1
|
Yao JL, Zhang Z, Li Z. Scalable Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Aryl Amines from Aryl Chlorides through X@RONa-Catalyzed Benzyne Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8839-8846. [PMID: 38526012 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Aryl amines are highly useful organic chemicals, but large-scale, transition-metal-free syntheses of aryl amines are surprisingly underdeveloped. A mild and scalable (up to 500 mmol) aryl amine synthesis from benzyne chemistry was invented using easily accessible aryl chlorides as precursors, NaH as a stoichiometric base, and a new type of sodium alkoxide cluster, X@RONa, as a catalyst. The cluster catalyst X@RONa featured an externally hydrophobic dodecameric sodium alkoxide shell housing an encapsulated center anion. The cluster made from methoxy-tert-butanol was found to be the most effective. The intramolecular version of this reaction allowed the synthesis of indolines and indoles. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies revealed that the rate-determining step was likely the transport of solid NaH into the X@RONa cluster in the organic phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Zining Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiesner T, Neshchadin D, Glotz G, Gfader Z, Schrader E, Christen S, Fischer RC, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Grützmacher H, Haas M. Symmetrical and Mixed Tris(acyl)phosphines: Synthesis, Oxidation and Photochemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302535. [PMID: 37701996 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a convenient synthesis for symmetrical and mixed substituted tris(acyl)phosphines (TAPs) starting from red phosphorus. All TAPs exhibit a phosphaalkene-acylphosphine equilibrium, which was investigated in detail by variable-temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy supported by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Depending on the substituents, two phosphaalkene derivatives and ten acylphosphine derivatives could be isolated. NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray crystallography enabled a clear structural assignment of these compounds. Oxidation of selected TAPs led to the formation of the corresponding tris(acyl)phosphine oxides (TAPOs). Furthermore, their spectroscopic properties as well as their photochemistry was investigated. Especially, the TAPO compounds were evaluated for their suitability as photoinitiators by CIDNP spectroscopy, photobleaching measurements and by storage stability tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wiesner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Zeno Gfader
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Erik Schrader
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Christen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carpenter SH, Wolford NJ, Billow BS, Fetrow TV, Cajiao N, Radović A, Janicke MT, Neidig ML, Tondreau AM. Homoleptic Uranium-Bis(acyl)phosphide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12508-12517. [PMID: 35905438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first uranium bis(acyl)phosphide (BAP) complexes were synthesized from the reaction between sodium bis(mesitoyl)phosphide (Na(mesBAP)) or sodium bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoyl)phosphide (Na(trippBAP)) and UI3(1,4-dioxane)1.5. Thermally stable, homoleptic BAP complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, when appropriate, for the elucidation of the electronic structure and bonding of these complexes. EPR spectroscopy revealed that the BAP ligands on the uranium center retain a significant amount of electron density. The EPR spectrum of the trivalent U(trippBAP)3 has a rhombic signal near g = 2 (g1 = 2.03; g2 = 2.01; and g3 = 1.98) that is consistent with the EPR-observed unpaired electron being located in a molecular orbital that appears ligand-derived. However, upon warming the complex to room temperature, no resonance was observed, indicating the presence of uranium character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki J Wolford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Brennan S Billow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Taylor V Fetrow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nathalia Cajiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Aleksa Radović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Michael T Janicke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Aaron M Tondreau
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cebi E, Streit SM, Klett J. Size- and shape-adaptable mixed-alkoxide-aggregates: encapsulation of tetrafluoroborate and butadiynediide. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15792-15796. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01517j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of silyl compounds with excess sodium tert-butoxide results in encapsulation of the released anion. While the BF4− anion just fits in a spherical sodium alkoxide hull, the butadiyenediide dianion pierces its hull resulting in dimerisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erkam Cebi
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Marie Streit
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Klett
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ergöçmen D, Goicoechea JM. Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of a Cyapho-Cyanamide Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25286-25289. [PMID: 34554622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe a facile synthesis of the cyapho-cyanamide salt [Na(18-crown-6)][N(CN)(CP)] from reaction of [Na(18-crown-6)][PH2 ] (18-crown-6=1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) with dimethyl N-cyanocarbonimidate, (MeO)2 C=N(CN). The reaction proceeds with elimination of two equivalents of methanol. Careful tuning of the reaction conditions allowed for the isolation and characterization of the N-cyano(carboximidate)phosphide intermediate [HP{C(OMe)N(CN)}]- . Due to the adverse effects of methanol in these reaction mixtures, a bulk scale synthesis of [Na(18-crown-6)][N(CN)(CP)] could be achieved by addition of a base (LiHMDS) to neutralize the resulting alcohol. Further reactivity studies of this anion reveal that functionalization at the phosphorus atom is viable to yield a new family of cyanide-functionalised phosphorus heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doruk Ergöçmen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ergöçmen D, Goicoechea JM. Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of a Cyapho‐Cyanamide Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doruk Ergöçmen
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA U.K
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA U.K
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wiesner T, Haas M. Do germanium-based photoinitiators have the potential to replace the well-established acylphosphine oxides? Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12392-12398. [PMID: 34545890 PMCID: PMC8453693 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been an increasing demand for photoinitiators with growing requirements. Nowadays, photoinitiators need to fulfill several requirements such as a low level of toxicity, biocompatibility, fast polymerization rates, high activities, good photobleaching and much more in order to remain competitive on the market. Accordingly, we compare acylphosphine oxides and acylgermanes, two common classes of photoinitiators, with respect to their various synthetic pathways, toxicity, availability and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wiesner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cebi E, Klett J. Endohedral Mixed Aggregates: Sodium Alkoxide Cages with Organic or Inorganic Central Anions and Variable Hull. Chemistry 2021; 27:12693-12701. [PMID: 33938049 PMCID: PMC8453731 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal alkoxides are widely used in chemistry due to their Brønsted basic and nucleophilic properties. Potassium alkoxides assist alkyllithium in the metalation of hydrocarbons in Lochmann‐Schlosser‐bases. Both compounds form mixed aggregates, which enhance the thermal stability, solubility, and the basic reactivity of these mixtures. A very unusual spherical mixed alkoxy aggregate was discovered by Grützmacher et al., where a central dihydrogen phosphide anion is surrounded by a highly dynamic shell of thirteen sodium atoms and a hull of twelve tert‐butoxide groups. This structural motif can be reproduced by a reaction of trimethylsilyl compounds of methane, halogens, or pseudo‐halogens with excess sodium tert‐butoxide. A nucleophilic substitution releases the corresponding anion, which is then encapsulated by the sodium alkoxide units. The compounds are soluble in hydrocarbon solvents, enabling studies of solutions by high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy and IR/Raman studies of the crystalline materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erkam Cebi
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Klett
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhattacharyya KX, Dreyfuss S, Saffon-Merceron N, Mézailles N. P4functionalization by hydrides: direct synthesis of P–H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5179-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of white phosphorus (P4) by hydride sources MBH4and LiBEt3H leads to the formation of HP4M and LiPH2(BEt3)2respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koyel X. Bhattacharyya
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée
- CNRS
- Université Paul Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Sébastien Dreyfuss
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée
- CNRS
- Université Paul Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
| | | | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée
- CNRS
- Université Paul Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse
- France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bispinghoff M, Tondreau AM, Grützmacher H, Faradji CA, Pringle PG. Carbene insertion into a P–H bond: parent phosphinidene–carbene adducts from PH3 and bis(phosphinidene)mercury complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5999-6003. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of an N-heterocyclic carbene into a P–H bond is the first step in a new synthesis of parent phosphinidene–carbene adducts from PH3. These adducts are used to generate bis(phosphinidene)mercury(ii) complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bispinghoff
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Müller G, Zalibera M, Gescheidt G, Rosenthal A, Santiso-Quinones G, Dietliker K, Grützmacher H. Simple one-pot syntheses of water-soluble bis(acyl)phosphane oxide photoinitiators and their application in surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:553-7. [PMID: 25651079 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The sodium salt of the new bis(mesitoyl)phosphinic acid (BAPO-OH) can be prepared in a very efficient one-pot synthesis. It is well soluble in water and hydrolytically stable for at least several weeks. Remarkably, it acts as an initiating agent for the surfactant-free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) of styrene to yield monodisperse, spherical nanoparticles. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TR-EPR) and chemically induced electron polarisation (CIDEP) indicate preliminary mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huber A, Kuschel A, Ott T, Santiso-Quinones G, Stein D, Bräuer J, Kissner R, Krumeich F, Schönberg H, Levalois-Grützmacher J, Grützmacher H. Phosphorous-functionalized bis(acyl)phosphane oxides for surface modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4648-52. [PMID: 22473613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Huber
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huber A, Kuschel A, Ott T, Santiso-Quinones G, Stein D, Bräuer J, Kissner R, Krumeich F, Schönberg H, Levalois-Grützmacher J, Grützmacher H. Phosphorous-Functionalized Bis(acyl)phosphane Oxides for Surface Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Puschmann FF, Stein D, Heift D, Hendriksen C, Gal ZA, Grützmacher HF, Grützmacher H. Phosphanierung von Kohlenmonoxid: eine einfache Synthese von Natriumphosphaethinolat (NaOCP). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Puschmann FF, Stein D, Heift D, Hendriksen C, Gal ZA, Grützmacher HF, Grützmacher H. Phosphination of Carbon Monoxide: A Simple Synthesis of Sodium Phosphaethynolate (NaOCP). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8420-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|