1
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Winckler LI, Dissmeyer N. TEV protease cleavage in generation of artificial substrate proteins bearing neo-N-termini. Methods Enzymol 2023. [PMID: 37532397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease is widely used in in vitro and in vivo approaches for the removal of affinity tags from fusion proteins or the generation of proteins with a desired N-terminal amino acid. Processing of fusion proteins by the TEV protease can either be achieved by encoding the TEV protease and its recognition site on one construct (self-cleavage) or on two different constructs (co-expression). Here, we compare the efficiency of the self-splitting approach to the co-expression approach.
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2
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Dolan JP, Machin DC, Dedola S, Field RA, Webb ME, Turnbull WB. Synthesis of cholera toxin B subunit glycoconjugates using site-specific orthogonal oxime and sortase ligation reactions. Front Chem 2022; 10:958272. [PMID: 36186584 PMCID: PMC9515619 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.958272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemoenzymatic synthesis of a series of dual N- and C-terminal-functionalized cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) glycoconjugates is described. Mucin 1 peptides bearing different levels of Tn antigen glycosylation [MUC1(Tn)] were prepared via solid-phase peptide synthesis. Using sortase-mediated ligation, the MUC1(Tn) epitopes were conjugated to the C-terminus of CTB in a well-defined manner allowing for high-density display of the MUC1(Tn) epitopes. This work explores the challenges of using sortase-mediated ligation in combination with glycopeptides and the practical considerations to obtain high levels of conjugation. Furthermore, we describe methods to combine two orthogonal labeling methodologies, oxime- and sortase-mediated ligation, to expand the biochemical toolkit and produce dual N- and C-terminal-labeled conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Dolan
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre of Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren C. Machin
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre of Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Field
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd., Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Webb
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre of Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre of Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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3
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Qin X, Li W, Yang X, Ma Z, Liang D, Luo X, Chen X, Hu S, Du L, Chai L, Li M. Photoinduced Electron Transfer-Based Fluorescent Agonists for α 1-Adrenergic Receptors Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6034-6042. [PMID: 33830731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel fluorescent agonists were discovered herein for α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) based on photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) off-on switch by conjugating the fluorophore 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxylic acid with phenylephrine. After careful evaluation, these probes exhibited efficient binding affinity with α1-ARs and could be applied to selectively imaging α1-ARs or successfully tracing the dynamic process of α1-AR internalization in living cells. Meanwhile, a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer binding assay with these new probes has been well-established and applied. Therefore, these PeT-based on-off agonists may serve as powerful tools for the α1-AR-associated study during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xingye Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xiongfeng Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Lupei Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Chai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
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4
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Jiang H, D'Agostino GD, Cole PA, Dempsey DR. Selective protein N-terminal labeling with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters. Methods Enzymol 2020; 639:333-353. [PMID: 32475408 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain detailed insight into the biochemical behavior of proteins, researchers have developed chemical tools to incorporate new functionality into proteins beyond the canonical 20 amino acids. Important considerations regarding effective chemical modification of proteins include chemoselectivity, near stoichiometric labeling, and reaction conditions that maintain protein stability. Taking these factors into account, we discuss an N-terminal labeling strategy that employs a simple two-step "one-pot" method using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters. The first step converts a R-NHS ester into a more chemoselective R-thioester. The second step reacts the in situ generated R-thioester with a protein that harbors an N-terminal cysteine to generate a new amide bond. This labeling reaction is selective for the N-terminus with high stoichiometry. Herein, we provide a detailed description of this method and further highlight its utility with a large protein (>100kDa) and labeling with a commonly used cyanine dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Jiang
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gabriel D D'Agostino
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Philip A Cole
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel R Dempsey
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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5
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Dempsey DR, Jiang H, Kalin JH, Chen Z, Cole PA. Site-Specific Protein Labeling with N-Hydroxysuccinimide-Esters and the Analysis of Ubiquitin Ligase Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9374-9378. [PMID: 30016585 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-esters are widely used to label proteins nonselectively on free amino groups. Such broad labeling can be disadvantageous because it can interfere with protein structure or function and because stoichiometry is poorly controlled. Here we describe a simple method to transform NHS-esters into site-specific protein labeling on N-terminal Cys residues. MESNA addition converts NHS-esters to chemoselective thioesters for N-Cys modification. This labeling strategy was applied to clarify mechanistic features of the ubiquitin E3 ligase WWP2 including its interaction with one of its substrates, the tumor suppressor PTEN, as well as its autoubiquitination molecularity. We propose that this convenient protein labeling strategy will allow for an expanded application of NHS-esters in biochemical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Dempsey
- Division of Genetics, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Jay H Kalin
- Division of Genetics, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Philip A Cole
- Division of Genetics, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
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6
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Mazunin D, Bode JW. Potassium Acyltrifluoroborate (KAT) Ligations are Orthogonal to Thiol-Michaeland SPAAC Reactions: Covalent Dual Immobilization of Proteins onto Synthetic PEG Hydrogels. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Mazunin
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 CH-8093 Zürich
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 CH-8093 Zürich
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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7
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Real-Time Optical Monitoring of Pt Catalyst Under the Potentiodynamic Conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38847. [PMID: 27934945 PMCID: PMC5146959 DOI: 10.1038/srep38847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ monitoring of electrode materials reveals detailed physicochemical transition in electrochemical device. The key challenge is to explore the localized features of electrode surfaces, since the performance of an electrochemical device is determined by the summation of local architecture of the electrode material. Adaptive in situ techniques have been developed for numerous investigations; however, they require restricted measurement environments and provide limited information, which has impeded their widespread application. In this study, we realised an optics-based electrochemical in situ monitoring system by combining a dark-field micro/spectroscopy with an electrochemical workstation to investigate the physicochemical behaviours of Pt catalyst. We found that the localized plasmonic trait of a Pt-decorated Au nanoparticle as a model system varied in terms of its intensity and wavelength during the iterations of a cyclic voltammetry test. Furthermore, we show that morphological and compositional changes of the Pt catalyst can be traced in real time using changes in quantified plasmonic characteristics, which is a distinct advantage over the conventional electrochemistry-based in situ monitoring systems. These results indicate the substantial promise of online operando observation in a wide range of electrical energy conversion systems and electrochemical sensing areas.
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8
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Li L, Zhang SY, Li YM, Chen YX. Dual-labeling of ubiquitin proteins by chemoselective reactions for sensing UCH-L3. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1764-7. [PMID: 27102587 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A site-specific dual-color labeled ubiquitin for sensing deubiquitinase's activity was prepared by consecutively using chemoselective native chemical ligation reactions in a facile and efficient way. The prepared sensor was applied to establish a sensitive FRET-based assay for UCH-L3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Si-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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9
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Zhao L, Ehrt C, Koch O, Wu YW. One-Pot N2C/C2C/N2N Ligation To Trap Weak Protein-Protein Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8129-33. [PMID: 27213482 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Weak transient protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play an essential role in cellular dynamics. However, it is challenging to obtain weak protein complexes owing to their short lifetime. Herein we present a general and facile method for trapping weak PPIs in an unbiased manner using proximity-induced ligations. To expand the chemical ligation spectrum, we developed novel N2N (N-terminus to N-terminus) and C2C (C-terminus to C-terminus) ligation approaches. By using N2C (N-terminus to C-terminus), N2N, and C2C ligations in one pot, the interacting proteins were linked. The weak Ypt1:GDI interaction drove C2C ligation with t1/2 of 4.8 min and near quantitative conversion. The Ypt1-GDI conjugate revealed that binding of Ypt1 G-domain causes opening of the lipid-binding site of GDI, which can accommodate one prenyl group, giving insights into Rab membrane recycling. Moreover, we used this strategy to trap the KRas homodimer, which plays an important role in Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Chemical Genomics Center of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christiane Ehrt
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Chemical Genomics Center of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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10
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Zhao L, Ehrt C, Koch O, Wu YW. Eintopf-N2C/C2C/N2N-Proteinligationsstrategien zur Analyse schwacher Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Chemical Genomics Center der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Christiane Ehrt
- Technische Universität Dortmund; Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Oliver Koch
- Technische Universität Dortmund; Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Chemical Genomics Center der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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11
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Freidel C, Kaloyanova S, Peneva K. Chemical tags for site-specific fluorescent labeling of biomolecules. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1357-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Yu Y, Xia J. Affinity-guided protein conjugation: the trilogy of covalent protein labeling, assembly and inhibition. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-5571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Naumann C, Mot AC, Dissmeyer N. Generation of Artificial N-end Rule Substrate Proteins In Vivo and In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1450:55-83. [PMID: 27424746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3759-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the stability of a protein or protein fragment dependent on its N-terminal amino acid, and therefore relate its half-life to the N-end rule pathway of targeted protein degradation (NERD), non-Methionine (Met) amino acids need to be exposed at their amino terminal in most cases. Per definition, at this position, destabilizing residues are generally unlikely to occur without further posttranslational modification of immature (pre-)proproteins. Moreover, almost exclusively, stabilizing, or not per se destabilizing residues are N-terminally exposed upon Met excision by Met aminopeptidases. To date, there exist two prominent protocols to study the impact of destabilizing residues at the N-terminal of a given protein by selectively exposing the amino acid residue to be tested. Such proteins can be used to study NERD substrate candidates and analyze NERD enzymatic components. Namely, the well-established ubiquitin fusion technique (UFT) is used in vivo or in cell-free transcription/translation systems in vitro to produce a desired N-terminal residue in a protein of interest, whereas the proteolytic cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins by tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease is used in vitro to purify proteins with distinct N-termini. Here, we discuss how to accomplish in vivo and in vitro expression and modification of NERD substrate proteins that may be used as stability tester or activity reporter proteins and to characterize potential NERD substrates.The methods to generate artificial substrates via UFT or TEV cleavage are described here and can be used either in vivo in the context of stably transformed plants and cell culture expressing chimeric constructs or in vitro in cell-free systems such as rabbit reticulocyte lysate as well as after expression and purification of recombinant proteins from various hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Naumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany.,ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Augustin C Mot
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany.,ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany. .,ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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14
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Moody P, Chudasama V, Nathani RI, Maruani A, Martin S, Smith MEB, Caddick S. A rapid, site-selective and efficient route to the dual modification of DARPins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:4898-900. [PMID: 24687090 PMCID: PMC4091302 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a rapid, simple method for dual modification of DARPins by introduction of cysteine mutations at specific positions that results in a vast difference in their thiol nucleophilicity, allowing for sequential modification.
Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are valuable tools in both biochemistry and medicine. Herein we describe a rapid, simple method for the dual modification of DARPins by introduction of cysteine mutations at specific positions that results in a vast difference in their thiol nucleophilicity, allowing for clean sequential modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moody
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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15
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Grünewald J, Jones DH, Brock A, Chiu HP, Bursulaya B, Ng K, Vo T, Patterson P, Uno T, Hunt J, Spraggon G, Geierstanger BH. Site-Specific Dual Labeling of Proteins by Using Small Orthogonal Tags at Neutral pH. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1787-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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King M, Wagner A. Developments in the Field of Bioorthogonal Bond Forming Reactions—Past and Present Trends. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:825-39. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias King
- Laboratory of Functional
Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Functional
Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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17
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Arumugam S, Popik VV. Sequential "click" - "photo-click" cross-linker for catalyst-free ligation of azide-tagged substrates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2702-8. [PMID: 24548078 PMCID: PMC3985855 DOI: 10.1021/jo500143v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterobifunctional linker allows for selective catalyst-free ligation of two different azide-tagged substrates via strained-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). The linker contains an azadibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO) moiety on one end and a cyclopropenone-masked dibenzocyclooctyne (photo-DIBO) group on the other. The first azide-derivatized substrate reacts only at the ADIBO end of the linker as the photo-DIBO moiety is azide-inert. After the completion of the first SPAAC step, photo-DIBO is activated by brief exposure to 350 nm light from a fluorescent UV lamp. The unmasked DIBO group then reacts with the second azide-tagged substrate. Both click reactions are fast (k = 0.4 and 0.07 M(-1) s(-1), respectively) and produce quantitative yield of ligation in organic solvents or aqueous solutions. The utility of the new cross-linker has been demonstrated by conjugation of azide functionalized bovine serum albumin (azido-BSA) with azido-fluorescein and by the immobilization of the latter protein on azide-derivatized silica beads. The BSA-bead linker was designed to incorporate hydrolytically labile fragment, which permits release of protein under the action of dilute acid. UV activation of the second click reaction permits spatiotemporal control of the ligation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvanathan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Vladimir V. Popik
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
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18
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The role of the hypervariable C-terminal domain in Rab GTPases membrane targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2572-7. [PMID: 24550285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313655111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular membrane trafficking requires correct and specific localization of Rab GTPases. The hypervariable C-terminal domain (HVD) of Rabs is posttranslationally modified by isoprenyl moieties that enable membrane association. A model asserting HVD-directed targeting has been contested in previous studies, but the role of the Rab HVD and the mechanism of Rab membrane targeting remain elusive. To elucidate the function of the HVD, we have substituted this region with an unnatural polyethylenglycol (PEG) linker by using oxime ligation. The PEGylated Rab proteins undergo normal prenylation, underlining the unique ability of the Rab prenylation machinery to process the Rab family with diverse C-terminal sequences. Through localization studies and functional analyses of semisynthetic PEGylated Rab1, Rab5, Rab7, and Rab35 proteins, we demonstrate that the role of the HVD of Rabs in membrane targeting is more complex than previously understood. The HVD of Rab1 and Rab5 is dispensable for membrane targeting and appears to function simply as a linker between the GTPase domain and the membrane. The N-terminal residues of the Rab7 HVD are important for late endosomal/lysosomal localization, apparently due to their involvement in interaction with the Rab7 effector Rab-interacting lysosomal protein. The C-terminal polybasic cluster of the Rab35 HVD is essential for plasma membrane (PM) targeting, presumably because of the electrostatic interaction with negatively charged lipids on the PM. Our findings suggest that Rab membrane targeting is dictated by a complex mechanism involving GEFs, GAPs, effectors, and C-terminal interaction with membranes to varying extents, and possibly other binding partners.
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19
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Schmohl L, Schwarzer D. Chemo-enzymatic three-fragment assembly of semisynthetic proteins. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:145-51. [PMID: 24402733 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the development of a method for three-fragment assemblies of semisynthetic proteins by combining sortase-mediated ligation with site-specific bioconjugation catalyzed by the 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase Sfp. This method enables the introduction of synthetic peptides into central regions of proteins without the need to purify intermediates. The assembled proteins are linked at the N-terminal junction with a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety and with a peptide bond at the C-terminal ligation site. We have demonstrated the applicability of this method by assembling a semisynthetic model protein derived from fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based reporters from three fragments in a one-pot reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schmohl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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20
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Voss S, Zhao L, Chen X, Gerhard F, Wu YW. Generation of an intramolecular three-color fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe by site-specific protein labeling. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:115-20. [PMID: 24395760 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a valuable tool for studying protein structure, folding and interactions. The steep distance dependence of the FRET efficiency requires the donor and acceptor to be in close proximity (1-7.5 nm) to exhibit sufficient energy transfer. One possibility to overcome this limitation is the usage of a FRET cascade that utilizes more than one FRET pair. Essential for realizing this FRET cascade is the site-specific introduction of multiple fluorophores to a given protein, which remains a great challenge. In this study, orthogonal labeling techniques, including fluorescent protein tagging, oxime ligation and kinetically controlled cysteine conjugation, are employed to introduce three fluorophores at specific sites of Rab1b GTPase, yielding a triple-labeled FRET probe. The generated protein probe exhibits efficient energy transfer from the primary donor enhanced green fluorescent protein over the intermediate acceptor rhodamine to the final acceptor Dy630. The labeling strategy opens up a new avenue for multi-color labeling of proteins, facilitating long-distance FRET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Voss
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lei Zhao
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Gerhard
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Wang J, Yu Y, Xia J. Short peptide tag for covalent protein labeling based on coiled coils. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 25:178-87. [PMID: 24341800 DOI: 10.1021/bc400498p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To label proteins covalently, one faces a trade-off between labeling a protein specifically and using a small tag. Often one must compromise one parameter for the other or use additional components, such as an enzyme, to satisfy both requirements. Here, we report a new reaction that covalently labels proteins by using engineered coiled-coil peptides. Harnessing the concept of "proximity-induced reactivity", the 21-amino-acid three-heptad peptides CCE/CCK were modified with a nucleophilic cysteine and an α-chloroacetyl group at selected positions. When pairs of coiled coils associated, an irreversible covalent bond spontaneously formed between the peptides. The specificity of the cross-linking reaction was characterized, the probes were improved by making them bivalent, and the system was used to label a protein in vitro and receptors on the surface of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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22
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Sun H, Chen GYJ, Yao SQ. Recent advances in microarray technologies for proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:685-99. [PMID: 23706635 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are fundamental components of all living systems and critical drivers of biological functions. The large-scale study of proteins, their structures and functions, is defined as proteomics. This systems-wide analysis leads to a more comprehensive view of the intricate signaling transduction pathways that proteins engage in and improves the overall understanding of the complex processes supporting the living systems. Over the last two decades, the development of high-throughput analytical tools, such as microarray technologies, capable of rapidly analyzing thousands of protein-functioning and protein-interacting events, has fueled the growth of this important field. Herein, we review the most recent advancements in microarray technologies, with a special focus on peptide microarray, small molecule microarray, and protein microarray. These technologies have become prominent players in proteomics and have made significant changes to the landscape of life science and biomedical research. We will elaborate on their performance, advantages, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PRC.
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23
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Rashidian M, Kumarapperuma SC, Gabrielse K, Fegan A, Wagner CR, Distefano MD. Simultaneous dual protein labeling using a triorthogonal reagent. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16388-96. [PMID: 24134212 DOI: 10.1021/ja403813b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Construction of heterofunctional proteins is a rapidly emerging area of biotherapeutics. Combining a protein with other moieties, such as a targeting element, a toxic protein or small molecule, and a fluorophore or polyethylene glycol (PEG) group, can improve the specificity, functionality, potency, and pharmacokinetic profile of a protein. Protein farnesyl transferase (PFTase) is able to site-specifically and quantitatively prenylate proteins containing a C-terminal CaaX-box amino acid sequence with various modified isoprenoids. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and application of a triorthogonal reagent, 1, that can be used to site-specifically incorporate an alkyne and aldehyde group simultaneously into a protein. To illustrate the capabilities of this approach, a protein was enzymatically modified with compound 1 followed by oxime ligation and click reaction to simultaneously incorporate an azido-tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) fluorophore and an aminooxy-PEG moiety. This was performed with both a model protein [green fluorescent protein (GFP)] as well as a therapeutically useful protein [ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)]. Next, a protein was enzymatically modified with compound 1 followed by coupling to an azido-bis-methotrexate dimerizer and aminooxy-TAMRA. Incubation of that construct with a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-DHFR-anti-CD3 fusion protein resulted in the self-assembly of nanoring structures that were endocytosed into T-leukemia cells and visualized therein. These results highlight how complex multifunctional protein assemblies can be prepared using this facile triorthogonal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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24
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Nathani RI, Moody P, Chudasama V, Smith MEB, Fitzmaurice RJ, Caddick S. A novel approach to the site-selective dual labelling of a protein via chemoselective cysteine modification. Chem Sci 2013; 4:3455-3458. [PMID: 24741436 PMCID: PMC3985185 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51333e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Local protein microenvironment is used to control the outcome of reaction between cysteine residues and 2,5-dibromohexanediamide. The differential reactivity is exploited to introduce two orthogonal reactive handles onto the surface of a double cysteine mutant of superfolder green fluorescent protein in a regioselective manner. Subsequent elaboration with commonly used thiol and alkyne containing reagents affects site-selective protein dual labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiz I Nathani
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H OAJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 5071
| | - Paul Moody
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H OAJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 5071
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H OAJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 5071
| | - Mark E B Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H OAJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 5071
| | - Richard J Fitzmaurice
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H OAJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 5071
| | - Stephen Caddick
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H OAJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 5071
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25
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Yang A, Li Y, Pantoom S, Triola G, Wu YW. Semisynthetic lipidated LC3 protein mediates membrane fusion. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1296-300. [PMID: 23836674 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
All together: Lipidated LC3 has been synthesized by expressed protein ligation. A TEV-cleavable MBP tag was employed to facilitate ligation under folding conditions and to solubilize the lipidated protein. The synthetic LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) mediates membrane tethering and fusion at the physiological concentration of PE, and could be a useful tool for autophagy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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26
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Ossipov D, Kootala S, Yi Z, Yang X, Hilborn J. Orthogonal Chemoselective Assembly of Hyaluronic Acid Networks and Nanogels for Drug Delivery. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400543u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Ossipov
- Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department
of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 75121, Sweden
| | - Sujit Kootala
- Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department
of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 75121, Sweden
| | - Zheyi Yi
- Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department
of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 75121, Sweden
| | - Xia Yang
- Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department
of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 75121, Sweden
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department
of Materials Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 75121, Sweden
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27
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De Rosa L, Russomanno A, Romanelli A, D’Andrea LD. Semi-synthesis of labeled proteins for spectroscopic applications. Molecules 2013; 18:440-65. [PMID: 23282535 PMCID: PMC6269674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of SPPS by Merrifield in the 60s, peptide chemists have considered the possibility of preparing large proteins. The introduction of native chemical ligation in the 90s and then of expressed protein ligation have opened the way to the preparation of synthetic proteins without size limitations. This review focuses on semi-synthetic strategies useful to prepare proteins decorated with spectroscopic probes, like fluorescent labels and stable isotopes, and their biophysical applications. We show that expressed protein ligation, combining the advantages of organic chemistry with the easy and size limitless recombinant protein expression, is an excellent strategy for the chemical synthesis of labeled proteins, enabling a single protein to be functionalized at one or even more distinct positions with different probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Russomanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Romanelli
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Luca Domenico D’Andrea
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli 80134, Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.R.); (A.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-081-253-6679; Fax: +39-081-253-4574
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28
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Chen X, Henschke L, Wu Q, Muthoosamy K, Neumann B, Weil T. Site-selective azide incorporation into endogenous RNase A via a “chemistry” approach. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:353-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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29
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Yuan Z, Kuang GC, Clark RJ, Zhu L. Chemoselective Sequential “Click” Ligation Using Unsymmetrical Bisazides. Org Lett 2012; 14:2590-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300899n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gui-Chao Kuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Ronald J. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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30
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Milles S, Tyagi S, Banterle N, Koehler C, VanDelinder V, Plass T, Neal AP, Lemke EA. Click strategies for single-molecule protein fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5187-95. [PMID: 22356317 DOI: 10.1021/ja210587q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule methods have matured into central tools for studies in biology. Foerster resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques, in particular, have been widely applied to study biomolecular structure and dynamics. The major bottleneck for a facile and general application of these studies arises from the need to label biological samples site-specifically with suitable fluorescent dyes. In this work, we present an optimized strategy combining click chemistry and the genetic encoding of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to overcome this limitation for proteins. We performed a systematic study with a variety of clickable UAAs and explored their potential for high-resolution single-molecule FRET (smFRET). We determined all parameters that are essential for successful single-molecule studies, such as accessibility of the probes, expression yield of proteins, and quantitative labeling. Our multiparameter fluorescence analysis allowed us to gain new insights into the effects and photophysical properties of fluorescent dyes linked to various UAAs for smFRET measurements. This led us to determine that, from the extended tool set that we now present, genetically encoding propargyllysine has major advantages for state-of-the-art measurements compared to other UAAs. Using this optimized system, we present a biocompatible one-step dual-labeling strategy of the regulatory protein RanBP3 with full labeling position freedom. Our technique allowed us then to determine that the region encompassing two FxFG repeat sequences adopts a disordered but collapsed state. RanBP3 serves here as a prototypical protein that, due to its multiple cysteines, size, and partially disordered structure, is not readily accessible to any of the typical structure determination techniques such as smFRET, NMR, and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Milles
- EMBL, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Qin H, Wang F, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Song C, Wu R, Ye M, Zou H. Isobaric cross-sequence labeling of peptides by using site-selective N-terminus dimethylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6265-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Yi L, Chen YX, Lin PC, Schröder H, Niemeyer CM, Wu YW, Goody RS, Triola G, Waldmann H. Direct immobilization of oxyamine-modified proteins from cell lysates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10829-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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