. In metazoans, deiodinases depend on the rare amino acid selenocysteine. The recent solution of the first experimental structure of a deiodinase catalytic domain allowed for a reappraisal of the many mechanistic and mutagenesis data that had been accumulated over more than 30 years. Hence, the structure generates new impetus for research directed at understanding catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity, and regulation of deiodinases. This review will focus on structural and mechanistic aspects of iodothyronine deiodinases and briefly compare these enzymes with dehalogenases, which catalyze related reactions. A general mechanism for the selenium-dependent deiodinase reaction will be described, which integrates the mouse deiodinase 3 crystal structure and biochemical studies. We will summarize further, sometimes isoform-specific molecular features of deiodinase catalysis and regulation, and we will then discuss available compounds for modulating deiodinase activity for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Institut für Biochemie und MolekularbiologieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, GermanyLehrstuhl BiochemieUniversität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
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Koyama Y, Lee YG, Kuroki S, Takata T. Synthesis, 13C NMR, and UV spectroscopic study of 13C-labeled nitrile N-oxide. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Raja K, Mugesh G. Remarkable Effect of Chalcogen Substitution on an Enzyme Mimetic for Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raja K, Mugesh G. Remarkable Effect of Chalcogen Substitution on an Enzyme Mimetic for Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7674-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Fortino M, Marino T, Russo N, Sicilia E. Mechanism of Thyroxine Deiodination by Naphthyl-Based Iodothyronine Deiodinase Mimics and the Halogen Bonding Role: A DFT Investigation. Chemistry 2015; 21:8554-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Sase S, Kakimoto R, Goto K. Synthesis of a Stable Selenoaldehyde by Self-Catalyzed Thermal Dehydration of a Primary-Alkyl-Substituted Selenenic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Tsubomoto Y, Hayashi S, Nakanishi W. Dynamic and static behavior of the E–E′ bonds (E, E′ = S and Se) in cystine and derivatives, elucidated by AIM dual functional analysis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM-DFA (AIM dual functional analysis) is applied to the E–E′ bonds (E, E′ = S and Se) in R-cystine (1), its derivatives and MeEE′Me. The nature of E–E′ is elucidated by (θp, κp: dynamic behavior) and (R, θ: static behavior), through AIM-DFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tsubomoto
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Systems Engineering
- Wakayama University
- Wakayama 640-8510
- Japan
| | - Satoko Hayashi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Systems Engineering
- Wakayama University
- Wakayama 640-8510
- Japan
| | - Waro Nakanishi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry
- Faculty of Systems Engineering
- Wakayama University
- Wakayama 640-8510
- Japan
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36
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Manna D, Mondal S, Mugesh G. Halogen Bonding Controls the Regioselectivity of the Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones and their Sulfate Analogues. Chemistry 2014; 21:2409-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Sase S, Kakimoto R, Goto K. Synthesis of a Stable Selenoaldehyde by Self-Catalyzed Thermal Dehydration of a Primary-Alkyl-Substituted Selenenic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:901-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Mondal S, Mugesh G. Regioselective Deiodination of Iodothyronamines, Endogenous Thyroid Hormone Derivatives, by Deiodinase Mimics. Chemistry 2014; 20:11120-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Schweizer U, Schlicker C, Braun D, Köhrle J, Steegborn C. Crystal structure of mammalian selenocysteine-dependent iodothyronine deiodinase suggests a peroxiredoxin-like catalytic mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10526-31. [PMID: 25002520 PMCID: PMC4115520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323873111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Local levels of active thyroid hormone (3,3',5-triiodothyronine) are controlled by the action of activating and inactivating iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes. Deiodinases are selenocysteine-dependent membrane proteins catalyzing the reductive elimination of iodide from iodothyronines through a poorly understood mechanism. We solved the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of mouse deiodinase 3 (Dio3), which reveals a close structural similarity to atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin(s) (Prx). The structure suggests a route for proton transfer to the substrate during deiodination and a Prx-related mechanism for subsequent recycling of the transiently oxidized enzyme. The proposed mechanism is supported by biochemical experiments and is consistent with the effects of mutations of conserved amino acids on Dio3 activity. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin reduce the oxidized Dio3 at physiological concentrations, and dimerization appears to activate the enzyme by displacing an autoinhibitory loop from the iodothyronine binding site. Deiodinases apparently evolved from the ubiquitous Prx scaffold, and their structure and catalytic mechanism reconcile a plethora of partly conflicting data reported for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christine Schlicker
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Doreen Braun
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Bio-Macromolecules, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Wismach C, Jones PG, du Mont WW, Mugesh G, Papke U, Linden HB, Arca M, Lippolis V. Iodo(trisyl)sulfane: Reactivity of a Stable Alkanesulfenyl Iodide towards Antithyroid Drugs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Balkrishna SJ, Kumar S, Azad GK, Bhakuni BS, Panini P, Ahalawat N, Tomar RS, Detty MR, Kumar S. An ebselen like catalyst with enhanced GPx activity via a selenol intermediate. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1215-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benzamide ring-substituted, quinine-derived ebselen analogue is synthesized which exists in selenol form upon addition of PhSH. It catalyses oxidation of PhSH with H2O2 faster (103-fold) than ebselen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Jaimin Balkrishna
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
| | - Gajendra Kumar Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
| | - Bhagat Singh Bhakuni
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
| | - Piyush Panini
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
| | - Navjeet Ahalawat
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
| | - Michael R. Detty
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- , USA
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER)
- Bhopal, India
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42
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Goto K, Yoshikawa S, Ideue T, Sase S. Transnitrosation from a stable thionitrate to an amine with concomitant formation of a sulfenic acid. J Sulphur Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2013.794801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Taku Ideue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shohei Sase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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43
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Barnes NA, Godfrey SM, Hughes J, Khan RZ, Mushtaq I, Ollerenshaw RTA, Pritchard RG, Sarwar S. The reactions of para-halo diaryl diselenides with halogens. A structural investigation of the CT compound (p-FC6H4)2Se2I2, and the first reported “RSeI3” compound, (p-ClC6H4)SeI·I2, which contains a covalent Se-I bond. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2735-44. [PMID: 23229685 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31921g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the diaryl-diselenides (p-FC(6)H(4))(2)Se(2) and (p-ClC(6)H(4))(2)Se(2) with diiodine have been investigated. Species of stoichiometry "RSeI" are formed when the ratio employed is 1:1. The solid-state structure of "(p-FC(6)H(4))SeI" has been determined, and shown to be a charge-transfer (CT) adduct, (p-FC(6)H(4))(2)Se(2)I(2), where the Se-Se bond is retained and the diiodine molecule interacts with only one of the selenium atoms. The Se-I bond in (p-FC(6)H(4))(2)Se(2)I(2) is 2.9835(12) Å, which is typical for a (10-I-2) Se-I-I CT system. When diiodine is reacted in a 3:1 ratio with (p-XC(6)H(4))(2)Se(2) (X = F, Cl) species of stoichiometry "RSeI(3)" are formed. The structure of "(p-ClC(6)H(4))SeI(3)" reveals that this is not a selenium(IV) compound, but is better represented as a selenium(II) CT adduct, (p-ClC(6)H(4))SeI·I(2). The Se-I bond to the diiodine molecule is typical in magnitude for a CT adduct, Se-I: 2.8672(5) Å, whereas the other Se-I bond is much shorter, Se-I: 2.5590(6) Å, and is a genuine example of a rarely observed covalent Se-I bond, which appears to be stabilised by a weak Se···I interaction from a neighbouring iodine atom. The reaction of (p-ClC(6)H(4))SeI with Ph(3)P results in the formation of a CT adduct, Ph(3)PSe(p-ClC(6)H(4))I, which has a T-shaped geometry at selenium (10-Se-3). By contrast, the reaction of (p-FC(6)H(4))SeI with Ph(3)P does not form an adduct, but results in the formation of Ph(3)PI(2) and (p-FC(6)H(4))(2)Se(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Barnes
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Barnes NA, Godfrey SM, Ollerenshaw RTA, Khan RZ, Pritchard RG. Structural isomerism in (p-XC6H4)SeCl3 and (p-XC6H4)SeBr3 (X = F, Cl) compounds. Co-crystallisation of cis- and trans-dimeric forms of (p-ClC6H4)SeCl2(μ-Cl)2(p-ClC6H4)SeCl2. A new structural modification for the "PhSeBr" reagent, Ph2Se2Br2, containing an elongated Se-Se bond. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:14583-93. [PMID: 23076647 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31539d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of di(para-halophenyl)diselenides, (p-XC(6)H(4))(2)Se(2) (X = F, Cl) have been reacted with three equivalents of SO(2)Cl(2) or Br(2), leading to the formation of selenium(iv) RSeX(3) compounds. The structures of (p-FC(6)H(4))SeX(3) (X = Cl, Br) have been determined, and both exhibit a dimeric RSeX(2)(μ-X)(2)RSeX(2) structure consisting of two "saw-horse" (p-FC(6)H(4))SeX(3) units linked by two halide bridges, with an overall square pyramidal geometry at selenium. In both structures all the selenium and halogen atoms are planar, with both aryl rings located on the same side of the Se(2)X(6) plane (cis-isomer). The structure of (p-ClC(6)H(4))SeCl(3) also adopts a planar dimeric structure, however both cis- and trans-dimeric molecules are co-crystallised in the unit cell. In contrast, the structure of (p-ClC(6)H(4))SeBr(3) adopts a folded cis-dimeric structure due to steric constraints. Secondary Se···X interactions to the "vacant" sixth coordination site at selenium are a feature of most of these structures, but are most prominent in the folded structure of (p-ClC(6)H(4))SeBr(3). A re-examination of the PhSeBr/PhSeBr(3) system resulted in the isolation of crystals of a second structural form of "PhSeBr". The structure of Ph(2)Se(2)Br(2) consists of two PhSeBr units linked by an elongated Se-Se bond of 2.832(4) Å, and longer secondary Se···Br interactions of 3.333(4) Å to form a chain structure. Further weak Se···Br and Br···Br interactions are present, which form loosely linked rippled sheets of selenium and bromine atoms, similar to the sheets observed for the tetrameric form, Ph(4)Se(4)Br(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Barnes
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Leber S, Kollenz G, Wentrup C. Synthesis of functionalized macrocyclic derivatives of trioxabicyclo[3.3.0]nonadiene. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:738-43. [PMID: 23015821 PMCID: PMC3388861 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
C72-Macrocyclic systems functionalized with nitroaryl and arylamino groups were synthesized from the bisdioxine diacid dichloride 1,3,5,7-tetra-tert-butyl-2,6,9-trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-diene-4,8-dicarbonyl dichloride (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Leber
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria ; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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46
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Sase S, Ebisawa K, Goto K. Iodide-promoted Deselenylation of β-Chloro- and β-Oxyselenides to Form Alkenes and Selenenyl Iodides. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Kazuaki Ebisawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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47
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48
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Manna D, Mugesh G. Regioselective deiodination of thyroxine by iodothyronine deiodinase mimics: an unusual mechanistic pathway involving cooperative chalcogen and halogen bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4269-79. [PMID: 22352472 DOI: 10.1021/ja210478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases (IDs) are mammalian selenoenzymes that catalyze the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) by the outer- and inner-ring deiodination pathways, respectively. These enzymes also catalyze further deiodination of T3 and rT3 to produce a variety of di- and monoiodo derivatives. In this paper, the deiodinase activity of a series of peri-substituted naphthalenes having different amino groups is described. These compounds remove iodine selectively from the inner-ring of T4 and T3 to produce rT3 and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2), respectively. The naphthyl-based compounds having two selenols in the peri-positions exhibit much higher deiodinase activity than those having two thiols or a thiol-selenol pair. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the formation of a halogen bond between the iodine and chalcogen (S or Se) and the peri-interaction between two chalcogen atoms (chalcogen bond) are important for the deiodination reactions. Although the formation of a halogen bond leads to elongation of the C-I bond, the chalcogen bond facilitates the transfer of more electron density to the C-I σ* orbitals, leading to a complete cleavage of the C-I bond. The higher activity of amino-substituted selenium compounds can be ascribed to the deprotonation of thiol/selenol moiety by the amino group, which not only increases the strength of halogen bond but also facilitates the chalcogen-chalcogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Manna
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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49
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Manna D, Mugesh G. Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones by Iodothyronine Deiodinase Mimics: Does an Increase in the Reactivity Alter the Regioselectivity? J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9980-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201657s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Manna
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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50
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Goto K, Abe N, Aoki Y, Sase S. Syntheses of Biologically Relevant Reactive Sulfur Species by Utilizing a Primary Alkyl Steric Protection Group. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.538778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Goto
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Abe
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Aoki
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Sase
- a Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
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